Introduction
The incidence of heterotopic ossification (HO) after primary hip arthroplasty varies between 8% and 90% in literature [22]. The reason why heterotopic ossification develops is unknown, but it has been assumed that the inflammatory reaction due to the surgical trauma is the major driving force [4]. The fact that the incidence of HO in patients receiving non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) after a total hip arthroplasty (THA) is much lower compared to patients not receiving NSAIDs is a confirmation of this assumption [22]. NSAIDs are still the cornerstone of HO prophylaxis, which are sometimes used in combination with radiation therapy in high risk patients [15, 23].
Multiple cytokines are involved in inflammatory reactions. The main pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are involved in the inflammatory response after injury [11]. After elective surgery a temporary elevation of IL-6 levels in serum or plasma has been observed [2, 9, 17, 21, 25, 26, 28, 30]. Increased levels of Il-6 were also observed in patients having had total hip arthroplasty more then ten years previously [13]. Even more important for orthopaedic surgeons is the finding that higher IL-1 β and TNF are also elevated in prosthetic loosening [14].
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As one of the most important anti-inflammatory cytokines, elevated serum levels of interleukin 10 (IL-10) after trauma have been shown [11, 12]. For IL-10 even a positive correlation between higher levels immediately after trauma and the occurrence of sepsis later in the course was reported [12]. Most reports on the increase of cytokines after trauma or surgery are based on serum levels. There are limited data about the cytokine concentrations at the site of surgery [2, 26, 29]. However, as cytokines are very effective in cell-to-cell communication [24], the concentration of cytokines locally at the surgical site is of major interest. Furthermore, in most studies only the pro-inflammatory cytokines are measured, resulting in a lack of knowledge about the elevation of anti-inflammatory cytokines in drainage fluid.
This study was conducted to investigate if the levels of different pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are measurable in drainage fluid after total hip arthroplasty and whether a difference in cytokine concentration between one and six hours postoperatively could be detected.
Patients and methods
Samples from the drainage system were collected from 30 patients following total hip arthroplasty. All patients were treated according to our local protocol which included pre-operative antibiotics (cefazoline 2 g i.v.) and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to prevent infection and heterotopic ossification, respectively. To facilitate taking samples from the standard hip drainage system a three-way connection was used. We inserted this connector, which originally is a part from a suprapubic catheter system (Cook; Limerick, Ireland), to the drain, on which we placed a three-way connector from an intravenous infusion system. A standard collection bag was placed at one end of the three-way system, while the other connection was used to collect the samples. In this way we were able to take samples from a closed suction drainage system at different time intervals instead of taking samples from the collection bag, which would have given an average of the time interval the drainage fluid was collected. Samples were taken at one and six hours after closure of the wound.
After centrifugation of the fluid at 10,000 rpm for five minutes, the supernatant was taken and analysed using the BioPlex 17 system (Bio-Rad, Herculus, USA). GM-CSF, G-CSF, IFN-γ, TNFα, MCP-1, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13 and MIP-1beta levels were measured in the drainage fluids using commercially available kits according to the manufacturer's instructions (Bio-Rad, Hercules, USA). Cytokine levels were measured and analysed using the Bio-Plex system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, USA). Data were analysed using Bio-Plex Manager software. SPSS version 11.5 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois) was used for data analysis. The differences between the samples taken after one and six hours were compared using the paired sample t-test.
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Results
In three of the 30 patients it was not possible to take samples after one hour, because the drain production was too low. In another eight patients, only one measurement was done because the wound drains clotted and stopped draining before the collection at six hours. The average drain production after one hour was 55 ml (SD 31 ml) and after six hours it was 268 ml (SD 134 ml).
We found measurable levels of all included cytokines except IL-17 in the drainage fluid. The cytokine levels are displayed in Table 1. We found a significant elevation of almost all cytokines between the samples after one hour and six hours postoperatively. The elevation was significant for all cytokines except IL-10 and MIP-1b. In particular, elevation in this time interval of the concentrations of IL- 6 and IL-8 by a factor of 31.6 and 49.3, respectively, is striking. Calculating the IL-6 to IL-10 ratio, this ratio increased from 304 (SD 256) to 12,357 (SD 6788) (p < 0.000), which shows an increased predominance of the pro-inflammatory cytokines when comparing the measurements after one and six hours, respectively. We found a strong correlation between the different pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Table 1
Cytokine concentrations in drainage fluid
Cytokine | Concentration after 1 hour (pg) | Concentration after 6 hours (pg) | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|
IL-2 | 335 | 2861 | P < 0.000 |
IL-4 | 5,505 | 45,910 | P < 0.000 |
IL-6 | 313,914 | 9,916,640 | P < 0.000 |
IL-8 | 10,615 | 523,257 | P < 0.000 |
IL-10 | 797 | 1,012 | P = 0.215 |
IL-1b | 498 | 8,126 | P < 0.000 |
IL-5 | 46 | 197 | P < 0.000 |
IL-7 | 551 | 965 | P < 0.000 |
IL-12 | 346 | 1,126 | P < 0.000 |
IL-13 | 103 | 560 | P < 0.000 |
GM-CSF | 2,285 | 22,058 | P = 0.001 |
IFN-γ | 5,477 | 50,363 | P < 0.000 |
TNF-α | 1,241 | 11,559 | P < 0.000 |
G-CSF | 20,200 | 348,667 | P < 0.000 |
MCP-1 | 34,086 | 529,352 | P < 0.000 |
MIP-1b | 19,448 | 16,454 | P = 0.392 |
No (negative) correlation between the total drain volume and cytokine level was found, so the higher levels of cytokines are not caused by a concentration effect.
Discussion
High levels of numerous cytokines can be detected in drainage fluid after total hip arthroplasty. The levels after six hours are higher in comparison to one hour after surgery. Furthermore, the IL-6 to IL-10 ratio is increased between these two measurements, suggesting a relative rise in the pro-inflammatory interleukins [27].
These cytokine levels were found despite the fact that all patients received NSAIDs before surgery to prevent heterotopic ossification. It would have been ideal to compare the levels of cytokines in drainage fluid in patients who did not receive NSAIDs. However, this was considered unethical due to our local protocol.
To measure cytokine levels the BioPlex 17 was used. With this system it is possible to analyse up to 100 different analytes in a single microtiter well, with a high correlation using the traditional ELISA method [6].
As it is almost impossible to measure the interstitial levels of cytokines, we believe the levels in drainage fluid are a better representation of these levels than the levels in serum. Although cytokines in general function in cell-to-cell communication [24] and not at long distances, many studies describe cytokine levels in serum [8, 17, 30]. These systemic levels could represent either an over- or under-representation of the actual interstitial levels [24]. Weissflog et al. found a difference in cytokine levels in chest tubes, and in the same patients they did not detect a difference in the serum levels [29]. Most studies in which cytokine levels are measured both in drainage fluid and in serum show comparable results, i.e. the levels in drainage fluid are higher than in serum [1‐3, 16, 26]. Furthermore, in most studies only the rise in interleukin level in the drainage fluid was significant, the levels in serum were not, or only for a subset of interleukins [1, 2, 16, 26]. As pro-inflammatory interleukins (mainly TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6) initiate elaboration and release other interleukins, anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL4, IL-10 and IL-13) serve to down-regulate synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines [11]. Taniguchi et al. [27] showed that the ratio of IL-6 and Il-10 was correlated with injury severity after major trauma and it was recommended as a useful marker to predict the degree of injury following trauma. This ratio also seems to be important in elective surgery [20]. IL-6 levels in serum correlate with disease severity and patient mortality in patients with sepsis [5, 10].
Di Vita et al. [7] showed that in patients who underwent surgical incisional hernia repair the local levels of cytokines differed between the group in which a mesh was used as compared to the group with a direct repair. In the group in which a mesh was implanted, the IL-1 production was higher, whereas the direct repair group showed higher levels of IL-1ra and IL-10, which are anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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In mice IL-1β stimulates bone formation and IL-1β-antagonist completely abolishes bone formation [19]. IL-4 and IL-13 induce bone formation and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 does not induce bone [18]. The high levels of these cytokines found in our study in the drain fluid (though not measurable in serum in former studies) can be a clue to better understanding the pathogenesis of HO. In further research it would be preferable to include a reference group not receiving any NSAIDs.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the nurses from the Orthopaedic Department of the Rijnstate Hospital for assisting with taking the samples. Furthermore, we would like to thank M. Roelofs and L. Driessen for analysis of the samples.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Open AccessThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.