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Insights into the human oral microbiome

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Abstract

Human oral cavity harbors the second most abundant microbiota after the gastrointestinal tract. The expanded Human Oral Microbiome Database (eHOMD) that was last updated on November 22, 2017, contains the information of approximately 772 prokaryotic species, where 70% is cultivable, and 30% belong to the uncultivable class of microorganisms along with whole genome sequences of 482 taxa. Out of 70% culturable species, 57% have already been assigned to their names. The 16S rDNA profiling of the healthy oral cavity categorized the inhabitant bacteria into six broad phyla, viz. Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Spirochaetes constituting 96% of total oral bacteria. These hidden oral micro-inhabitants exhibit a direct influence on human health, from host’s metabolism to immune responses. Altered oral microflora has been observed in several diseases such as diabetes, bacteremia, endocarditis, cancer, autoimmune disease and preterm births. Therefore, it becomes crucial to understand the oral microbial diversity and how it fluctuates under diseased/perturbed conditions. Advances in metagenomics and next-generation sequencing techniques generate rapid sequences and provide extensive information of inhabitant microorganisms of a niche. Thus, the retrieved information can be utilized for developing microbiome-based biomarkers for their use in early diagnosis of oral and associated diseases. Besides, several apex companies have shown keen interest in oral microbiome for its diagnostic and therapeutic potential indicating a vast market opportunity. This review gives an insight of various associated aspects of the human oral microbiome.

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Acknowledgements

We are thankful to Science and Engineering Recruitment Board (SERB), Government of India, New Delhi, India for financial assistance under the SERB Young Scientist scheme (Registration No. SERB/LS-824/2013) while writing this article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India

    Digvijay Verma

  2. University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, New Delhi, India

    Pankaj Kumar Garg

  3. Division of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India

    Ashok Kumar Dubey

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  1. Digvijay Verma
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  2. Pankaj Kumar Garg
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  3. Ashok Kumar Dubey
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Correspondence to Digvijay Verma.

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Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt.

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Verma, D., Garg, P.K. & Dubey, A.K. Insights into the human oral microbiome. Arch Microbiol 200, 525–540 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-018-1505-3

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