Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Skeletal Radiology 8/2008

01.08.2008 | Review Article

Imaging findings in posterior instability of the shoulder

verfasst von: Srinivasan Harish, Arpit Nagar, Jaydeep Moro, David Pugh, Ryan Rebello, John O’Neill

Erschienen in: Skeletal Radiology | Ausgabe 8/2008

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Posterior shoulder instability refers to the symptoms and signs resulting from excessive posterior translation of the humerus. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the radiological modality of choice in the diagnostic assessment of posterior instability. Computed tomography (CT) is useful in the evaluation of osseous abnormalities associated with posterior instability. A detailed description of the posterior osseous and labroligamentous abnormalities has evolved recently, and many variant lesions of the posteroinferior labrum and/or capsular structures have been described. As the recommended surgical management of lesions associated with posterior instability is a lesion-specific approach, awareness of the specific lesions that have been described in association with posterior instability helps in pre-surgical planning. The purpose of this article is to review the classification of, and injury mechanisms leading to, posterior shoulder instability and to describe imaging findings associated with posterior instability, with emphasis on MR imaging.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Robinson CM, Aderinto J. Recurrent posterior shoulder instability. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005; 87: 883–892.CrossRef Robinson CM, Aderinto J. Recurrent posterior shoulder instability. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005; 87: 883–892.CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Owens BD, Duffey ML, Nelson BJ, DeBerardino TM, Taylor DC, Mountcastle SB. The incidence and characteristics of shoulder instability at the United States Military Academy. Am J Sports Med 2007; 35: 1168–1173.CrossRef Owens BD, Duffey ML, Nelson BJ, DeBerardino TM, Taylor DC, Mountcastle SB. The incidence and characteristics of shoulder instability at the United States Military Academy. Am J Sports Med 2007; 35: 1168–1173.CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Bottoni CR, Franks BR, Moore JH, DeBerardino TM, Taylor DC, Arciero RA. Operative stabilization of posterior shoulder instability. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33: 996–1002.CrossRef Bottoni CR, Franks BR, Moore JH, DeBerardino TM, Taylor DC, Arciero RA. Operative stabilization of posterior shoulder instability. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33: 996–1002.CrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Antoniou J, Harryman DT 2nd. Posterior instability. Orthop Clin North Am 2001; 32: 463–473.CrossRef Antoniou J, Harryman DT 2nd. Posterior instability. Orthop Clin North Am 2001; 32: 463–473.CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Tibone JE, Bradley JP. The treatment of posterior subluxation in athletes. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1993; 291: 124–137. Tibone JE, Bradley JP. The treatment of posterior subluxation in athletes. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1993; 291: 124–137.
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Lamar DS, Williams GR, Iannotti JP, Ramsey ML. Posterior instability of the glenohumeral joint: diagnosis and management. Univ Pa Orthop J 2001; 14: 5–14. Lamar DS, Williams GR, Iannotti JP, Ramsey ML. Posterior instability of the glenohumeral joint: diagnosis and management. Univ Pa Orthop J 2001; 14: 5–14.
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Vidal LB, Bradley JP. Management of posterior shoulder instability in the athlete. Curr Opin Orthop 2006; 17: 164–171.CrossRef Vidal LB, Bradley JP. Management of posterior shoulder instability in the athlete. Curr Opin Orthop 2006; 17: 164–171.CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Fronek J, Warren RF, Bowen M. Posterior subluxation of the glenohumeral joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1989; 71: 205–216.CrossRef Fronek J, Warren RF, Bowen M. Posterior subluxation of the glenohumeral joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1989; 71: 205–216.CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Lewis A, Kitamura T, Bayley I. The classification of shoulder instability: new light through old windows! Curr Orthop 2004; 18: 97–108.CrossRef Lewis A, Kitamura T, Bayley I. The classification of shoulder instability: new light through old windows! Curr Orthop 2004; 18: 97–108.CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Blasier RB, Soslowsky LJ, Malicky DM, Palmer ML. Posterior glenohumeral subluxation: active and passive stabilization in a biomechanical model. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1997; 79: 433–440.CrossRef Blasier RB, Soslowsky LJ, Malicky DM, Palmer ML. Posterior glenohumeral subluxation: active and passive stabilization in a biomechanical model. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1997; 79: 433–440.CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Harryman DT 2nd, Sidles JA, Harris SL, Matsen FA 3rd. The role of the rotator interval capsule in passive motion and stability of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1992; 74: 53–66.CrossRef Harryman DT 2nd, Sidles JA, Harris SL, Matsen FA 3rd. The role of the rotator interval capsule in passive motion and stability of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1992; 74: 53–66.CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Papendick LW, Savoie FH 3rd. Anatomy-specific repair techniques for posterior shoulder instability. J South Orthop Assoc 1995; 4: 169–176.PubMed Papendick LW, Savoie FH 3rd. Anatomy-specific repair techniques for posterior shoulder instability. J South Orthop Assoc 1995; 4: 169–176.PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Amrami KK, Savcenko V, Dahm DL, Sundaram M. Radiologic case study. Reverse Bankart lesion with posterior labral tear. Orthopedics 2002; 25: 720, 779–780.PubMed Amrami KK, Savcenko V, Dahm DL, Sundaram M. Radiologic case study. Reverse Bankart lesion with posterior labral tear. Orthopedics 2002; 25: 720, 779–780.PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams RJ 3rd, Strickland S, Cohen M, Altchek DW, Warren RF. Arthroscopic repair for traumatic posterior shoulder instability. Am J Sports Med 2003; 31: 203–209.CrossRef Williams RJ 3rd, Strickland S, Cohen M, Altchek DW, Warren RF. Arthroscopic repair for traumatic posterior shoulder instability. Am J Sports Med 2003; 31: 203–209.CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Antoniou J, Duckworth DT, Harryman DT 2nd. Capsulolabral augmentation for the management of posteroinferior instability of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2000; 82: 1220–1230.CrossRef Antoniou J, Duckworth DT, Harryman DT 2nd. Capsulolabral augmentation for the management of posteroinferior instability of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2000; 82: 1220–1230.CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Yu JS, Ashman CJ, Jones G. The POLPSA lesion: MR imaging findings with arthroscopic correlation in patients with posterior instability. Skeletal Radiol 2002; 31: 396–399.CrossRef Yu JS, Ashman CJ, Jones G. The POLPSA lesion: MR imaging findings with arthroscopic correlation in patients with posterior instability. Skeletal Radiol 2002; 31: 396–399.CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Simons P, Joekes E, Nelissen RG, Bloem JL. Posterior labrocapsular periosteal sleeve avulsion complicating locked posterior shoulder dislocation. Skeletal Radiol 1998; 27: 588–590.CrossRef Simons P, Joekes E, Nelissen RG, Bloem JL. Posterior labrocapsular periosteal sleeve avulsion complicating locked posterior shoulder dislocation. Skeletal Radiol 1998; 27: 588–590.CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim SH, Ha KI, Yoo JC, Noh KC. Kim’s lesion: an incomplete and concealed avulsion of the posteroinferior labrum in posterior or multidirectional posteroinferior instability of the shoulder. Arthroscopy 2004; 20: 712–720.CrossRef Kim SH, Ha KI, Yoo JC, Noh KC. Kim’s lesion: an incomplete and concealed avulsion of the posteroinferior labrum in posterior or multidirectional posteroinferior instability of the shoulder. Arthroscopy 2004; 20: 712–720.CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim SH, Kim HK, Sun JI, Park JS, Oh I. Arthroscopic capsulolabroplasty for posteroinferior multidirectional instability of the shoulder. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32: 594–607.CrossRef Kim SH, Kim HK, Sun JI, Park JS, Oh I. Arthroscopic capsulolabroplasty for posteroinferior multidirectional instability of the shoulder. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32: 594–607.CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim SH, Ha KI, Park JH, et al. Arthroscopic posterior labral repair and capsular shift for traumatic unidirectional recurrent posterior subluxation of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003; 85: 1479–1487.CrossRef Kim SH, Ha KI, Park JH, et al. Arthroscopic posterior labral repair and capsular shift for traumatic unidirectional recurrent posterior subluxation of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003; 85: 1479–1487.CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Anderson M, Barr M, Gaskin C, Alford B. Posterior GLAD lesions of the shoulder (scientific presentation). Radiological Society of North America, 2005. Anderson M, Barr M, Gaskin C, Alford B. Posterior GLAD lesions of the shoulder (scientific presentation). Radiological Society of North America, 2005.
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Resnick D, Kang HS, Pretterklieber ML. Shoulder. In: Internal derangement of joints, 2nd ed, vol 1. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2007: 713–1122. Resnick D, Kang HS, Pretterklieber ML. Shoulder. In: Internal derangement of joints, 2nd ed, vol 1. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2007: 713–1122.
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolf BR, Strickland S, Williams RJ, Allen AA, Altchek DW, Warren RF. Open posterior stabilization for recurrent posterior glenohumeral instability. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2005; 14: 157–164.CrossRef Wolf BR, Strickland S, Williams RJ, Allen AA, Altchek DW, Warren RF. Open posterior stabilization for recurrent posterior glenohumeral instability. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2005; 14: 157–164.CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Mohana-Borges AV, Chung CB, Resnick D. Superior labral anteroposterior tear: classification and diagnosis on MRI and MR arthrography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003; 181: 1449–1462.CrossRef Mohana-Borges AV, Chung CB, Resnick D. Superior labral anteroposterior tear: classification and diagnosis on MRI and MR arthrography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003; 181: 1449–1462.CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindauer KR, Major NM, Rougier-Chapman DP, Helms CA. MR imaging appearance of 180–360 degrees labral tears of the shoulder. Skeletal Radiol 2005; 34: 74–79.CrossRef Lindauer KR, Major NM, Rougier-Chapman DP, Helms CA. MR imaging appearance of 180–360 degrees labral tears of the shoulder. Skeletal Radiol 2005; 34: 74–79.CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Barber A, Field LD, Ryu R. Biceps tendon and superior labrum injuries: decision-making. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007; 89: 1844–1855.CrossRef Barber A, Field LD, Ryu R. Biceps tendon and superior labrum injuries: decision-making. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007; 89: 1844–1855.CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Tung GA, Hou DD. MR arthrography of the posterior labrocapsular complex: relationship with glenohumeral joint alignment and clinical posterior instability. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003; 180: 369–375.CrossRef Tung GA, Hou DD. MR arthrography of the posterior labrocapsular complex: relationship with glenohumeral joint alignment and clinical posterior instability. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003; 180: 369–375.CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Waldt S, Burkart A, Imhoff AB, Bruegel M, Rummeny EJ, Woertler K. Anterior shoulder instability: accuracy of MR arthrography in the classification of anteroinferior labroligamentous injuries. Radiology 2005; 237: 578–583.CrossRef Waldt S, Burkart A, Imhoff AB, Bruegel M, Rummeny EJ, Woertler K. Anterior shoulder instability: accuracy of MR arthrography in the classification of anteroinferior labroligamentous injuries. Radiology 2005; 237: 578–583.CrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Stoller DW, Wolf EM, Li AE, Nottage WM, Tirman PJ. The shoulder. In: Stoller DW, ed. Magnetic resonance imaging in orthopedics and sports medicine, vol 2. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007. p. 1131–1461. Stoller DW, Wolf EM, Li AE, Nottage WM, Tirman PJ. The shoulder. In: Stoller DW, ed. Magnetic resonance imaging in orthopedics and sports medicine, vol 2. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007. p. 1131–1461.
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Wright RW, Paletta GA Jr. Prevalence of the Bennett lesion of the shoulder in major league pitchers. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32: 121–124.CrossRef Wright RW, Paletta GA Jr. Prevalence of the Bennett lesion of the shoulder in major league pitchers. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32: 121–124.CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferrari JD, Ferrari DA, Coumas J, Pappas AM. Posterior ossification of the shoulder: the Bennett lesion. Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Sports Med 1994; 22: 171–175.CrossRef Ferrari JD, Ferrari DA, Coumas J, Pappas AM. Posterior ossification of the shoulder: the Bennett lesion. Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Sports Med 1994; 22: 171–175.CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat De Maeseneer M, Jaovisidha S, Jacobson JA, et al. The Bennett lesion of the shoulder. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1998; 22: 31–34.CrossRef De Maeseneer M, Jaovisidha S, Jacobson JA, et al. The Bennett lesion of the shoulder. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1998; 22: 31–34.CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Nakagawa S, Yoneda M, Hayashida K, Mizuno N, Yamada S. Posterior shoulder pain in throwing athletes with a Bennett lesion: factors that influence throwing pain. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2006; 15: 72–77.CrossRef Nakagawa S, Yoneda M, Hayashida K, Mizuno N, Yamada S. Posterior shoulder pain in throwing athletes with a Bennett lesion: factors that influence throwing pain. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2006; 15: 72–77.CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Weishaupt D, Zanetti M, Nyffeler RW, Gerber C, Hodler J. Posterior glenoid rim deficiency in recurrent (atraumatic) posterior shoulder instability. Skeletal Radiol 2000; 29: 204–210.CrossRef Weishaupt D, Zanetti M, Nyffeler RW, Gerber C, Hodler J. Posterior glenoid rim deficiency in recurrent (atraumatic) posterior shoulder instability. Skeletal Radiol 2000; 29: 204–210.CrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Mulligan ME, Pontius CS. Posterior-inferior glenoid rim shapes by MR imaging. Surg Radiol Anat 2005; 27: 336–339.CrossRef Mulligan ME, Pontius CS. Posterior-inferior glenoid rim shapes by MR imaging. Surg Radiol Anat 2005; 27: 336–339.CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Theodorou SJ, Theodorou DJ, Resnick D. Hypoplasia of the glenoid neck of the scapula: imaging findings and report of 16 patients. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2006; 30: 535–542.CrossRef Theodorou SJ, Theodorou DJ, Resnick D. Hypoplasia of the glenoid neck of the scapula: imaging findings and report of 16 patients. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2006; 30: 535–542.CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Munshi M, Davidson JM. Unilateral glenoid hypoplasia: unusual findings on MR arthrography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000; 175: 646–658.CrossRef Munshi M, Davidson JM. Unilateral glenoid hypoplasia: unusual findings on MR arthrography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000; 175: 646–658.CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Harper KW, Helms CA, Haystead CM, Higgins LD. Glenoid dysplasia: incidence and association with posterior labral tears as evaluated on MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 184: 984–988.CrossRef Harper KW, Helms CA, Haystead CM, Higgins LD. Glenoid dysplasia: incidence and association with posterior labral tears as evaluated on MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 184: 984–988.CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim SH, Noh KC, Park JS, Ryu BD, Oh I. Loss of chondrolabral containment of the glenohumeral joint in atraumatic posteroinferior multidirectional instability. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005; 87: 92–98.CrossRef Kim SH, Noh KC, Park JS, Ryu BD, Oh I. Loss of chondrolabral containment of the glenohumeral joint in atraumatic posteroinferior multidirectional instability. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005; 87: 92–98.CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Griffith JF, Yung PS, Antonio GE, Tsang PH, Ahuja AT, Chan KM. CT compared with arthroscopy in quantifying glenoid bone loss. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 189: 1490–1493.CrossRef Griffith JF, Yung PS, Antonio GE, Tsang PH, Ahuja AT, Chan KM. CT compared with arthroscopy in quantifying glenoid bone loss. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 189: 1490–1493.CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Krackhardt T, Schewe B, Albrecht D, Weise K. Arthroscopic fixation of the subscapularis tendon in the reverse Hill-Sachs lesion for traumatic unidirectional posterior dislocation of the shoulder. Arthroscopy 2006; 22: 227.e1–227.e6.CrossRef Krackhardt T, Schewe B, Albrecht D, Weise K. Arthroscopic fixation of the subscapularis tendon in the reverse Hill-Sachs lesion for traumatic unidirectional posterior dislocation of the shoulder. Arthroscopy 2006; 22: 227.e1–227.e6.CrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Abrams JS. Arthroscopic repair of posterior instability and reverse humeral glenohumeral ligament avulsion lesions. Orthop Clin North Am 2003; 34: 475–483.CrossRef Abrams JS. Arthroscopic repair of posterior instability and reverse humeral glenohumeral ligament avulsion lesions. Orthop Clin North Am 2003; 34: 475–483.CrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Castagna A, Snyder SJ, Conti M, et al. Posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament: a clinical review of 9 cases. Arthroscopy 2007; 23: 809–815.CrossRef Castagna A, Snyder SJ, Conti M, et al. Posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament: a clinical review of 9 cases. Arthroscopy 2007; 23: 809–815.CrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Chung CB, Sorenson S, Dwek JR, Resnick D. Humeral avulsion of the posterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament: MR arthrography and clinical correlation in 17 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004; 183: 355–359.CrossRef Chung CB, Sorenson S, Dwek JR, Resnick D. Humeral avulsion of the posterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament: MR arthrography and clinical correlation in 17 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004; 183: 355–359.CrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Safran O, Defranco MJ, Hatem S, Iannotti JP. Posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament as a cause of posterior shoulder instability. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004; 86: 2732–2736.CrossRef Safran O, Defranco MJ, Hatem S, Iannotti JP. Posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament as a cause of posterior shoulder instability. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004; 86: 2732–2736.CrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Chhabra A, Diduch DR, Anderson M. Arthroscopic repair of a posterior humeral avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) lesion. Arthroscopy 2004; 20 Suppl 2: 73–76.CrossRef Chhabra A, Diduch DR, Anderson M. Arthroscopic repair of a posterior humeral avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) lesion. Arthroscopy 2004; 20 Suppl 2: 73–76.CrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown T, Barton RS, Savoie FH 3rd. Reverse humeral avulsion glenohumeral ligament and infraspinatus rupture with arthroscopic repair: a case report. Am J Sports Med 2007; 35: 2135–2139.CrossRef Brown T, Barton RS, Savoie FH 3rd. Reverse humeral avulsion glenohumeral ligament and infraspinatus rupture with arthroscopic repair: a case report. Am J Sports Med 2007; 35: 2135–2139.CrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Ticker JB, Flatow EL, Pawluk RJ, et al. The inferior glenohumeral ligament: a correlative investigation. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2006; 15: 665–674.CrossRef Ticker JB, Flatow EL, Pawluk RJ, et al. The inferior glenohumeral ligament: a correlative investigation. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2006; 15: 665–674.CrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Laurencin CT, Paletta GA, Potter H, Wickiewicz TL. Disruption of the posterior-lateral shoulder capsule. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1995; 4: 391–394.CrossRef Laurencin CT, Paletta GA, Potter H, Wickiewicz TL. Disruption of the posterior-lateral shoulder capsule. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1995; 4: 391–394.CrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Bui-Mansfield LT, Banks KP, Taylor DC. Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments: the HAGL lesion. Am J Sports Med 2007; 35: 1960–1966.CrossRef Bui-Mansfield LT, Banks KP, Taylor DC. Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments: the HAGL lesion. Am J Sports Med 2007; 35: 1960–1966.CrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Hill JD, Lovejoy JF Jr, Kelly RA. Combined posterior Bankart lesion and posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments associated with recurrent posterior shoulder instability. Arthroscopy 2007; 23: 327.e1–327.e3.CrossRef Hill JD, Lovejoy JF Jr, Kelly RA. Combined posterior Bankart lesion and posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments associated with recurrent posterior shoulder instability. Arthroscopy 2007; 23: 327.e1–327.e3.CrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Bigliani LU, Pollock RG, McIlveen SJ, Endrizzi DP, Flatow EL. Shift of the posteroinferior aspect of the capsule for recurrent posterior glenohumeral instability. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995; 77: 1011–1020.CrossRef Bigliani LU, Pollock RG, McIlveen SJ, Endrizzi DP, Flatow EL. Shift of the posteroinferior aspect of the capsule for recurrent posterior glenohumeral instability. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995; 77: 1011–1020.CrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Dewing CB, McCormick F, Bell SJ, et al. An analysis of capsular area in patients with anterior, posterior, and multidirectional shoulder instability. Am J Sports Med 2008; 36: 515–522.CrossRef Dewing CB, McCormick F, Bell SJ, et al. An analysis of capsular area in patients with anterior, posterior, and multidirectional shoulder instability. Am J Sports Med 2008; 36: 515–522.CrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Hottya GA, Tirman PF, Bost FW, et al. Tear of the posterior shoulder stabilizers after posterior dislocation: MR imaging and MR arthrographic findings with arthroscopic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998; 171: 763–768.CrossRef Hottya GA, Tirman PF, Bost FW, et al. Tear of the posterior shoulder stabilizers after posterior dislocation: MR imaging and MR arthrographic findings with arthroscopic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998; 171: 763–768.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Imaging findings in posterior instability of the shoulder
verfasst von
Srinivasan Harish
Arpit Nagar
Jaydeep Moro
David Pugh
Ryan Rebello
John O’Neill
Publikationsdatum
01.08.2008
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Skeletal Radiology / Ausgabe 8/2008
Print ISSN: 0364-2348
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-2161
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-008-0487-7

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 8/2008

Skeletal Radiology 8/2008 Zur Ausgabe

Update Radiologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.