nach oben

Seminars in Immunopathology

Erschienen in:

01.09.2006 | Review

Regulatory T cells in human autoimmune diseases

verfasst von: Troy R. Torgerson

Erschienen in: Seminars in Immunopathology | Ausgabe 1/2006

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

In the most simplistic terms, immune tolerance can be envisioned as a balance with autoreactive cells that arise naturally in all individuals on one side and regulatory mechanisms designed to counter those autoreactive processes on the other. A tilt of the balance toward the autoreactive side, either by increasing the number or function of autoreactive cells or by diminishing regulatory mechanisms, is manifested as autoimmunity. In contrast, tilting of the balance toward increased regulation could conceivably cause immunodeficiency. Regulatory T cells (T_REG), and particularly the naturally arising CD4⁺CD25⁺ subset of T_REG cells, provide a substantial component of the autoimmune counterbalance. The identification of forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) as a critical determinant of CD4⁺CD25⁺ T_REG development and function has provided new opportunities and generated expanded interest in studying the delicate balance between autoimmunity and regulatory mechanisms in human autoimmune diseases. Identification of both human and mouse syndromes in which FOXP3 is mutated, and consequently CD4⁺CD25⁺ T_REG cells are absent, has led to a rapid accumulation of knowledge regarding T_REG development and function over the past 5 years. The recent development of antibody reagents to specifically identify CD4⁺CD25⁺ T_REG cells by their FOXP3 expression has provided new tools to identify these elusive cells and investigate their role in human disease. This review will focus on the current state of knowledge regarding the role of T_REG in human autoimmune diseases and on specific human immunodeficiencies that provide interesting models of autoimmunity.

Agardh D, Lynch K, Brundin C et al (2006) Reduction of tissue transglutaminase autoantibody levels by gluten-free diet is associated with changes in subsets of peripheral blood lymphocytes in children with newly diagnosed coeliac disease. Clin Exp Immunol 144:67–75PubMedCrossRef

Ahonen P, Myllarniemi S, Sipila I et al (1990) Clinical variation of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) in a series of 68 patients. N Engl J Med 322:1829–1836PubMedCrossRef

Aleman K, Noordzij JG, de Groot R et al (2001) Reviewing Omenn syndrome. Eur J Pediatr 160:718–725PubMed

Anderson MS, Venanzi ES, Klein L et al (2002) Projection of an immunological self shadow within the thymus by the aire protein. Science 298:1395–1401PubMedCrossRef

Asano M, Toda M, Sakaguchi N et al (1996) Autoimmune disease as a consequence of developmental abnormality of a T cell subpopulation. J Exp Med 184:387–396PubMedCrossRef

Balandina A, Lecart S, Dartevelle P et al (2005) Functional defect of regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells in the thymus of patients with autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Blood 105:735–741PubMedCrossRef

Battaglia A, Di Schino C, Fattorossi A et al (2005a) Circulating CD4+CD25+ T regulatory and natural killer T cells in patients with myasthenia gravis: a flow cytometry study. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 19:54–62

Battaglia M, Stabilini A, Roncarolo MG (2005b) Rapamycin selectively expands CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells. Blood 105(12):4743–4748CrossRef

Baud O, Goulet O, Canioni D et al (2001) Treatment of the immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome (IPEX) by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 344:1758–1762PubMedCrossRef

10.

Bennett CL, Brunkow ME, Ramsdell F et al (2001) A rare polyadenylation signal mutation of the FOXP3 gene (AAUAAA→AAUGAA) leads to the IPEX syndrome. Immunogenetics 53:435–439PubMedCrossRef

11.

Bennett CL, Christie J, Ramsdell F et al (2001) The immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome (IPEX) is caused by mutations of FOXP3. Nat Genet 27:20–21PubMedCrossRef

12.

Betterle C, Greggio NA, Volpato M (1998) Clinical review 93: autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:1049–1055PubMedCrossRef

13.

Bindl L, Torgerson T, Perroni L et al (2005) Successful use of the new immune-suppressor sirolimus in IPEX (immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome). J Pediatr 147:256–259PubMedCrossRef

14.

Bjorses P, Aaltonen J, Horelli-Kuitunen N et al (1998) Gene defect behind APECED: a new clue to autoimmunity. Hum Mol Genet 7:1547–1553PubMedCrossRef

15.

Bousvaros A, Leichtner AM, Book L et al (1996) Treatment of pediatric autoimmune enteropathy with tacrolimus (FK506). Gastroenterology 111:237–243PubMedCrossRef

16.

Boyer O, Saadoun D, Abriol J et al (2004) CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell deficiency in patients with hepatitis C-mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis. Blood 103:3428–3430PubMedCrossRef

17.

Brusko TM, Wasserfall CH, Clare-Salzler MJ et al (2005) Functional defects and the influence of age on the frequency of CD4+ CD25+ T-cells in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 54:1407–1414PubMedCrossRef

18.

Cavadini P, Vermi W, Facchetti F et al (2005) AIRE deficiency in thymus of 2 patients with Omenn syndrome. J Clin Invest 115:728–732PubMed

19.

Chatila TA (2005) Role of regulatory T cells in human diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 116:949–959PubMedCrossRef

20.

Chatila TA, Blaeser F, Ho N et al (2000) JM2, encoding a fork head-related protein, is mutated in X-linked autoimmunity–allergic disregulation syndrome. J Clin Invest 106:R75–R81PubMedCrossRef

21.

Coenen JJ, Koenen HJ, van Rijssen E et al (2006) Rapamycin, and not cyclosporin A, preserves the highly suppressive CD27+ subset of human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Blood 107:1018–1023PubMedCrossRef

22.

Crispin JC, Martinez A, Alcocer-Varela J (2003) Quantification of regulatory T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun 21:273–276PubMedCrossRef

23.

De Benedetti F, Insalaco A, Diamanti A et al (2006) Mechanistic associations of a mild phenotype of immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 4:653–659PubMedCrossRef

24.

de Kleer IM, Wedderburn LR, Taams LS et al (2004) CD4+CD25(bright) regulatory T cells actively regulate inflammation in the joints of patients with the remitting form of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Immunol 172:6435–6443PubMed

25.

de Kleer I, Vastert B, Klein M et al (2006) Autologous stem cell transplantation for autoimmunity induces immunologic self-tolerance by reprogramming autoreactive T cells and restoring the CD4+CD25+ immune regulatory network. Blood 107:1696–1702PubMedCrossRef

26.

Drappa J, Vaishnaw AK, Sullivan KE et al (1996) Fas gene mutations in the Canale–Smith syndrome, an inherited lymphoproliferative disorder associated with autoimmunity. N Engl J Med 335:1643–1649PubMedCrossRef

27.

Dupuis-Girod S, Medioni J, Haddad E et al (2003) Autoimmunity in Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome: risk factors, clinical features, and outcome in a single-center cohort of 55 patients. Pediatrics 111:e622–e627PubMedCrossRef

28.

Ege M, Ma Y, Manfras B et al (2005) Omenn syndrome due to ARTEMIS mutations. Blood 105:4179–4186PubMedCrossRef

29.

Fattorossi A, Battaglia A, Buzzonetti A et al (2005) Circulating and thymic CD4 CD25 T regulatory cells in myasthenia gravis: effect of immunosuppressive treatment. Immunology 116:134–141PubMedCrossRef

30.

Fisher GH, Rosenberg FJ, Straus SE et al (1995) Dominant interfering Fas gene mutations impair apoptosis in a human autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. Cell 81:935–946PubMedCrossRef

31.

Fontenot JD, Rudensky AY (2005) A well adapted regulatory contrivance: regulatory T cell development and the forkhead family transcription factor Foxp3. Nat Immunol 6:331–337PubMedCrossRef

32.

Fontenot JD, Gavin MA, Rudensky AY (2003) Foxp3 programs the development and function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Nat Immunol 4:330–336PubMedCrossRef

33.

Fontenot JD, Rasmussen JP, Gavin MA et al (2005) A function for interleukin 2 in Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells. Nat Immunol 6:1142–1151PubMedCrossRef

34.

Furihata M, Sawada T, Okada T et al (2006) Total colectomy improves altered distribution of regulatory T cells in patients with ulcerative colitis. World J Surg 30:590–597PubMedCrossRef

35.

Furuno K, Yuge T, Kusuhara K et al (2004) CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells in patients with Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr 145:385–390PubMedCrossRef

36.

Gambineri E, Torgerson TR, Ochs HD (2003) Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked inheritance (IPEX), a syndrome of systemic autoimmunity caused by mutations of FOXP3, a critical regulator of T-cell homeostasis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 15:430–435PubMedCrossRef

37.

Gavin MA, Torgerson TR, Houston E et al (2006) Single-cell analysis of normal and FOXP3-mutant human T cells: FOXP3 expression without regulatory T cell development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:6659–6664PubMedCrossRef

38.

Giannouli S, Anagnostou D, Soliotis F et al (2004) Autoimmune manifestations in common variable immunodeficiency. Clin Rheumatol 23:449–452PubMedCrossRef

39.

Giliani S, Bonfim C, de Saint Basile G et al (2006) Omenn syndrome in an infant with IL7RA gene mutation. J Pediatr 148:272–274PubMedCrossRef

40.

Haas J, Hug A, Viehover A et al (2005) Reduced suppressive effect of CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells on the T cell immune response against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur J Immunol 35:3343–3352PubMedCrossRef

41.

Heino M, Peterson P, Sillanpaa N et al (2000) RNA and protein expression of the murine autoimmune regulator gene (Aire) in normal, RelB-deficient and in NOD mouse. Eur J Immunol 30:1884–1893PubMedCrossRef

42.

Hoglund P (2006) Induced peripheral regulatory T cells: the family grows larger. Eur J Immunol 36:264–266PubMedCrossRef

43.

Honig M, Schwarz K (2006) Omenn syndrome: a lack of tolerance on the background of deficient lymphocyte development and maturation. Curr Opin Rheumatol 18:383–388PubMedCrossRef

44.

Hori S, Nomura T, Sakaguchi S (2003) Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3. Science 299:1057–1061PubMedCrossRef

45.

Huan J, Culbertson N, Spencer L et al (2005) Decreased FOXP3 levels in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurosci Res 81:45–52PubMedCrossRef

46.

Iellem A, Colantonio L, D’Ambrosio D (2003) Skin-versus gut-skewed homing receptor expression and intrinsic CCR4 expression on human peripheral blood CD4+CD25+ suppressor T cells. Eur J Immunol 33:1488–1496PubMedCrossRef

47.

Kalman L, Lindegren ML, Kobrynski L et al (2004) Mutations in genes required for T-cell development: IL7R, CD45, IL2RG, JAK3, RAG1, RAG2, ARTEMIS, and ADA and severe combined immunodeficiency: HuGE review. Genet Med 6:16–26PubMedCrossRef

48.

Kelsen J, Agnholt J, Hoffmann HJ et al (2005) FoxP3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells with regulatory properties can be cultured from colonic mucosa of patients with Crohn’s disease. Clin Exp Immunol 141:549–557PubMedCrossRef

49.

Khattri R, Cox T, Yasayko SA et al (2003) An essential role for scurfin in CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells. Nat Immunol 4:337–342PubMedCrossRef

50.

Kobayashi I, Nakanishi M, Okano M et al (1995) Combination therapy with tacrolimus and betamethasone for a patient with X-linked auto-immune enteropathy. Eur J Pediatr 154:594–595PubMedCrossRef

51.

Kriegel MA, Lohmann T, Gabler C et al (2004) Defective suppressor function of human CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type II. J Exp Med 199:1285–1291PubMedCrossRef

52.

Lan RY, Cheng C, Lian ZX et al (2006) Liver-targeted and peripheral blood alterations of regulatory T cells in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 43:729–737PubMedCrossRef

53.

Lawson CA, Brown AK, Bejarano V et al (2006) Early rheumatoid arthritis is associated with a deficit in the CD4+CD25high regulatory T cell population in peripheral blood. Rheumatology (Oxford) DOI 10.1093/rheumatology/kel089

54.

Lee JH, Wang LC, Lin YT et al (2006) Inverse correlation between CD4+ regulatory T-cell population and autoantibody levels in paediatric patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology 117:280–286PubMedCrossRef

55.

Lindley S, Dayan CM, Bishop A et al (2005) Defective suppressor function in CD4(+)CD25(+) T-cells from patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 54:92–99PubMedCrossRef

56.

Liston A, Lesage S, Wilson J et al (2003) Aire regulates negative selection of organ-specific T cells. Nat Immunol 4:350–354PubMedCrossRef

57.

Liu MF, Wang CR, Fung LL et al (2004) Decreased CD4+CD25+ T cells in peripheral blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Immunol 59:198–202PubMedCrossRef

58.

Liu MF, Wang CR, Fung LL et al (2005) The presence of cytokine-suppressive CD4+CD25+ T cells in the peripheral blood and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Immunol 62:312–317PubMedCrossRef

59.

Longhi MS, Ma Y, Bogdanos DP et al (2004) Impairment of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells in autoimmune liver disease. J Hepatol 41:31–37PubMedCrossRef

60.

Longhi MS, Hussain MJ, Mitry RR et al (2006) Functional study of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in health and autoimmune hepatitis. J Immunol 176:4484–4491PubMed

61.

Makita S, Kanai T, Oshima S et al (2004) CD4+CD25bright T cells in human intestinal lamina propria as regulatory cells. J Immunol 173:3119–3130PubMed

62.

Mantel PY, Ouaked N, Ruckert B et al (2006) Molecular mechanisms underlying FOXP3 induction in human T cells. J Immunol 176:3593–3602PubMed

63.

Marinaki S, Neumann I, Kalsch AI et al (2005) Abnormalities of CD4 T cell subpopulations in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Clin Exp Immunol 140:181–191PubMedCrossRef

64.

Maul J, Loddenkemper C, Mundt P et al (2005) Peripheral and intestinal regulatory CD4+ CD25(high) T cells in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 128:1868–1878PubMedCrossRef

65.

Mazzolari E, Forino C, Fontana M et al (2005) A new case of IPEX receiving bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 35:1033–1034PubMedCrossRef

66.

McGinness JL, Bivens MM, Greer KE et al (2006) Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome (IPEX) associated with pemphigoid nodularis: a case report and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 55:143–148PubMedCrossRef

67.

Miyara M, Amoura Z, Parizot C et al (2006) The immune paradox of sarcoidosis and regulatory T cells. J Exp Med 203:359–370PubMedCrossRef

68.

Möttönen M, Heikkinen J, Mustonen L et al (2005) CD4+ CD25+ T cells with the phenotypic and functional characteristics of regulatory T cells are enriched in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 140:360–367PubMedCrossRef

69.

Nieves DS, Phipps RP, Pollock SJ et al (2004) Dermatologic and immunologic findings in the immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome. Arch Dermatol 140:466–472PubMedCrossRef

70.

Ochs HD, Notarangelo LD (2005) Structure and function of the Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein. Curr Opin Hematol 12:284–291PubMedCrossRef

71.

Park O, Grishina I, Leung PS et al (2005) Analysis of the foxp3/scurfin gene in Crohn’s disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1051:218–228PubMedCrossRef

72.

Putnam AL, Vendrame F, Dotta F et al (2005) CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells in human autoimmune diabetes. J Autoimmun 24:55–62PubMedCrossRef

73.

Randolph DA, Fathman CG (2006) CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and their therapeutic potential. Annu Rev Med 57:381–402PubMedCrossRef

74.

Rieux-Laucat F, Le Deist F, Hivroz C et al (1995) Mutations in Fas associated with human lymphoproliferative syndrome and autoimmunity. Science 268:1347–1349PubMedCrossRef

75.

Rieux-Laucat F, Le Deist F, Fischer A (2003) Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndromes: genetic defects of apoptosis pathways. Cell Death Differ 10:124–133PubMedCrossRef

76.

Roifman CM (2000) Human IL-2 receptor alpha chain deficiency. Pediatr Res 48:6–11PubMedCrossRef

77.

Roncador G, Brown PJ, Maestre L et al (2005) Analysis of FOXP3 protein expression in human CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells at the single-cell level. Eur J Immunol 35:1681–1691PubMedCrossRef

78.

Ruprecht CR, Gattorno M, Ferlito F et al (2005) Coexpression of CD25 and CD27 identifies FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in inflamed synovia. J Exp Med 201:1793–1803PubMedCrossRef

79.

Ryan KR, Lawson CA, Lorenzi AR et al (2005) CD4+CD25+ T-regulatory cells are decreased in patients with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 116:1158–1159PubMedCrossRef

80.

Sakaguchi S, Sakaguchi N, Asano M et al (1995) Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by activated T cells expressing IL-2 receptor alpha-chains (CD25). Breakdown of a single mechanism of self-tolerance causes various autoimmune diseases. J Immunol 155:1151–1164PubMed

81.

Schwartz RH (2005) Natural regulatory T cells and self-tolerance. Nat Immunol 6:327–330PubMedCrossRef

82.

Setoguchi R, Hori S, Takahashi T et al (2005) Homeostatic maintenance of natural Foxp3(+) CD25(+) CD4(+) regulatory T cells by interleukin (IL)-2 and induction of autoimmune disease by IL-2 neutralization. J Exp Med 201:723–735PubMedCrossRef

83.

Sharfe N, Dadi HK, Shahar M et al (1997) Human immune disorder arising from mutation of the alpha chain of the interleukin-2 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:3168–3171PubMedCrossRef

84.

Sun Y, Qiao J, Lu CZ et al (2004) Increase of circulating CD4+CD25+ T cells in myasthenia gravis patients with stability and thymectomy. Clin Immunol 112:284–289PubMedCrossRef

85.

Suri-Payer E, Amar AZ, Thornton AM et al (1998) CD4+CD25+ T cells inhibit both the induction and effector function of autoreactive T cells and represent a unique lineage of immunoregulatory cells. J Immunol 160:1212–1218PubMed

86.

Takahashi T, Kuniyasu Y, Toda M et al (1998) Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by CD25+CD4+ naturally anergic and suppressive T cells: induction of autoimmune disease by breaking their anergic/suppressive state. Int Immunol 10:1969–1980PubMedCrossRef

87.

Takahashi M, Nakamura K, Honda K et al (2006) An inverse correlation of human peripheral blood regulatory T cell frequency with the disease activity of ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 51:677–686PubMedCrossRef

88.

van Amelsfort JM, Jacobs KM, Bijlsma JW et al (2004) CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis: differences in the presence, phenotype, and function between peripheral blood and synovial fluid. Arthritis Rheum 50:2775–2785PubMedCrossRef

89.

Venken K, Hellings N, Hensen K et al (2006) Secondary progressive in contrast to relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients show a normal CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T-cell function and FOXP3 expression. J Neurosci Res 83:1432–1446PubMedCrossRef

90.

Verhagen J, Akdis M, Traidl-Hoffmann C et al (2006) Absence of T-regulatory cell expression and function in atopic dermatitis skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:176–183PubMedCrossRef

91.

Viglietta V, Baecher-Allan C, Weiner HL et al (2004) Loss of functional suppression by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 199:971–979PubMedCrossRef

92.

Vogel A, Strassburg CP, Obermayer-Straub P et al (2002) The genetic background of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy and its autoimmune disease components. J Mol Med 80:201–211PubMedCrossRef

93.

Vukmanovic-Stejic M, McQuaid A, Birch KE et al (2005) Relative impact of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and tacrolimus on inhibition of T-cell proliferation in patients with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 153:750–757PubMedCrossRef

94.

Walker MR, Kasprowicz DJ, Gersuk VH et al (2003) Induction of FoxP3 and acquisition of T regulatory activity by stimulated human CD4+CD25− T cells. J Clin Invest 112:1437–1443PubMed

95.

Wildin RS, Freitas A (2005) IPEX and FOXP3: clinical and research perspectives. J Autoimmun 25(Suppl):56–62PubMedCrossRef

96.

Wildin RS, Ramsdell F, Peake J et al (2001) X-linked neonatal diabetes mellitus, enteropathy and endocrinopathy syndrome is the human equivalent of mouse scurfy. Nat Genet 27:18–20PubMedCrossRef

97.

Wildin RS, Smyk-Pearson S, Filipovich AH (2002) Clinical and molecular features of the immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X linked (IPEX) syndrome. J Med Genet 39:537–545PubMedCrossRef

98.

Willerford DM, Chen J, Ferry JA et al (1995) Interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain regulates the size and content of the peripheral lymphoid compartment. Immunity 3:521–530PubMedCrossRef

99.

Yagi H, Nomura T, Nakamura K et al (2004) Crucial role of FOXP3 in the development and function of human CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells. Int Immunol 16:1643–1656PubMedCrossRef

100.

Zlotogora J, Shapiro MS (1992) Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type I among Iranian Jews. J Med Genet 29:824–826PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Regulatory T cells in human autoimmune diseases
verfasst von: Troy R. Torgerson
Publikationsdatum: 01.09.2006
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in: Seminars in Immunopathology / Ausgabe 1/2006
Print ISSN: 1863-2297
Elektronische ISSN: 1863-2300
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-006-0041-4

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

23.04.2024 | Ablationstherapie | Nachrichten

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Springer Medizin

Regulatory T cells in human autoimmune diseases

Abstract

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Wie erfolgreich ist eine Re-Ablation nach Rezidiv?

Europäische Ernährungsgewohnheiten: Das sind die häufigsten Fehler

Drei Mythen bei der Antibiotikatherapie

Mehr Schaden als Nutzen durch präoperatives Aussetzen von GLP-1-Agonisten?

Update Innere Medizin

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2006

Regulatory T cells in microbial infection

Regulatory T cells and innate immune regulation in tumor immunity

Regulatory T cells and innate immune regulation in tumor immunity

The role of virus-induced regulatory T cells in immunopathology

Regulatory T cells in graft-versus-host disease

Regulatory T cells in experimental autoimmune disease

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Wie erfolgreich ist eine Re-Ablation nach Rezidiv?

Europäische Ernährungsgewohnheiten: Das sind die häufigsten Fehler

Drei Mythen bei der Antibiotikatherapie

Mehr Schaden als Nutzen durch präoperatives Aussetzen von GLP-1-Agonisten?

Update Innere Medizin