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Risk factors for hypernatremia in patients with short- and long-term tolvaptan treatment

  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Published:
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Abstract

Purpose

The long-term efficacy of tolvaptan, a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist, has been reported. However, the safety of long-term treatment remains to be fully elucidated. We assessed the safety profile of tolvaptan with respect to hypernatremia.

Methods

This retrospective study included 371 patients treated with tolvaptan. Risk factors for hypernatremia (serum sodium concentration ≥147 mEq/L) were determined.

Results

Hypernatremia occurred in 95 patients (25.6 %), of whom 71 (19.1 %) developed hypernatremia within 7 days of tolvaptan treatment (early onset). Stepwise logistic regression analysis demonstrated that baseline serum sodium ≥140 mEq/L, an initial tolvaptan dosage >7.5 mg, and a BUN/serum creatinine ratio ≥20 were independent risk factors for early onset of hypernatremia. Tolvaptan was prescribed for more than 7 days to 233 patients, of whom 123 were administrated tolvaptan for more than 1 month. Hypernatremia occurred in 24 of these patients (10.3 %) (late onset). Predictive factors for late onset of hypernatremia were an average daily dosage of tolvaptan >7.5 mg and age ≥75 years.

Conclusions

A daily dosage of 7.5 mg or less was recommended to prevent hypernatremia in short- as well as long-term tolvaptan treatment, and mainly elderly patients were at risk for hypernatremia.

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Authors’ contributions

Hirai K, Moriwaki H, Tsuji D, Inoue K, Kadoiri T and Itoh K designed and managed this study. Hirai K, Shimomura T, Moriwaki H, Ishii H, and Shimoshikiryo T collected the clinical data. Hirai K analyzed all data and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Genetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan

    Keita Hirai, Tatsuki Shimomura, Hidetoshi Ishii, Takayuki Shimoshikiryo, Daiki Tsuji, Kazuyuki Inoue & Kunihiko Itoh

  2. Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacogenomics, Shizuoka General Hospital, 4-27-1, Kita-ando, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-8527, Japan

    Keita Hirai, Daiki Tsuji, Kazuyuki Inoue & Kunihiko Itoh

  3. Department of Cardiology, Shizuoka General Hospital, 4-27-1, Kita-ando, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-8527, Japan

    Hideaki Moriwaki

  4. Department of Pharmacy, Shizuoka General Hospital, 4-27-1, Kita-ando, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-8527, Japan

    Hidetoshi Ishii & Toshihiko Kadoiri

Authors
  1. Keita Hirai
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Correspondence to Kunihiko Itoh.

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Conflict of interest

All authors declare that they had no support from any organization for the submitted work, no financial relationship with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work, and no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.

Ethical approval

This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Shizuoka General Hospital (Shizuoka, Japan).

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Hirai, K., Shimomura, T., Moriwaki, H. et al. Risk factors for hypernatremia in patients with short- and long-term tolvaptan treatment. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 72, 1177–1183 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-016-2091-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-016-2091-4

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