Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy 7/2008

01.07.2008 | Original Article

Immune modulation by melanoma and ovarian tumor cells through expression of the immunosuppressive molecule CD200

verfasst von: A. Siva, H. Xin, F. Qin, D. Oltean, K. S. Bowdish, A. Kretz-Rommel

Erschienen in: Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy | Ausgabe 7/2008

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Background and Objective

Immune escape by tumors can occur by multiple mechanisms, each a significant barrier to immunotherapy. We previously demonstrated that upregulation of the immunosuppressive molecule CD200 on chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells inhibits Th1 cytokine production required for an effective cytotoxic T cell response. CD200 expression on human tumor cells in animal models prevents human lymphocytes from rejecting the tumor; treatment with an antagonistic anti-CD200 antibody restored lymphocyte-mediated tumor growth inhibition. The current study evaluated CD200 expression on solid cancers, and its effect on immune response in vitro.

Methods and Results

CD200 protein was expressed on the surface of 5/8 ovarian cancer, 2/4 melanoma, 2/2 neuroblastoma and 2/3 renal carcinoma cell lines tested, but CD200 was absent on prostate, lung, breast, astrocytoma, or glioblastoma cell lines. Evaluation of patient samples by immunohistochemistry showed strong, membrane-associated CD200 staining on malignant cells of melanoma (4/4), ovarian cancer (3/3) and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) (2/3), but also on normal ovary and kidney. CD200 expression on melanoma metastases was determined by RT-QPCR, and was found to be significantly higher in jejunum metastases (2/2) and lung metastases (2/6) than in normal samples. Addition of CD200-expressing, but not CD200-negative solid tumor cell lines to mixed lymphocyte reactions downregulated the production of Th1 cytokines. Inclusion of antagonistic anti-CD200 antibody restored Th1 cytokine responses.

Conclusion

These data suggest that melanoma, ccRCC and ovarian tumor cells can express CD200, thereby potentially suppressing anti-tumor immune responses. CD200 blockade with an antagonistic antibody may permit an effective anti-tumor immune response in these solid tumor types.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Platsoucas CD, Fincke JE, Pappas J, Jung WJ, Heckel M, Schwarting R et al (2003) Immune responses to human tumors: development of tumor vaccines. Anticancer Res 23(3A):1969–1996PubMed Platsoucas CD, Fincke JE, Pappas J, Jung WJ, Heckel M, Schwarting R et al (2003) Immune responses to human tumors: development of tumor vaccines. Anticancer Res 23(3A):1969–1996PubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat McWhirter JR, Kretz-Rommel A, Saven A, Maruyama T, Potter KN, Mockridge CI et al (2006) Antibodies selected from combinatorial libraries block a tumor antigen that plays a key role in immunomodulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(4):1041–1046PubMedCrossRef McWhirter JR, Kretz-Rommel A, Saven A, Maruyama T, Potter KN, Mockridge CI et al (2006) Antibodies selected from combinatorial libraries block a tumor antigen that plays a key role in immunomodulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(4):1041–1046PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Kretz-Rommel A, Qin F, Dakappagari N, Ravey EP, McWhirter J, Oltean D et al (2007) CD200 expression on tumor cells suppresses antitumor immunity: new approaches to cancer immunotherapy. J Immunol 178(9):5595–5605PubMed Kretz-Rommel A, Qin F, Dakappagari N, Ravey EP, McWhirter J, Oltean D et al (2007) CD200 expression on tumor cells suppresses antitumor immunity: new approaches to cancer immunotherapy. J Immunol 178(9):5595–5605PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Moreaux J, Hose D, Reme T, Jourdan E, Hundemer M, Legouffe E et al (2006) CD200 is a new prognostic factor in multiple myeloma. Blood 108(13):4194–4197PubMedCrossRef Moreaux J, Hose D, Reme T, Jourdan E, Hundemer M, Legouffe E et al (2006) CD200 is a new prognostic factor in multiple myeloma. Blood 108(13):4194–4197PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Tonks A, Hills R, White P, Rosie B, Mills KI, Burnett AK et al (2007) CD200 as a prognostic factor in acute myeloid leukaemia. Leukemia 21(3):566–568PubMedCrossRef Tonks A, Hills R, White P, Rosie B, Mills KI, Burnett AK et al (2007) CD200 as a prognostic factor in acute myeloid leukaemia. Leukemia 21(3):566–568PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Barclay AN, Clark MJ, McCaughan GW (1986) Neuronal/lymphoid membrane glycoprotein MRC OX-2 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily with a light-chain-like structure. Biochem Soc Symp 51:149–157PubMed Barclay AN, Clark MJ, McCaughan GW (1986) Neuronal/lymphoid membrane glycoprotein MRC OX-2 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily with a light-chain-like structure. Biochem Soc Symp 51:149–157PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Wright GJ, Jones M, Puklavec MJ, Brown MH, Barclay AN (2001) The unusual distribution of the neuronal/lymphoid cell surface CD200 (OX2) glycoprotein is conserved in humans. Immunology 102(2):173–179PubMedCrossRef Wright GJ, Jones M, Puklavec MJ, Brown MH, Barclay AN (2001) The unusual distribution of the neuronal/lymphoid cell surface CD200 (OX2) glycoprotein is conserved in humans. Immunology 102(2):173–179PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Barclay AN, Wright GJ, Brooke G, Brown MH (2002) CD200 and membrane protein interactions in the control of myeloid cells. Trends Immunol 23(6):285–290PubMedCrossRef Barclay AN, Wright GJ, Brooke G, Brown MH (2002) CD200 and membrane protein interactions in the control of myeloid cells. Trends Immunol 23(6):285–290PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoek RM, Ruuls SR, Murphy CA, Wright GJ, Goddard R, Zurawski SM et al (2000) Down-regulation of the macrophage lineage through interaction with OX2 (CD200). Science 290(5497):1768–1771PubMedCrossRef Hoek RM, Ruuls SR, Murphy CA, Wright GJ, Goddard R, Zurawski SM et al (2000) Down-regulation of the macrophage lineage through interaction with OX2 (CD200). Science 290(5497):1768–1771PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Gorczynski RM, Cattral MS, Chen Z, Hu J, Lei J, Min WP et al (1999) An immunoadhesin incorporating the molecule OX-2 is a potent immunosuppressant that prolongs allo- and xenograft survival. J Immunol 163(3):1654–1660PubMed Gorczynski RM, Cattral MS, Chen Z, Hu J, Lei J, Min WP et al (1999) An immunoadhesin incorporating the molecule OX-2 is a potent immunosuppressant that prolongs allo- and xenograft survival. J Immunol 163(3):1654–1660PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Clark DA, Yu G, Levy GA, Gorczynski RM (2001) Procoagulants in fetus rejection: the role of the OX-2 (CD200) tolerance signal. Semin Immunol 13(4):255–263PubMedCrossRef Clark DA, Yu G, Levy GA, Gorczynski RM (2001) Procoagulants in fetus rejection: the role of the OX-2 (CD200) tolerance signal. Semin Immunol 13(4):255–263PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Gorczynski RM, Chen Z, Clark DA, Kai Y, Lee L, Nachman J et al (2004) Structural and functional heterogeneity in the CD200R family of immunoregulatory molecules and their expression at the feto-maternal interface. Am J Reprod Immunol 52(2):147–163PubMedCrossRef Gorczynski RM, Chen Z, Clark DA, Kai Y, Lee L, Nachman J et al (2004) Structural and functional heterogeneity in the CD200R family of immunoregulatory molecules and their expression at the feto-maternal interface. Am J Reprod Immunol 52(2):147–163PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Freedman LR, Cerottini JC, Brunner KT (1972) In vivo studies of the role of cytotoxic T cells in tumor allograft immunity. J Immunol 109(6):1371–1378PubMed Freedman LR, Cerottini JC, Brunner KT (1972) In vivo studies of the role of cytotoxic T cells in tumor allograft immunity. J Immunol 109(6):1371–1378PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Bevan MJ, Cohn M (1975) Cytotoxic effects of antigen- and mitogen-induced T cells on various targets. J Immunol 114(2 Pt 1):559–565PubMed Bevan MJ, Cohn M (1975) Cytotoxic effects of antigen- and mitogen-induced T cells on various targets. J Immunol 114(2 Pt 1):559–565PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Chattopadhyay S, Chakraborty NG (2005) Continuous presence of Th1 conditions is necessary for longer lasting tumor-specific CTL activity in stimulation cultures with PBL. Hum Immunol 66(8):884–891PubMedCrossRef Chattopadhyay S, Chakraborty NG (2005) Continuous presence of Th1 conditions is necessary for longer lasting tumor-specific CTL activity in stimulation cultures with PBL. Hum Immunol 66(8):884–891PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Tendler CL, Burton JD, Jaffe J, Danielpour D, Charley M, McCoy JP et al (1994) Abnormal cytokine expression in Sezary and adult T-cell leukemia cells correlates with the functional diversity between these T-cell malignancies. Cancer Res 54(16):4430–4435PubMed Tendler CL, Burton JD, Jaffe J, Danielpour D, Charley M, McCoy JP et al (1994) Abnormal cytokine expression in Sezary and adult T-cell leukemia cells correlates with the functional diversity between these T-cell malignancies. Cancer Res 54(16):4430–4435PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Takeuchi T, Ueki T, Sasaki Y, Kajiwara T, Li B, Moriyama N et al (1997) Th2-like response and antitumor effect of anti-interleukin-4 mAb in mice bearing renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 43(6):375–381PubMedCrossRef Takeuchi T, Ueki T, Sasaki Y, Kajiwara T, Li B, Moriyama N et al (1997) Th2-like response and antitumor effect of anti-interleukin-4 mAb in mice bearing renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 43(6):375–381PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Filella X, Alcover J, Zarco MA, Beardo P, Molina R, Ballesta AM (2000) Analysis of type T1 and T2 cytokines in patients with prostate cancer. Prostate 44(4):271–274PubMedCrossRef Filella X, Alcover J, Zarco MA, Beardo P, Molina R, Ballesta AM (2000) Analysis of type T1 and T2 cytokines in patients with prostate cancer. Prostate 44(4):271–274PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Lauerova L, Dusek L, Simickova M, Kocak I, Vagundova M, Zaloudik J et al (2002) Malignant melanoma associates with Th1/Th2 imbalance that coincides with disease progression and immunotherapy response. Neoplasma 49(3):159–166PubMed Lauerova L, Dusek L, Simickova M, Kocak I, Vagundova M, Zaloudik J et al (2002) Malignant melanoma associates with Th1/Th2 imbalance that coincides with disease progression and immunotherapy response. Neoplasma 49(3):159–166PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Tabata T, Hazama S, Yoshino S, Oka M (1999) Th2 subset dominance among peripheral blood T lymphocytes in patients with digestive cancers. Am J Surg 177(3):203–208PubMedCrossRef Tabata T, Hazama S, Yoshino S, Oka M (1999) Th2 subset dominance among peripheral blood T lymphocytes in patients with digestive cancers. Am J Surg 177(3):203–208PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Gorczynski RM, Chen Z, Kai Y, Wong S, Lee L (2004) Induction of tolerance-inducing antigen-presenting cells in bone marrow cultures in vitro using monoclonal antibodies to CD200R. Transplantation 77(8):1138–1144PubMedCrossRef Gorczynski RM, Chen Z, Kai Y, Wong S, Lee L (2004) Induction of tolerance-inducing antigen-presenting cells in bone marrow cultures in vitro using monoclonal antibodies to CD200R. Transplantation 77(8):1138–1144PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Fallarino F, Asselin-Paturel C, Vacca C, Bianchi R, Gizzi S, Fioretti MC et al (2004) Murine plasmacytoid dendritic cells initiate the immunosuppressive pathway of tryptophan catabolism in response to CD200 receptor engagement. J Immunol 173(6):3748–3754PubMed Fallarino F, Asselin-Paturel C, Vacca C, Bianchi R, Gizzi S, Fioretti MC et al (2004) Murine plasmacytoid dendritic cells initiate the immunosuppressive pathway of tryptophan catabolism in response to CD200 receptor engagement. J Immunol 173(6):3748–3754PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Gorczynski RM, Lee L, Boudakov I (2005) Augmented induction of CD4 + CD25 + Treg using monoclonal antibodies to CD200R. Transplantation 79(4):488–491PubMed Gorczynski RM, Lee L, Boudakov I (2005) Augmented induction of CD4 + CD25 +  Treg using monoclonal antibodies to CD200R. Transplantation 79(4):488–491PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Mueller JP, Giannoni MA, Hartman SL, Elliott EA, Squinto SP, Matis LA et al (1997) Humanized porcine VCAM-specific monoclonal antibodies with chimeric IgG2/G4 constant regions block human leukocyte binding to porcine endothelial cells. Mol Immunol 34(6):441–452PubMedCrossRef Mueller JP, Giannoni MA, Hartman SL, Elliott EA, Squinto SP, Matis LA et al (1997) Humanized porcine VCAM-specific monoclonal antibodies with chimeric IgG2/G4 constant regions block human leukocyte binding to porcine endothelial cells. Mol Immunol 34(6):441–452PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Ioannides CG, Fisk B, Fan D, Biddison WE, Wharton JT, O’Brian CA (1993) Cytotoxic T cells isolated from ovarian malignant ascites recognize a peptide derived from the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene. Cell Immunol 151(1):225–234PubMedCrossRef Ioannides CG, Fisk B, Fan D, Biddison WE, Wharton JT, O’Brian CA (1993) Cytotoxic T cells isolated from ovarian malignant ascites recognize a peptide derived from the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene. Cell Immunol 151(1):225–234PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Coleman S, Clayton A, Mason MD, Jasani B, Adams M, Tabi Z (2005) Recovery of CD8 + T-cell function during systemic chemotherapy in advanced ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 65(15):7000–7006PubMedCrossRef Coleman S, Clayton A, Mason MD, Jasani B, Adams M, Tabi Z (2005) Recovery of CD8 + T-cell function during systemic chemotherapy in advanced ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 65(15):7000–7006PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Bondurant KL, Crew MD, Santin AD, O’Brien TJ, Cannon MJ (2005) Definition of an immunogenic region within the ovarian tumor antigen stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme. Clin Cancer Res 11(9):3446–3454PubMedCrossRef Bondurant KL, Crew MD, Santin AD, O’Brien TJ, Cannon MJ (2005) Definition of an immunogenic region within the ovarian tumor antigen stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme. Clin Cancer Res 11(9):3446–3454PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Romero P, Cerottini JC, Speiser DE (2006) The human T cell response to melanoma antigens. Adv Immunol 92:187–224PubMed Romero P, Cerottini JC, Speiser DE (2006) The human T cell response to melanoma antigens. Adv Immunol 92:187–224PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Faries MB, Morton DL (2005) Therapeutic vaccines for melanoma: current status. BioDrugs 19(4):247–260PubMedCrossRef Faries MB, Morton DL (2005) Therapeutic vaccines for melanoma: current status. BioDrugs 19(4):247–260PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Gajewski TF, Meng Y, Harlin H (2006) Immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. J Immunother (1997) 29(3):233–240CrossRef Gajewski TF, Meng Y, Harlin H (2006) Immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. J Immunother (1997) 29(3):233–240CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Choi IH, Zhu G, Sica GL, Strome SE, Cheville JC, Lau JS et al (2003) Genomic organization and expression analysis of B7-H4, an immune inhibitory molecule of the B7 family. J Immunol 171(9):4650–4654PubMed Choi IH, Zhu G, Sica GL, Strome SE, Cheville JC, Lau JS et al (2003) Genomic organization and expression analysis of B7-H4, an immune inhibitory molecule of the B7 family. J Immunol 171(9):4650–4654PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Kryczek I, Zou L, Rodriguez P, Zhu G, Wei S, Mottram P et al (2006) B7-H4 expression identifies a novel suppressive macrophage population in human ovarian carcinoma. J Exp Med 203(4):871–881PubMedCrossRef Kryczek I, Zou L, Rodriguez P, Zhu G, Wei S, Mottram P et al (2006) B7-H4 expression identifies a novel suppressive macrophage population in human ovarian carcinoma. J Exp Med 203(4):871–881PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Simon I, Zhuo S, Corral L, Diamandis EP, Sarno MJ, Wolfert RL et al (2006) B7-h4 is a novel membrane-bound protein and a candidate serum and tissue biomarker for ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 66(3):1570–1575PubMedCrossRef Simon I, Zhuo S, Corral L, Diamandis EP, Sarno MJ, Wolfert RL et al (2006) B7-h4 is a novel membrane-bound protein and a candidate serum and tissue biomarker for ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 66(3):1570–1575PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Tringler B, Liu W, Corral L, Torkko KC, Enomoto T, Davidson S et al (2006) B7-H4 overexpression in ovarian tumors. Gynecol Oncol 100(1):44–52PubMedCrossRef Tringler B, Liu W, Corral L, Torkko KC, Enomoto T, Davidson S et al (2006) B7-H4 overexpression in ovarian tumors. Gynecol Oncol 100(1):44–52PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Dong H, Strome SE, Salomao DR, Tamura H, Hirano F, Flies DB et al (2002) Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: a potential mechanism of immune evasion. Nat Med 8(8):793–800PubMed Dong H, Strome SE, Salomao DR, Tamura H, Hirano F, Flies DB et al (2002) Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: a potential mechanism of immune evasion. Nat Med 8(8):793–800PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Blank C, Kuball J, Voelkl S, Wiendl H, Becker B, Walter B et al (2006) Blockade of PD-L1 (B7-H1) augments human tumor-specific T cell responses in vitro. Int J Cancer 119(2):317–327PubMedCrossRef Blank C, Kuball J, Voelkl S, Wiendl H, Becker B, Walter B et al (2006) Blockade of PD-L1 (B7-H1) augments human tumor-specific T cell responses in vitro. Int J Cancer 119(2):317–327PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Ichikawa M, Chen L (2005) Role of B7-H1 and B7-H4 molecules in down-regulating effector phase of T-cell immunity: novel cancer escaping mechanisms. Front Biosci 10:2856–2860PubMedCrossRef Ichikawa M, Chen L (2005) Role of B7-H1 and B7-H4 molecules in down-regulating effector phase of T-cell immunity: novel cancer escaping mechanisms. Front Biosci 10:2856–2860PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Curiel TJ, Wei S, Dong H, Alvarez X, Cheng P, Mottram P et al (2003) Blockade of B7-H1 improves myeloid dendritic cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Nat Med 9(5):562–567PubMedCrossRef Curiel TJ, Wei S, Dong H, Alvarez X, Cheng P, Mottram P et al (2003) Blockade of B7-H1 improves myeloid dendritic cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Nat Med 9(5):562–567PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Kacinski BM, Stanley ER, Carter D, Chambers JT, Chambers SK, Kohorn EI et al (1989) Circulating levels of CSF-1 (M-CSF) a lymphohematopoietic cytokine may be a useful marker of disease status in patients with malignant ovarian neoplasms. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 17(1):159–164PubMed Kacinski BM, Stanley ER, Carter D, Chambers JT, Chambers SK, Kohorn EI et al (1989) Circulating levels of CSF-1 (M-CSF) a lymphohematopoietic cytokine may be a useful marker of disease status in patients with malignant ovarian neoplasms. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 17(1):159–164PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Ramakrishnan S, Xu FJ, Brandt SJ, Niedel JE, Bast RC Jr, Brown EL (1989) Constitutive production of macrophage colony-stimulating factor by human ovarian and breast cancer cell lines. J Clin Invest 83(3):921–926PubMedCrossRef Ramakrishnan S, Xu FJ, Brandt SJ, Niedel JE, Bast RC Jr, Brown EL (1989) Constitutive production of macrophage colony-stimulating factor by human ovarian and breast cancer cell lines. J Clin Invest 83(3):921–926PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu S, Boyer CM, Whitaker RS, Berchuck A, Wiener JR, Weinberg JB et al (1993) Tumor necrosis factor alpha as an autocrine and paracrine growth factor for ovarian cancer: monokine induction of tumor cell proliferation and tumor necrosis factor alpha expression. Cancer Res 53(8):1939–1944PubMed Wu S, Boyer CM, Whitaker RS, Berchuck A, Wiener JR, Weinberg JB et al (1993) Tumor necrosis factor alpha as an autocrine and paracrine growth factor for ovarian cancer: monokine induction of tumor cell proliferation and tumor necrosis factor alpha expression. Cancer Res 53(8):1939–1944PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Coukos G, Benencia F, Buckanovich RJ, Conejo-Garcia JR (2005) The role of dendritic cell precursors in tumour vasculogenesis. Br J Cancer 92(7):1182–1187PubMedCrossRef Coukos G, Benencia F, Buckanovich RJ, Conejo-Garcia JR (2005) The role of dendritic cell precursors in tumour vasculogenesis. Br J Cancer 92(7):1182–1187PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Maker AV, Phan GQ, Attia P, Yang JC, Sherry RM, Topalian SL et al (2005) Tumor regression and autoimmunity in patients treated with cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade and interleukin 2: a phase I/II study. Ann Surg Oncol 12(12):1005–1016PubMedCrossRef Maker AV, Phan GQ, Attia P, Yang JC, Sherry RM, Topalian SL et al (2005) Tumor regression and autoimmunity in patients treated with cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade and interleukin 2: a phase I/II study. Ann Surg Oncol 12(12):1005–1016PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Immune modulation by melanoma and ovarian tumor cells through expression of the immunosuppressive molecule CD200
verfasst von
A. Siva
H. Xin
F. Qin
D. Oltean
K. S. Bowdish
A. Kretz-Rommel
Publikationsdatum
01.07.2008
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy / Ausgabe 7/2008
Print ISSN: 0340-7004
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-0851
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-007-0429-6

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 7/2008

Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy 7/2008 Zur Ausgabe

Update Onkologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.