Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Konkret geht es um den Diabetes-Patienten mit kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen oder Risiken, die Herzinsuffizienz sowie die kardiovaskuläre Primär- und Sekundärprävention. Sind Sie hier schon auf dem neuesten Stand? Unsere Experten beleuchten, wo und warum das bisherige Procedere geändert werden soll und was in der Praxis sinnvoll ist. Holen Sie sich Ihr Update und 2 CME-Punkte beim MMW-Webinar am 24. April von 17.30 bis 19 Uhr. 
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
Erschienen in: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 12/2013

01.12.2013 | Guidelines

The EANM and SNMMI practice guideline for lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node localization in breast cancer

verfasst von: Francesco Giammarile, Naomi Alazraki, John N. Aarsvold, Riccardo A. Audisio, Edwin Glass, Sandra F. Grant, Jolanta Kunikowska, Marjut Leidenius, Valeria M. Moncayo, Roger F. Uren, Wim J. G. Oyen, Renato A. Valdés Olmos, Sergi Vidal Sicart

Erschienen in: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging | Ausgabe 12/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose

The accurate harvesting of a sentinel node in breast cancer includes a sequence of procedures with components from different medical specialities, including nuclear medicine, radiology, surgical oncology and pathology. The aim of this document is to provide general information about sentinel lymph node detection in breast cancer patients.

Methods

The Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI) and the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) have written and approved these guidelines to promote the use of nuclear medicine procedures with high quality. The final result has been discussed by distinguished experts from the EANM Oncology Committee, the SNMMI and the European Society of Surgical Oncology (ESSO).

Conclusion

The present guidelines for nuclear medicine practitioners offer assistance in optimizing the diagnostic information from the SLN procedure. These guidelines describe protocols currently used routinely, but do not include all existing procedures. They should therefore not be taken as exclusive of other nuclear medicine modalities that can be used to obtain comparable results. It is important to remember that the resources and facilities available for patient care may vary.
Literatur
1.
Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, Ward E. Cancer statistics, 2010. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010;60:277–300.PubMed
2.
Keshtgar MRS, Ell PJ. Sentinel lymph node detection and imaging. Eur J Nucl Med. 1999;26:57–67.PubMed
3.
Morton DL, Wen DR, Wong JH, Economou JS, Cagle LA, Storm FK, et al. Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg. 1992;127:392–9.PubMed
4.
Krag DN, Weaver D, Alex JC, Fairbank JT. Surgical resection and radiolocalization of sentinel lymph node in breast cancer using a gamma probe. Surg Oncol. 1993;2:335–9.PubMed
5.
Giuliano AE, Kirgan D, Guenther JM. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer. Ann Surg. 1994;220:391–401.PubMed
6.
Noguchi M, Katev N, Miyazaki I. Diagnosis of axillary lymph node metastases in patients with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1996;40:283–93.PubMed
7.
Taylor A, Murray D, Herda S, Vansant J, Alazraki N. Dynamic lymphoscintigraphy to identify the sentinel and satellite nodes. Clin Nucl Med. 1996;21:755–8.PubMed
8.
Pijpers R, Meijer S, Hoekstra OS, Collet GJ, Comans EF, Boom RP, et al. Impact of lymphoscintigraphy on sentinel node identification with technetium-99m-colloid albumin in breast cancer. J Nucl Med. 1997;38:366–8.PubMed
9.
Giuliano AE. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer. JAMA. 1997;277:791–2.PubMed
10.
Veronesi U, Paganelli G, Galimberti V, Viale G, Zurrida S, Bedoni M, et al. Sentinel node biopsy to avoid axillary dissection in breast cancer patients with clinically negative lymph-nodes. Lancet. 1997;349:1864–7.PubMed
11.
International Breast Cancer Consensus Conference. Image-detected breast cancer: state of the art diagnosis and treatment. J Am Coll Surg. 2001;193:297–302.
12.
Benson JR, Della Rovere GQ, Axilla Management Consensus Group. Management of the axilla in women with breast cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8:331–48.PubMed
13.
Veronesi U, Paganelli G, Viale G, Luini A, Zurrida S, Galimberti V, et al. A randomized comparison of sentinel-node biopsy with routine axillary dissection in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:546–53.PubMed
14.
Veronesi U, Paganelli G, Viale G, Luini A, Zurrida S, Galimberti V, et al. Sentinel-lymph-node biopsy as a staging procedure in breast cancer: update of a randomized controlled study. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7:983–90.PubMed
15.
Buscombe J, Paganelli G, Burak ZE, Waddington W, Maublant J, Prats E, et al. Sentinel node in breast cancer procedural guidelines. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34:2154–9.PubMed
16.
Zaknun JJ, Giammarile F, Valdes Olmos RA, Vidal-Sicart S, Mariani G. Changing paradigms in radioguided surgery and intraoperative imaging: the GOSTT concept. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012;39:1–3.PubMed
17.
De Cicco C, Cremonesi M, Luini A, Bartolomei M, Grana C, Prisco G, et al. Lymphoscintigraphy and radioguided biopsy of the sentinel axillary node in breast cancer. J Nucl Med. 1998;39:2080–4.PubMed
18.
Kaufmann M, Morrow M, von Minckwitz G, Harris JR, Biedenkopf Expert Panel Members. Locoregional treatment of primary breast cancer: consensus recommendations from an International Expert Panel. Cancer. 2010;116:1184–91.PubMed
19.
Straver ME, Meijnen P, van Tienhoven G, van de Velde CJ, Mansel RE, Bogaerts J, et al. Role of axillary clearance after a tumor-positive sentinel node in the administration of adjuvant therapy in early breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(5):731–7.PubMed
20.
van la Parra RF, Peer PG, Ernst MF, Bosscha K. Meta-analysis of predictive factors for non-sentinel lymph node metastases in breast cancer patients with a positive SLN. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2011;37:290–9.
21.
Unal B, Gur AS, Kayiran O, Johnson R, Ahrendt G, Bonaventura M, et al. Models for predicting non-sentinel lymph node positivity in sentinel node positive breast cancer: the importance of scoring system. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62:1785–91.PubMed
22.
Sanjuán A, Escaramís G, Vidal-Sicart S, Illa M, Zanón G, Pahisa J, et al. Predicting non-sentinel lymph node status in breast cancer patients with sentinel lymph node involvement: evaluation of two scoring systems. Breast J. 2010;16:134–40.PubMed
23.
Cserni G, Boross G, Maráz R, Leidenius MH, Meretoja TJ, Heikkila PS, et al. Multicenter validation of different predictive tools of non-sentinel lymph node involvement in breast cancer. Surg Oncol. 2012;21:59–65.PubMed
24.
Giuliano AE, McCall L, Beitsch P, Whitworth PW, Blumencranz P, Leitch AM, et al. Locoregional recurrence after sentinel lymph node dissection with or without axillary dissection in patients with sentinel lymph node metastases: the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 randomized trial. Ann Surg. 2010;252:426–32.PubMed
25.
Giuliano AE, Hunt KK, Ballman KV, Beitsch PD, Whitworth PW, Blumencranz PW, et al. Axillary dissection vs no axillary dissection in women with invasive breast cancer and sentinel node metastasis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2011;305:569–75.PubMed
26.
de Boer M, van Deurzen CH, van Dijck JA, Borm GF, van Diest PJ, Adang EM, et al. Micrometastases or isolated tumor cells and the outcome of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:653–63.PubMed
27.
Degnim AC, Zakaria S, Boughey JC, Sookhan N, Reynolds C, Donohue JH, et al. Axillary recurrence in breast cancer patients with isolated tumor cells in the sentinel lymph node [AJCC N0(i+)]. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17:2685–9.PubMed
28.
Giuliano AE, Hawes D, Ballman KV, Whitworth PW, Blumencranz PW, Reintgen DS, et al. Association of occult metastases in sentinel lymph nodes and bone marrow with survival among women with early-stage invasive breast cancer. JAMA. 2011;306:385–93.PubMed
29.
Giobuin SM, Kavanagh DO, Myers E, Doherty AO, Quinn CM, Crotty T, et al. The significance of immunohistochemistry positivity in sentinel nodes which are negative on haematoxylin and eosin in breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2009;35:1257–60.PubMed
30.
Lyman GH, Giuliano AE, Somerfield MR, Benson 3rd AB, Bodurka DC, Burstein HJ, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline recommendations for sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7703–20.PubMed
31.
Goldhirsch A, Ingle JN, Gelber RD, Coates AS, Thürlimann B, Senn HJ, et al. Thresholds for therapies: highlights of the St Gallen International Expert Consensus on the primary therapy of early breast cancer 2009. Ann Oncol. 2009;20:1319–29.PubMed
32.
Edge SB, Compton CC. The American Joint Committee on Cancer: the 7th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual and the future of TNM. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17:1471–4.PubMed
33.
Galimberti V, Zurrida S, Zucali P, Luini A. Can sentinel node biopsy avoid axillary dissection in clinically node-negative breast cancer patients? Breast. 1998;7:8–10.
34.
Schwartz GF, Giuliano AE, Veronesi U, Consensus Conference Committee. Proceedings of the Consensus Conference on the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in carcinoma of the breast. Breast. 2002;11:362–73.
35.
Krag DN, Anderson SJ, Julian TB, Brown AM, Harlow SP, Ashikaga T, et al. Technical outcomes of sentinel-lymph-node resection and conventional axillary-lymph-node dissection in patients with clinically node-negative breast cancer: results from the NSABP B-32 randomised phase III trial. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8:881–8.PubMed
36.
Purushotham AD, Upponi S, Klevesath MB, Bobrow L, Millar K, Myles JP, et al. Morbidity after sentinel lymph node biopsy in primary breast cancer: results from a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:4312–21.PubMed
37.
van der Ploeg IM, Nieweg OE, van Rijk MC, Valdes Olmos RA, Kroon BB. Axillary recurrence after a tumor-negative sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2008;34:1277–84.PubMed
38.
Amersi F, Hansen NM. The benefits and limitations of sentinel lymph node biopsy. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2006;7:141–51.PubMed
39.
Keleher A, Wendt 3rd R, Delpassand E, Stachowiak AM, Kuerer HM. The safety of lymphatic mapping in pregnant breast cancer patients using Tc-99m sulfur colloid. Breast J. 2004;10:492–5.PubMed
40.
Gentilini O, Cremonesi M, Trifirò G, Ferrari M, Baio SM, Caracciolo M, et al. Safety of sentinel node biopsy in pregnant patients with breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2004;15:1348–51.PubMed
41.
Morita ET, Chang J, Leong SP. Principles and controversies in lymphoscintigraphy with emphasis on breast cancer. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80:1721–39.PubMed
42.
Krag D, Weaver D, Ashikaga T, Moffat F, Klimberg VS, Shriver C, et al. The sentinel node in breast cancer – a multi-center validation study. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:941–6.PubMed
43.
Giuliano AE, Jones RC, Brennan M, Statman R. Sentinel lymphadenectomy in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:2345–50.PubMed
44.
Martin 2nd RC, Edwards MJ, Wong SL, Tuttle TM, Carlson DJ, Brown CM, et al. Practical guidelines for optimal gamma probe detection of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer: results of a multi-institutional study. For the University of Louisville Breast Cancer Study Group. Surgery. 2000;128:39.
45.
Pesek S, Ashikaga T, Krag LE, Krag D. The false-negative rate of sentinel node biopsy in patients with breast cancer: a meta-analysis. World J Surg. 2012;36:2239–51.PubMed
46.
Hindie E, Groheux D, Espie M, Bourstyn E, Toubert ME, Sarandi F, et al. Sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer. Bull Cancer. 2009;96:713–25.PubMed
47.
McMasters KM, Wong SL, Tuttle TM, Carlson DJ, Brown CM, Noyes RD, et al. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy for breast cancer does not improve the ability to identify axillary sentinel lymph nodes. Ann Surg. 2000;231:724–31.PubMed
48.
Marchal F, Rauch P, Morel O, Mayer JC, Olivier P, Leroux A, et al. Results of preoperative lymphoscintigraphy for breast cancer are predictive of identification of axillary sentinel lymph nodes. World J Surg. 2006;30:55–62.PubMed
49.
Wilhelm AJ, Mijnhout GS, Franssen EJF. Radiopharmaceuticals in sentinel lymph-node detection – an overview. Eur J Nucl Med. 1999;26:S36–42.PubMed
50.
Vera DR, Wallace AM, Hoh CK. A synthetic macromolecule for sentinel node detection: (99m)Tc-DTPA-mannosyl-dextran. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:951–9.PubMed
51.
Babiera GV, Delpassand ES, Breslin TM, Ross MI, Ames FC, Singletary SE, et al. Lymphatic drainage patterns on early versus delayed breast lymphoscintigraphy performed after injection of filtered Tc-99m sulfur colloid in breast cancer patients undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy. Clin Nucl Med. 2005;30(1):11–5.PubMed
52.
Mariani G, Moresco I, Viale G, Villa G, Bagnasco M, Canavese G, et al. Radioguided sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer surgery. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:1198–215.PubMed
53.
Clarke D, Khoni N, Mansel ER. Sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer. ALMANAC trial. World J Surg. 2001;25:819–22.PubMed
54.
Bourgeois P. Scintigraphic investigations of the lymphatic system: the influence of injected volume and quantity of labeled colloidal tracer. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:693–5.PubMed
55.
Burak WE, Agnese DM, Povoski SP. Advances in the surgical management of early stage invasive breast cancer. Curr Probl Surg. 2004;41:877–936.
56.
Callahan RJ, Chilton HM, Ponto JA, Swanson DP, Royal HD, Bruce AD. Procedure guideline for the use of radiopharmaceuticals 4.0. J Nucl Med Technol. 2007;35(4):272–5.PubMed
57.
Engering AJ, Cella M, Fluitsma D, Brockhaus M, Hoefsmit EC, Lanzavecchia A, et al. The mannose receptor functions as a high capacity and broad specificity antigen receptor in human dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol. 1997;27(9):2417–25.PubMed
58.
McCarter MD, Yeung H, Yeh S, Fey J, Borgen PI, Cody 3rd HS. Localization of the sentinel node in breast cancer: identical results with same-day and day-before isotope injection. Ann Surg Oncol. 2001;8:682–6.PubMed
59.
van der Ent FW, Kengen RA, van der Pol HA, Hoofwijk AG. Sentinel node biopsy in 70 unselected patients with breast cancer: increased feasibility by using 10 mCi radiocolloid in combination with a blue dye tracer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1999;25:24–9.PubMed
60.
Gray RJ, Pockaj BA, Roarke MC. Injection of 99mTc-labeled sulfur colloid the day before operation for breast cancer sentinel lymph node mapping is as successful as injection the day of operation. Am J Surg. 2004;188:685–9.PubMed
61.
Nieweg OE, Estourgie SH, van Rijk MC, Kroon BB. Rationale for superficial injection techniques in lymphatic mapping in breast cancer patients. J Surg Oncol. 2004;87:153–6.PubMed
62.
Noguchi M, Inokuchi M, Zen Y. Complement of peritumoral and subareolar injection in breast cancer sentinel lymph node biopsy. J Surg Oncol. 2009;100:100–5.PubMed
63.
Linehan DC, Hill ADK, Akhurst T, Yeung H, Yeh SD, Tran KN, et al. Intradermal radiocolloid and intraparenchymal blue dye injection optimize sentinel node identification in breast cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol. 1999;6(5):286–93.
64.
Stojadinovic A, Peoples GE, Jurgens JS, Howard RS, Schuyler B, Kwon KH, et al. Standard versus pH-adjusted and lidocaine supplemented radiocolloid for patients undergoing sentinel-lymph-node mapping and biopsy for early breast cancer (PASSION-P trial): a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(9):849–54.PubMed
65.
Pelosi E, Bello M, Griors M, Ala A, Giani R, Bussone R, et al. Sentinel lymph node detection in patients with early-stage breast cancer: comparison of periareolar and subdermal/peritumoral injection techniques. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:220–5.PubMed
66.
Chakera AH, Friis E, Hesse U, Al-Suliman N, Zerahn B, Hesse B. Factors of importance for scintigraphic non-visualization of sentinel nodes in breast cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;32:286–93.PubMed
67.
Suami H, Pan WR, Mann GB, Taylor GI. The lymphatic anatomy of the breast and its implications for sentinel lymph node biopsy: a human cadaver study. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15:863–71.PubMed
68.
Uren RF, Howman-Giles RB, Thompson JF, Malouf D, Ramsey-Stewart G, Niesche FW, et al. Mammary lymphoscintigraphy in patients with breast cancer – mapping lymph drainage patterns and locating the sentinel nodes. J Nucl Med. 1995;36:1775–80.PubMed
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
Alazraki NP, Styblo T, Grant SF, Cohen C, Larsen T, Aarsvold JN. Sentinel node staging of early breast cancer using lymphoscintigraphy and the intraoperative gamma-detecting probe. Radiol Clin North Am. 2001;39:947–56.PubMed
74.
Goyal A, Newcombe RG, Chhabra A, Mansel RE, ALMANAC Trialists Group. Factors affecting failed localisation and false-negative rates of sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer – results of the ALMANAC validation phase. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006;99(2):203–8.PubMed
75.
Lerman H, Metser U, Lievshitz G, Sperber F, Shneebaum S, Even-Sapir E. Lymphoscintigraphic sentinel node identification in patients with breast cancer: the role of SPECT-CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:329–37.PubMed
76.
Keidar Z, Israel O, Krausz Y. SPECT/CT in tumor imaging: technical aspects and clinical applications. Semin Nucl Med. 2003;33:205–18.PubMed
77.
van der Ploeg IM, Nieweg OE, Kroon BB, Rutgers EJ, Baas-Vrancken Peeters MJ, Vogel WV, et al. The yield of SPECT/CT for anatomical lymphatic mapping in patients with breast cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;36:903–9.PubMed
78.
Vermeeren L, van der Ploeg IM, Valdes Olmos RA, Meinhardt W, Klop WM, Kroon BB, et al. SPECT/CT for preoperative sentinel node localization. J Surg Oncol. 2010;101:184–90.PubMed
79.
Anan K, Mitsuyama S, Kuga H, Saimura M, Tanabe Y, Suehara N, et al. Double mapping with subareolar blue dye and peritumoral green dye injections decreases the false negative rate of dye only sentinel node biopsy for early breast cancer: 2 site injection is more accurate than 1-site injection. Surgery. 2006;139:624–9.PubMed
80.
Rodier JF, Velten M, Wilt M, Martel P, Ferron G, Vaini-Elies V, et al. Prospective multicentric randomized study comparing periareolar and peritumoral injection of radiotracer and blue dye for the detection of sentinel lymph node in breast sparing procedures: FRANSENODE trial. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3664–9.PubMed
81.
Varghese P, Abdel-Rahman AT, Akberali S, Mostafa A, Gattuso JM, Carpenter R. Methylene blue dye – a safe and effective alternative for sentinel lymph node localization. Breast J. 2008;14:61–7.PubMed
82.
Albo D, Wayne JD, Hunt KK, Rahlfs TF, Singletary SE, Ames FC, et al. Anaphylactic reactions to isosulfan blue dye during sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer. Am J Surg. 2001;182:393–8.PubMed
83.
Montgomery LL, Thorne AC, Van Zee KJ, Fey J, Heerdt AS, Gemignani M, et al. Isosulfan blue dye reactions during sentinel lymph node mapping for breast cancer. Anesth Analg. 2002;95:385–8.PubMed
84.
Raut CP, Hunt KK, Akins JS, Daley MD, Ross MI, Singletary SE, et al. Incidence of anaphylactoid reactions to isosulfan blue dye during breast carcinoma lymphatic mapping in patients treated with preoperative prophylaxis: results of a surgical prospective clinical practice protocol. Cancer. 2005;104:692–9.PubMed
85.
Scherer K, Studer W, Figueiredo V, Bircher AJ. Anaphylaxis to isosulfan blue and cross-reactivity to patent blue V: case report and review of the nomenclature of vital blue dyes. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;96:497–500.PubMed
86.
Zanzonico P, Heller S. The intraoperative gamma probe: basic principles and choices available. Semin Nucl Med. 2000;1:33–48.
87.
88.
Liu LC, Lang JE, Jenkins T, Lu Y, Ewing CA, Hwang SE, et al. Is it necessary to harvest additional lymph nodes after resection of the most radioactive sentinel lymph node in breast cancer? J Am Coll Surg. 2008;207:853–8.PubMed
89.
Chung A, Yu J, Stempel M, Patil S, Cody H, Montgomery L. Is the “10% rule” equally valid for all subsets of sentinel-node-positive breast cancer patients? Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15:2728.PubMed
90.
Clough KB, Nasr R, Nos C, Vieira M, Inguenault C, Poulet B. New anatomical classification of the axilla with implications for sentinel node biopsy. Br J Surg. 2010;97:1659–65.PubMed
91.
Uren RF, Howman-Giles R, Chung DK, Spillane AJ, Noushi F, Gillett D, et al. SPECT/CT scans allow precise anatomical location of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer and redefine lymphatic drainage from the breast to the axilla. Breast. 2012;21:480–6.PubMed
92.
Aarsvold JN, Alazraki NP. Update on detection of sentinel lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer. Semin Nucl Med. 2005;35:116–28.PubMed
93.
Serrano Vicente J, Infante de la Torre JR, Domínguez Grande ML, García Bernardo L, Durán Barquero C, Rayo Madrid JI, et al. Optimization of sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer by intraoperative axillary palpation. Rev Esp Med Nucl. 2010;29:8–11.PubMed
94.
Cheng G, Kurita G, Kurita S, Torigian DA, Alavi A. Current status of sentinel lymph-node biopsy in patients with breast cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011;38:562–75.PubMed
95.
Brenot-Rossi I, Houvenaeghel G, Jacquemier J, Bardou VJ, Martino M, Hassan-Sebbag N, et al. Nonvisualization of axillary sentinel node during lymphoscintigraphy: is there a pathologic significance in breast cancer? J Nucl Med. 2003;44:1232–7.PubMed
96.
Veronesi U, Paganelli G, Viale G, Galimberti V, Luini A, Zurrida S, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy and axillary dissection in breast cancer: results in a large series. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91(4):368–73.PubMed
97.
Leidenius MH, Krogerus LA, Toivonen TS, Leppänen EA, von Smitten KA. The sensitivity of axillary staging when using sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2003;29:849–53.PubMed
98.
Goyal A, Newcombe RG, Mansel RE, Axillary Lymphatic Mapping Against Nodal Axillary Clearance (ALMANAC) Trialists Group. Clinical relevance of multiple sentinel nodes in patients with breast cancer. Br J Surg. 2005;92:438–42.PubMed
99.
Ban EJ, Lee JS, Koo JS, Park S, Kim SI, Park BW. How many sentinel lymph nodes are enough for accurate axillary staging in T1-2 breast cancer? J Breast Cancer. 2011;14:296–300.PubMed
100.
Schuman S, Walker G, Avisar E. Processing sentinel nodes in breast cancer: when and how many? Arch Surg. 2011;146:389–93.PubMed
101.
Waddington WA, Keshtgar MRS, Taylor I, Lakhani SR, Short MD, Ell PJ. Radiation safety of the sentinel node technique in breast cancer. Eur J Nucl Med. 2000;27:377–91.PubMed
102.
Krishnamurthy S, Meric-Bernstam F, Lucci A, Hwang RF, Kuerer HM, Babiera G, et al. A prospective study comparing touch imprint cytology, frozen section analysis, and rapid cytokeratin immunostain for intraoperative evaluation of axillary sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer. Cancer. 2009;115:1555–62.PubMed
103.
Bernet L, Cano R, Martinez M, Dueñas B, Matias-Guiu X, Morell L, et al. Diagnosis of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer: a reproducible molecular method: a multicentric Spanish study. Histopathology. 2011;58:863–9.PubMed
104.
Bergqvist L, Strand SE, Persson B, Hafström L, Jönsson PE. Dosimetry in lymphoscintigraphy of Tc-99m antimony sulfide colloid. J Nucl Med. 1982;23:698–705.PubMed
105.
Cremonesi M, Ferrari M, Sacco E, Rossi A, De Cicco C, Leonardi L, et al. Radiation protection in radioguided surgery of breast cancer. Nucl Med Commun. 1999;20:919–24.PubMed
106.
Law M, Cheng KC, Wu PM, Ho WY, Chow LW. Patient effective dose from sentinel lymph node lymphoscintigraphy in breast cancer: a study using a female humanoid phantom and thermoluminescent dosimeters. Br J Radiol. 2003;76:818–23.PubMed
107.
Law M, Chow LW, Kwong A, Lam CK. Sentinel lymph node technique for breast cancer: radiation safety issues. Semin Oncol. 2004;31:298–303.PubMed
108.
Sata S, Knesaurek K, Krynyckyi BR. Effective dose in sentinel lymph node imaging. Br J Radiol. 2004;77:709. author reply 709.PubMed
109.
Dubernard G, Garbay JR, Rouzier R, Delaloge S. Safety of sentinel node biopsy in pregnant patients. Ann Oncol. 2005;16:987. author reply 987–8.PubMed
110.
Pandit-Taskar N, Dauer LT, Montgomery L, St Germain J, Zanzonico PB, Divgi CR. Organ and fetal absorbed dose estimates from 99mTc-sulfur colloid lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node localization in breast cancer patients. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:1202–8.PubMed
111.
Miner TJ, Shriver CD, Flicek PR, Miner FC, Jaques DP, Maniscalco-Theberge ME, et al. Guidelines for the safe use of radioactive materials during localization and resection of the sentinel lymph node. Ann Surg Oncol. 1999;6:75–82.PubMed
112.
Stratmann SL, McCarty TM, Kuhn JA. Radiation safety with breast sentinel node biopsy. Am J Surg. 1999;178:454–7.PubMed
113.
Morton R, Horton PW, Peet DJ, Kissin MW. Quantitative assessment of the radiation hazards and risks in sentinel node procedures. Br J Radiol. 2003;76:117–22.PubMed
114.
de Kanter AY, Arends PP, Eggermont AM, Wiggers T. Radiation protection for the sentinel node procedure in breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2003;29:396–9.PubMed
115.
Klausen TL, Chakera AH, Friis E, Rank F, Hesse B, Holm S. Radiation doses to staff involved in sentinel node operations for breast cancer. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2005;25:196–202.PubMed
116.
Nejc D, Wrzesień M, Piekarski J, Olszewski J, Pluta P, Kuśmierek J, et al. Sentinel node biopsy in patients with breast cancer – evaluation of exposure to radiation of medical staff. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2006;32:133–8.PubMed
117.
Glass EC, Waddington WA. Radiation protection in radioguided surgery, chapter 5. In: Mariani G, Giuliano AE, Strauss HW, editors. Radioguided surgery: a comprehensive team approach. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC; 2008. p. 37–47.
118.
Glass EC, Basinski JE, Krasne DL, Giuliano AE. Radiation safety considerations for sentinel node techniques. Ann Surg Oncol. 1999;6:10–1.PubMed
119.
Singleton M, Firth M, Stephenson T, Morrison G, Baginska J. Radiation-guided breast sentinel lymph node biopsies – is a handling delay for radiation protection necessary? Histopathology. 2012;61:277–82.PubMed
120.
121.
122.
123.
Spanheimer PM, Graham MM, Sugg SL, Scott-Conner CE, Weigel RJ. Measurement of uterine radiation exposure from lymphoscintigraphy indicates safety of sentinel lymph node biopsy during pregnancy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16:1143–7.PubMed
124.
125.
Keshtgar MRS, Waddington WA, Lakhani SR, Ell PJ. Dosimetry and radiation protection. In: Keshtgar MRS, Waddington WA, Lakhani SR, Ell PJ, editors. The sentinel node in surgical oncology. Berlin: Springer; 1999.
126.
Law M, Ma WH, Leung R, Li S, Wong KK, Ho WY, et al. Evaluation of patient effective dose from sentinel lymph node lymphoscintigraphy in breast cancer: a phantom study with SPECT/CT and ICRP-103 recommendations. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81:717–20.
127.
Veronesi U, Galimberti V, Paganelli G, Maisonneuve P, Viale G, Orecchia R, et al. Axillary metastases in breast cancer patients with negative sentinel nodes: a follow-up of 3548 cases. Eur J Cancer. 2009;45:1381–8.PubMed
128.
Meretoja TJ, Leidenius MH, Heikkilä PS, Joensuu H. Sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer patients with large or multifocal tumors. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16:1148–55.PubMed
129.
Kumar R, Jana S, Heiba SI, Dakhel M, Axelrod D, Siegel B, et al. Retrospective analysis of sentinel node localization in multifocal multicentric, palpable, or non palpable breast cancer. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:7–10.PubMed
130.
Spillane AJ, Brennan ME. Accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy in large and multifocal/multicentric breast carcinoma – a systematic review. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2011;37:371–85.PubMed
131.
Gentilini O, Veronesi P, Botteri E, Soggiu F, Trifirò G, Lissidini G, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in multicentric breast cancer: five-year results in a large series from a single institution. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011;18:2879–84.PubMed
132.
Intra M, Rotmensz N, Veronesi P, Colleoni M, Iodice S, Paganelli G, et al. Sentinel node biopsy is not a standard procedure in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: the experience of the European Institute of Oncology on 854 patients in 10 years. Ann Surg. 2008;247:315–9.PubMed
133.
Taback B, Nguyen P, Hansen N, Edwards GK, Conway K, Giuliano AE. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for local recurrence of breast cancer after breast-conserving therapy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2006;13:1099–104.PubMed
134.
Specht MC, Fey JV, Borgen PI, Cody 3rd HS. Is the clinically positive axilla in breast cancer really a contraindication to sentinel lymph node biopsy? J Am Coll Surg. 2005;200:10–4.PubMed
135.
Paganelli G, Galimberti V, Trifirò G, Travaini L, De Cicco C, Mazzarol G, et al. Internal mammary node lymphoscintigraphy and biopsy in breast cancer. Q J Nucl Med. 2002;46:138–44.PubMed
136.
Krynyckyi BR, Chun H, Kim HH, Eskandar Y, Kim CK, Machac J. Factors affecting visualization rates of internal mammary sentinel nodes during lymphoscintigraphy. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:1387–93.PubMed
137.
Estourgie SH, Tanis PJ, Nieweg OE, Valdés Olmos RA, Rutgers EJ, Kroon BB. Should the hunt for internal mammary chain sentinel nodes begin? An evaluation of 150 breast cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol. 2003;10:935–41.PubMed
138.
Paredes P, Vidal-Sicart S, Zanón G, Pahisa J, Fernández PL, Velasco M, et al. Clinical relevance of sentinel lymph nodes in the internal mammary chain in breast cancer patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;32:1283–7.PubMed
139.
Bourre JC, Payan R, Collomb D, Gallazzini-Crepin C, Calizzano A, Desruet MD, et al. Can the sentinel lymph node technique affect decisions to offer internal mammary chain irradiation? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;36:758–64.PubMed
140.
Veronesi U, Marubini E, Mariani L, Valagussa P, Zucali R. The dissection of internal mammary nodes does not improve the survival of breast cancer patients. 30-year results of a randomised trial. Eur J Cancer. 1999;35:1320–5.PubMed
141.
Noushi F, Spillane AJ, Uren RF, Gebski V. Internal mammary node metastasis in breast cancer: predictive models to determine status and management algorithms. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010;36:16–22.PubMed
142.
Leidenius MH, Krogerus LA, Toivonen TS, Leppänen EA, von Smitten KA. The clinical value of parasternal sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2006;13:321–6.PubMed
143.
Luini A, Galimberti V, Gatti G, Arnone P, Vento AR, Trifiro G, et al. The sentinel node biopsy after previous breast surgery; preliminary results on 543 patients treated at EIO. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005;89:159–63.PubMed
144.
Leidenius MH, Vironen JH, von Smitten KA, Heikkilä PS, Joensuu HJ. The outcome of sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer patients with preoperative surgical biopsy. Surg Oncol. 2009;99:420–3.
145.
Rodriguez Fernandez J, Martella S, Trifirò G, Caliskan M, Chifu C, Brenelli F, et al. Sentinel node biopsy in patients with previous breast aesthetic surgery. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16:989–92.PubMed
146.
Kothari MS, Rusby JE, Agusti AA, MacNeill FA. Sentinel lymph node biopsy after previous axillary surgery: a review. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2012;38:8–15.PubMed
147.
Veronesi P, Gentilini O, Rodriguez-Fernandez J, Magnoni F. Breast conservation and sentinel lymph node after neoadjuvant systemic therapy. Breast. 2009;18:590–2.
148.
Mamounas EP, Brown A, Anderson S, Smith R, Julian T, Miller B, et al. Sentinel node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer: results from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocol B-27. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:2694–702.PubMed
149.
Kelly AM, Dwamena B, Cronin P, Carlos RC. Breast cancer sentinel node identification and classification after neoadjuvant chemotherapy – systematic review and metaanalysis. Acad Radiol. 2009;16:551–63.PubMed
150.
Schwartz GF, Meltzer AJ. Accuracy of sentinel node biopsy following neoadjuvant (induction) chemotherapy for carcinoma of the breast. Breast J. 2003;9:374–9.PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
The EANM and SNMMI practice guideline for lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node localization in breast cancer
verfasst von
Francesco Giammarile
Naomi Alazraki
John N. Aarsvold
Riccardo A. Audisio
Edwin Glass
Sandra F. Grant
Jolanta Kunikowska
Marjut Leidenius
Valeria M. Moncayo
Roger F. Uren
Wim J. G. Oyen
Renato A. Valdés Olmos
Sergi Vidal Sicart
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2013
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging / Ausgabe 12/2013
Print ISSN: 1619-7070
Elektronische ISSN: 1619-7089
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-013-2544-2

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 12/2013

European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 12/2013 Zur Ausgabe

Original Article

The amount of viable and dyssynchronous myocardium is associated with response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: initial clinical results using multiparametric ECG-gated [18F]FDG PET

Original Article

Diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG PET/CT for assessing response to radiofrequency ablation treatment in lung metastases: a multicentre prospective study

Original Article

Total lesion glycolysis by 18F-FDG PET/CT is a reliable predictor of prognosis in soft-tissue sarcoma

Letter to the Editor

Diet and 18F bone imaging

Letter to the Editor

Combined 18F-fluoride and 18F-FDG PET/CT: a response based on actual data from prospective studies

Original Article

Hypocalcaemia after treatment with [177Lu-DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotate