Introduction
Methods
Results
Study Selection
Primary HF Diagnosis
Incidence
Study name | Study design | Country, period | Setting | Study population (age range) | Subgroups | Type of HF | Sample size | Gender | Cases (n) | (%) | Per 100,000 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female (n) | Female (%) | |||||||||||
Incidence of HF as a primary diagnosis | ||||||||||||
Andrews [13] | Prospective | UK and Ireland, 2003 (1 year) | Hospitals (17) | Hospitalized HF cases (0–16 years) | All patients | HF | 11,712,100* | NR | NR | 104 | NR | 0.87 |
Massin [17] | Prospective | Belgium, 1996–2006 (10 years) | Hospital (1) | Hospitalized cases (0–16 years) | All patients | HF | 1196 | 620 | 51.8* | 124 | 10.4 | – |
Neumann [14] | Retrospective | Germany, 2000–2006 (7 years) | Country wide hospitals | Hospitalized HF cases (0–< 15 years) | Years 2000–2006 (7 years) | HF | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 2.0–3.0 |
Schmidt [15] | Retrospective | Germany, 1995 and 2009 (2 distinct years) | Country wide hospitals | Hospitalized HF cases | Year 1995 | HF | 1,32,38,000 | NR | NR | 265 | NR | 2 |
Year 2009 | HF | 1,10,30,000 | NR | NR | 221 | NR | 2 | |||||
Tseng [16] | Retrospective | Taiwan, 2005 (1 year) | Country wide hospitals | Hospitalized HF cases (0–14 years) | All patients | HF | 190,362* | 90,873 | 47.7 | 14* | NR | 7.4* |
0–4 years | HF | 55,262 | 26,319 | 47.6 | 12 | NR | 21.7 | |||||
5–9 years | HF | 65,636 | 31,355 | 47.8 | 0 | NR | 0 | |||||
10–14 years | HF | 69,464 | 33,199 | 47.8 | 2 | NR | 2.9 | |||||
Males | 0–14 years | HF | 99,489* | – | – | 6 | NR | 6.0* | ||||
Females | 0–14 years | HF | 90,873* | 90,873 | 100 | 8* | NR | 8.8* | ||||
Prevalence of HF as a primary diagnosis | ||||||||||||
Adekanmbi [18] | Prospective | Nigeria, 2002–2003 (1 year) | Hospital (1) | Hospital admissions and ER | All patients | Congestive HF | 1552 | NR | NR | 109 | 7 | – |
(1 day–14 years) | ||||||||||||
Animasahun [19] | Prospective | Nigeria, 2011–2012 (2 years) | Hospital (1) | Hospital admissions | All patients | Congestive HF | 5705 | NR | NR | 156 | 2.7 | – |
(1 day–12 years) | ||||||||||||
Jiménez-García [20] | Cross-sectional | Spain, 2012–2013 (1 year) | Community (Madrid) | Influenza vaccination coverage (6 months–14 years) | HF | 9,81,855 | 4,77,928 | 48.7 | 818 | 0.1 | 83.3* | |
Rodríguez-Rieiro [21] | Spain, 2009 (point prevalence) | Patients with chronic diseases | HF | 1,17,940 | 48,806 | 41.4 | 689 | 0.6* | 77$
| |||
Lagunju [22] | Prospective | Nigeria, 2000–2001 (10 months) | Hospital (1) | Hospital admissions (8 days–12 years) | All patients | Congestive HF | 1713 | NR | NR | 100 | 5.8 | – |
Oyedeji [23] | Prospective | Nigeria, 2007 (6 months) | Hospital (1) | Patients in ER (1 month–12 years) | All patients | Congestive HF | 391 | NR | NR | 35 | 9 | – |
Prevalence
Secondary HF Diagnosis in CVDs
Study name | Study design | Country, period | Setting | Study population (age range) | Subgroups | Type of HF | Sample size | Gender | HF incidence | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female (n) | Female (%) | Cases (n) | Incidence (%) | ||||||||
Congenital heart defects/disease | |||||||||||
Hong [24] | Retrospective | South Korea, 2000–2010 (11 years) | Hospital (1) | TGA (1–108 days) | All patients | HF | 28 | 11 | 39.3 | 5 | 17.9 |
Najm [25] | Retrospective | Canada, 1975–1985 (21 years) | Hospital (1) | Scimitar syndrome (1–335 days) | – | HF | 19 | 14 | 73.7* | 11 | 57.9* |
Tomlinson [26]#
| Retrospective | Jamaica, 1995–2004 (10 years) | Hospital (1) | Trisomy 21 with congenital heart disease and cardiac lesions (0–12 years) | – | Congestive HF | 46 | NR | NR | 11* | 23.9* |
Vascular malformations | |||||||||||
Rialon [27] | Retrospective | US, 1995–2012 (18 years) | Hospital (1) | Hepatic hemangiomas (0 to < 1 year) | All patients | Congestive HF | 72 | NR | NR | 16* | 22.2* |
Patients who underwent initial screening for hemangiomas | Congestive HF | 43 | NR | NR | 2 | 5 | |||||
Unscreened patients | Congestive HF | 29 | NR | NR | 14 | 48 | |||||
Post-OHT | |||||||||||
LaPage [28]$
| Retrospective | US, 1991–2006 (16 years) | Hospital (1) | Tachyarrhythmia (0–17 years) | Acute congestive HF | 19 | NR | NR | 2* | 10.5* | |
Murtuza [29] | Retrospective | UK, 2000–2011 (8 years) | Hospital (1) | DCM and RCM (0.1–17.1 years) | All patients | VHF (right) | 159* | 83* | 52.2* | 30* | 18.9 |
Patients with DCM | VHF (right) | 136 | 74* | 54.4* | 20 | 14.7 | |||||
Patients with RCM | VHF (right) | 23 | 9* | 39.1* | 10 | 43.5 | |||||
IE | |||||||||||
Marom [30]$
| Retrospective | Israel, 1992–2004 (12.5 years) | Hospital (1) | IE (0 to < 18 years) | Children with no predisposing factors for IE | HF | 9 | NR | NR | 7 | 77.8 |
Incidence
Congenital Heart Disease
Vascular Malformations
Post-orthotopic Heart Transplantation
Infective Endocarditis
Prevalence
Study name | Study design | Country, period | Setting | Study population (age range) | Subgroups | Type of HF | Sample size | Gender | HF prevalence and distribution in study subgroups | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female (n) | Female (%) | Cases (n) | Prevalence (%) | Distribution of prevalent cases of HF in study subgroups (%) | ||||||||
Congenital heart defects/disease | ||||||||||||
Azhari [31] | Retrospective | Saudi Arabia, 1990–2003 (14 years and 1 month) | Hospital (1) | ASD (1 day–11 years) | All patients | Congestive HF | 121 | 74 | 61.2 | 14 | 11.6 | – |
Small defects | Congestive HF | 22 | 9* | 41 | 0 | 0 | – | |||||
Medium defects | Congestive HF | 27 | NR | NR | 1 | 3.7* | – | |||||
Large defects | Congestive HF | 72 | NR | NR | 13 | 18.1* | – | |||||
Pulmonary arterial hypertension@
| Congestive HF | 8 | 2 | 25 | 8 | 100* | – | |||||
Meberg [32] | Longitudinal (prospective and retrospective) | Norway, 1982–1996 (15 years) | Hospitals (NR) | Congenital heart disease (2 weeks–11 years) | Detected subsequent to discharge from hospital after birth | Decompensation | 84 | NR | NR | 7 | 8.0 | – |
Miyake [33] | Prospective | Japan, 1986–1996 (11 years) | Hospital (1) | VSD (1–88 days) | All patients | Congestive HF | 225 | 109 | 48.4* | 104 | 46.0 | – |
Subpulmonary VSD | Congestive HF | 104 | NR | NR | 18* | – | 17.3* | |||||
Perimembranous VSD | Congestive HF | 104 | NR | NR | 85 | – | 81.7* | |||||
Muscular | Congestive HF | 104 | NR | NR | 1 | – | 1* | |||||
Spontaneous closure | Congestive HF | 104 | NR | NR | 20 | – | 19.2* | |||||
Small open | Congestive HF | 104 | NR | NR | 31 | – | 29.8* | |||||
Surgical closure | Congestive HF | 104 | NR | NR | 53 | – | 51* | |||||
Najm [34] | Retrospective | Canada, 1982–1996 (14 years and 5 months) | Hospital (1) | ASD (1 month–16.4 years) | – | Congestive HF | 180 | 97 | 53.9 | 35 | 20 | – |
Okoromah [35] | Case–control | Nigeria, 2006–2008 (2 years) | Cases; hospital (1) | Cases: malnutrition and congenital heart disease (3–192 months) | All cases | Congestive HF | 73 | NR | NR | 60 | 82.2 | – |
Controls; community (primary school) | Controls: malnutrition with no congenital heart disease (3–192 months) | All controls | Congestive HF | 76 | NR | NR | 0 | 0 | – | |||
Sadoh [36] | Prospective | Nigeria, 2006–2009 (2 years and 5 months) | Hospital (1) | VSD (2–24 months) | All patients | Congestive HF | 61 | 35 | 57.4 | 15 | 24.6 | – |
Spontaneous closure | Congestive HF | 15 | NR | NR | 3 | – | 20 | |||||
Sadoh [37] | Prospective | Nigeria, 2011–2012 (1 year) | Hospital (1) | Pneumonia with and without congenital heart disease (1–48 months) | All patients | Congestive HF | 121 | 60 | 49.6 | 49 | 40.5 | – |
Pneumonia and congenital heart disease | Congestive HF | 14 | 9 | 64.3 | – | |||||||
Pneumonia without congenital heart disease | Congestive HF | 107 | 40 | 37.4 | – | |||||||
Shah [38] | Retrospective | Nepal, 2006 (1 year) | Hospital (1) | Congenital heart disease (0 to < 15 years) | – | Congestive HF | 84 | 33 | 39.3 | 46 | 54.8 | – |
Tomlinson [26] | Retrospective | Jamaica, 1995–2004 (10 years) | Hospital (1) | Trisomy 21 with congenital heart disease (0–12 years) | – | Congestive HF | 76 | 46 | 60 | 30 | 39.5* | – |
Vaidyanathan [39] | Prospective | India, 2005–2006 (1 year) | Hospital (1) | Malnutrition with congenital heart disease (0 to < 5 years) | – | Congestive HF | 476 | 243* | 51.5* | 194 | 40.8 | – |
Cardiomyopathies | ||||||||||||
Longitudinal (prospective and retrospective cohorts) | US, Canada, 1990 (ongoing) | Hospitals (98 centers for the prospective cohort and 39 centers for the retrospective cohort) | Cardiomyopathies (0 to < 18 years) | All patients | Congestive HF | 3549±
| NR | NR | NR | NR | – | |
All HCM patients | Congestive HF | 849 | NR | NR | 115* | 13.5* | – | |||||
Inborn errors of metabolism | Congestive HF | 74 | NR | NR | 30* | 40.3 | – | |||||
Malformation syndromes | Congestive HF | 77 | NR | NR | 18* | 23.4 | – | |||||
Neuromuscular disorders | Congestive HF | 64 | NR | NR | 4* | 6.4 | – | |||||
Infantile/ idiopathic | Congestive HF | 634 | NR | NR | 63* | 9.9 | – | |||||
US, Canada, 1990–2007 (18 years) | DCM (0 to < 18 years) | All DCM patients | Congestive HF | 1682 | 777* | 46.2* | 1,205* | 71.6* | – | |||
Idiopathic DCM | Congestive HF | 1192 | 599* | 50.2 | 894 | 75 | – | |||||
Neuromuscular disease | Congestive HF | 139 | 5* | 3.6* | 40 | 28.8 | – | |||||
Familial isolated DCM | Congestive HF | 79 | 35* | 44.3* | 44 | 55.7 | – | |||||
Myocarditis | Congestive HF | 272 | 138* | 51* | 227 | 83.4 | – | |||||
US, Canada, 1990–2008 (19 years) | RCM (0 to < 18 years) | All RCM patients | Congestive HF | 152 | 79* | 52* | 56* | 37 | – | |||
Pure RCM | Congestive HF | 101 | 51* | 51* | 42* | 42 | – | |||||
RCM/HCM | Congestive HF | 51 | 27* | 53* | 13* | 26 | – | |||||
Nugent [46] | Retrospective | Australia, 1987–1996 (10 years) | Hospitals (21) | Cardiomyopathies (0 to < 10 years) | All patients | Congestive HF | 314 | 148* | 47.1* | 206* | 65.6* | – |
DCM | Congestive HF | 184 | 103 | 56 | 165 | 89.7 | – | |||||
HCM | Congestive HF | 80 | 25 | 31.2 | 6 | 7.5 | – | |||||
RCM | Congestive HF | 8 | 4 | 50 | 4 | 50 | – | |||||
Unclassified cardiomyopathy | Congestive HF | 42 | 16 | 38.1 | 31 | 73.8 | – | |||||
Saji [47] | Retrospective | Japan, 1997–2002 (6 years) | Hospitals (65) | Myocarditis (1 month–17 years) | All patients | HF | 169 | NR | NR | 61 | 36.1 | – |
Fulminant myocarditis | HF | 64 | NR | NR | 34 | 53.1 | – | |||||
Acute myocarditis | HF | 89 | NR | NR | 27 | 30.3 | – | |||||
Chronic myocarditis | HF | 8 | NR | NR | NR | NR | ||||||
Myocarditis of unknown type | HF | 8 | NR | NR | NR | NR | ||||||
Soongwang [48] | Retrospective | Thailand, 1996–2000 (5 years) | Hospitals (5) | Myocardial diseases (0.1–14.5 years) | All Patients | Congestive HF | 209 | 117* | 56.0 | 151* | 72.0 | – |
DCM | Congestive HF | 94 | 51 | 54.3 | 79 | 84.1 | – | |||||
Acute myocarditis | Congestive HF | 57 | 38 | 66.7 | 45 | 78.9 | – | |||||
HCM | Congestive HF | 38* | 18 | 47.4 | 17 | 44.7 | – | |||||
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy | Congestive HF | 17* | 8 | 47.1 | 8 | 47.1 | – | |||||
RCM | Congestive HF | 3 | 2 | 66.7 | 2 | 66.6 | – | |||||
Tsirka [49] | Retrospective | US, 1990–1999 (10 years) | Hospitals (2) | DCM (0–17.8 years) | – | Congestive HF | 91 | 33* | 36.3* | 72 | 79 | – |
Rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease | ||||||||||||
Bitar [50] | Retrospective | Lebanon, 1980–1995 (16 years) | Hospital (1) | RF (3–17 years) | – | Acute congestive HF | 91 | 38* | 42* | 40* | 44 | – |
da Silva [51] | Retrospective | Brazil, 1989–1994 (6 years) | Hospitals (7) | RF (3–17 years) | – | HF | 786 | 382 | 48.7 | 119 | 15.1* | – |
Gapu [52] | Cross-sectional | Zimbabwe, 2012–2013 (11 months) | Hospitals (2) | Acute RF and/or RHD (1–12 years) | All patients | Any HF | 50 | 32 | 64.0 | 37* | 74* | – |
Outpatients | Chronic HF | 19 | NR | NR | 15 | 78.9 | – | |||||
Hospitalized children with acute RF and/or RHD | Congestive HF | 31 | NR | NR | 22 | 71.0* | – | |||||
Hospitalized with RHD only | AHF | 22 | NR | NR | 20 | – | 90.9 | |||||
Hospitalized with acute RF only | AHF | 9 | NR | NR | 2 | – | 22.2 | |||||
Karlassan [53] | Retrospective | Turkey, 1993–1998 (5 years) | Hospital (1) | Acute RF (5–17 years) | – | Congestive HF | 274 | 147 | 53.6 | 4 | 1.5* | – |
Örün [54] | Retrospective | Turkey, 1980–2009 (30 years) | Hospital (1) | Acute RF (2–15 years) | – | HF | 1115 | 510 | 45.8 | 100 | 9.0* | – |
Qurashi [55] | Longitudinal (retrospective and prospective) | Saudi Arabia, 1994–2003 (10 years) | Hospital (1) | Acute RF (4–12 years) | – | HF | 83 | NR | NR | 14 | 16.9* | – |
Rayamajhi [56] | Prospective | Nepal, 2003–2005 (2 years) | Hospital (1) | Acute RF (5–14 years) | – | HF | 51 | NR | NR | 14 | 28 | – |
IE | ||||||||||||
Lertsapcharoen [57] | Retrospective | Thailand, 1987–2004 (18 years) | Hospital (1) | IE (2 months–15 years) | – | Congestive HF | 57 | 28 | 49.1* | 15 | 26 | – |
Marom [30] | Retrospective | Israel, 1992–2004 (12.5 years) | Hospital (1) | IE (0 to < 18 years) | Children with predisposing factors for IE€
| HF | 42 | NR | NR | 10 | 23.8 | – |
Sadiq [58] | Prospective | Pakistan, 1997–2000 (4 years) | Hospital (1) | IE (4 months–16 years) | All patients | HF | 45 | 15 | 33.3* | 18 | 40 | – |
Rheumatic heart disease | HF | 24 | 10 | 42 | – | |||||||
Congenital heart disease | HF | 20 | 8 | 40 | ||||||||
Myocarditis | HF | 1 | – | – | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Rhythm and conduction disturbances | ||||||||||||
Massin [59] | Retrospective | Belgium, 1995–2006 (11 years) | Hospitals (3) | Tachyarrhythmia (0 to < 16 years) | All patients | HF | 250 | 92* | 36.8* | 49 | 19.6* | |
Infants | HF | 109 | 33 | 30.3* | ||||||||
Others | ||||||||||||
Borzouee [60] | Retrospective | Iran, 2001–2003 (2 years) | Hospital (1) | Cardiac problems (1 day–16 years) | HF | 1817 | NR | NR | 25 | 1.4 |
Congenital Heart Disease
Cardiomyopathies/Myocarditis
Rheumatic Fever/Rheumatic Heart Disease
Infective Endocarditis
Secondary HF Diagnosis in Non-CVD
Incidence of HF Associated with Anthracycline Treatment, HIV/AIDS, and Pneumonia
Incidence of HF secondary to non-CVDs | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study name | Study design | Country, period | Setting | Study population (age range) | Subgroups | Type of HF | Sample size | Gender | HF incidence | |||
Female (n) | Female (%) | Cases (n) | Incidence (%) | |||||||||
Hematology/oncology | ||||||||||||
Berrak [64] | Retrospective | US, 1988–1998 (10 years) | Hospital (1) | Doxorubicin for childhood cancer (7 months–17 years) | – | Congestive HF | 97 | 38 | 39.2* | 1 | 1.0* | |
Godoy [65] | Retrospective | Japan, 1985–1994 (10 years) | Hospital (1) | Anthracyclines for childhood cancer (5 months–17 years) | – | Congestive HF | 120 | 51 | 42.5* | 6 | 5.0* | |
van Dalen [66] | Retrospective | Netherlands, 1976–2001 (26 years) | Hospital (1) | Anthracyclines for childhood cancer (< 2 to > 16 years) | Age < 2 to 16 years | Congestive HF | 808* | NR | NR | 17* | 2.1* | |
HIV/AIDS | ||||||||||||
Starc [67] | Prospective | US, 1990–1997 (6 years) | Hospitals (10) | Children of HIV-infected mothers (0–14 years) | Infected children with echocardiographic evaluation available (5 years of follow-up) | Congestive HF | 199#
| NR | NR | 14 | 14 (cumulative incidence) | |
Fisher [68] | 7.0 (incidence) | |||||||||||
Lipshultz [69] | Infants of HIV-infected mothers (0 to < 28 days) | Infected infants (5 years of follow-up) | Congestive HF | 93 | NR | NR | 4 | 5.1(cumulative incidence) | ||||
Starc [70] | 4.3 (incidence) | |||||||||||
Uninfected infants(5 years of follow-up) | Congestive HF | 463 | NR | NR | 1 | 0.2(cumulative incidence) | ||||||
0.2 (incidence) | ||||||||||||
Pneumonia | ||||||||||||
llten [71] | Prospective | Turkey, NR | Hospital (1) | Acute pneumonia (2–24 months) | Congestive HF | 50 | 14 | 28 | 7 | 14 |
Prevalence of HF secondary to non-CVDs | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study name | Study design | Country, period | Setting | Study population (age range) | Subgroups | Type of HF | Sample size | Gender | HF prevalence and distribution in study subgroups | |||
Female (n) | Female (%) | Cases (n) | Prevalence (%) | Distribution of prevalent cases of HF in study subgroups (%) | ||||||||
Renal disorders | ||||||||||||
Duzova [72] | Prospective | Turkey, 2006–2007 (1 year) | Hospitals (17) | AKI (1–18 years) | Newborn (< 1 month) | HF | 154 | NR | NR | 15 | 9.7 | – |
Gunasekaran [73] | Prospective | India, 2013–2014 (1 year and 6 months) | Hospital (1) | ANS (1–13 years) | PIGN | Congestive HF | 72 | 32* | 44.4* | 8 | 11.1 | – |
PIGN | PSGN | Congestive HF | 65 | 30* | 46.1* | 8 | 12.3 | – | ||||
Krishnamurthy [74] | Prospective | India, 2010–2011 (10 months) | Hospital (1) | AKI (1–144 months) | Congestive HF | 54 | 25 | 46.3 | 2 | 3.8 | – | |
Sarkissian [75] | Prospective | Armenia, 1992–1996 (5 years) | Hospital (1) | Acute PIGN (1 to < 16 years) | Congestive HF | 474 | 166* | 35* | 45 | 10 | – | |
Vachvanichsanong [76] | Retrospective | Thailand, 1984–2007 (26 years) | Hospital (1) | AKI (0–30 days) | All patients | Congestive HF | 139 | 51 | 36.7* | 17* | 12.2* | – |
Vachvanichsanong [77] | Retrospective | Thailand, 1982–2004 (22 years and 10 months) | Hospital (1) | Acute renal failure (1 month–16.7 years) | HF | 311 | NR | NR | 26 | 8.4 | – | |
Wong [78] | Prospective | New Zealand, 2007–2009 (2 years) | Hospitals (country wide) | Acute PSGN (definite/probable) (1.4–14.7 years) | Congestive HF | 176 | 62 | 35.2* | 8 | 4.5* | – | |
HIV/AIDS | ||||||||||||
Cunha [79] | Retrospective | Brazil, 1990–2002 (13 years) | Hospital (1) | AIDS (0 to < 13 years) | Congestive HF | 93 | 47 | 50.5 | 12 | 12.9* | – | |
Diogenes [80] | Prospective | Brazil, 1996–2004 (8 years) | Hospital (NR) | HIV-1 (13 days–13 years) | HIV infected | Congestive HF | 41 | NR | NR | 12 | 29.3* | – |
HIV seroconverted | Congestive HF | 43 | NR | NR | 0 | 0 | – | |||||
Dilated cardiomyopathy (as etiology for congestive HF in HIV) | Congestive HF | 12 | 5 | 41.7* | ||||||||
Okoromah [81] | Case–control | Nigeria, 2004–2007 (3 years) | Hospital (1) | HIV positive (18–144 months) | Congestive HF | 83 | NR | NR | 10 | 12 | – | |
Community and hospital | HIV negative (18–144 months) | Congestive HF | 83 | NR | NR | 0 | 0 | – | ||||
Starc [67] | Prospective | US, 1990 to Jan 1997 (6 years) | Hospitals (10) | Children of HIV-infected mothers (0–14 years) | Congestive HF | 201 | NR | NR | 2 | 1 | – | |
Fisher [68] | ||||||||||||
Lipshultz [69] | ||||||||||||
Starc [70] | ||||||||||||
Hematology/oncology | ||||||||||||
Karimi [82] | Cross-sectional | Iran, 2007–2010 (3 years) | Hospital (1) | BTM (1–15 years) | All patients | Congestive HF | 328 | NR | NR | 47* | 14.3* | – |
Other conditions | ||||||||||||
Ahmed [83] | Retrospective | Scotland, 2002–2008 (6 years) | Hospital (1) | Vitamin D deficiency (2 weeks–14 years) | HF | 160 | 77 | 48.1 | 1 | 0.6 | – | |
Camilla [84] | Cross-sectional (Pt prevalence) | Italy | Community | Organ failure (0 to < 18 years) | All inhabitants | CHF | 6,47,727 | NR | NR | 21 | 0.0032* | – |
DCM (as etiology) | 21 | NR | NR | 13 | 62* | |||||||
Lagunju [85] | Retrospective | Nigeria, 2000–2004 (5 years) | Hospital (1) | Measles (4 months–10 years) | HF | 666 | 319 | 47.9 | 2 | 0.3 | – |