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Alcohol attentional bias: drinking salience or cognitive impairment?

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Abstract

Objective

This study evaluated whether alcohol attentional bias is an artifact of excessive drinkers’ impaired cognitive functioning, which adversely affects their performance on the classic Stroop test (a measure of inhibitory control) and the Shipley Institute of Living Scale (SILS; a measure of verbal and abstraction ability). Both tests measure aspects of executive cognitive functioning (ECF).

Methods

Social drinkers (N=87) and alcohol-dependent drinkers (N=47) completed a measure of alcohol consumption, classic and alcohol-related Stroop tests, and the SILS.

Results

A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed that the dependent drinkers were poorer on the cognitive measures (SILS scores and classic Stroop interference) and had greater alcohol attentional bias than the social drinkers. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in which the cognitive measures were controlled showed that the dependent drinkers’ greater alcohol attentional bias was not an artifact of their poorer cognitive performance.

Conclusion

The results are discussed in terms of cognitive–motivational models, which suggest that excessive drinking sensitizes alcohol abusers’ attentional responsiveness to alcohol-related stimuli to a degree that exceeds the adverse effects of alcohol on their general cognitive functioning.

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Notes

  1. The stimuli in the four blocks were as follows. Block 1: beer, whisky, scotch, liquor, tequila, bar, rum; gate, shed cupboard, tap, fence, toilet, ceiling. Block 2: shot, shorts, vodka, pint, liqueur, alcohol, bourbon; garden, shelf, alcove, carpet, chimney, radiator, stove. Block 3: wine, bitter, stout, pub, brandy, champagne, mead; hall, tail, patio, drainpipe, socket, doorknob, roof. Block 4: drink, sherry, cider, booze, spirit, gin, cocktail; bath, stairs, balcony, porch, lamp, fireplace, sink.

  2. An alcopop is an alcoholic beverage that came on the market in the United Kingdom in 1995. It is a sweet, effervescent fruit drink, usually with about 5% of alcohol by volume.

  3. In Cohen (1992), an f represents the effect size for an ANOVA model; values of 0.10, 0.25, and 0.40 are defined as small, medium, and large, respectively.

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  1. School of Psychology, University of Wales, Bangor, Brigantia Building, Penrallt Road, Bangor, LL57 2AS, UK

    Javad Salehi Fadardi & W. Miles Cox

  2. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

    Javad Salehi Fadardi

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  1. Javad Salehi Fadardi
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Correspondence to W. Miles Cox.

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Fadardi, J.S., Cox, W.M. Alcohol attentional bias: drinking salience or cognitive impairment?. Psychopharmacology 185, 169–178 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-005-0268-0

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