We aimed to categorize laparoscopic rectal resections according to technical difficulty to standardize learning purposes and stratify results, making future studies more comparable.
Materials and methods
Fifty patients undergoing a laparoscopic total mesorectal excision were prospectively followed. Four preoperatively known facts (gender, body mass index (BMI), tumor localization, and preoperative radiation therapy) were compared to four operative outcomes (operation time, blood loss, a visual analogue score (VAS) for difficulty rewarded by the surgeon, and oncological radicality of the procedure).
Results
Operating time for male and female patients was 257 vs. 245 min (P = 0.229), blood loss was 300 vs. 300 ml (P = 0.309), the VAS was 8 vs. 6 (P < 0.001), and radicality was 93% vs. 91% (P = 0.806). Operating time was 215, 250, and 305 min for high, mid, and low tumors (Spearman −0.44; P = 0.02), respectively. Blood loss was 105, 300, and 600 ml (Spearman −0.38; P = 0.01). Lower tumors were rewarded a higher VAS (Spearman −0.57; P < 0.001) and were less often radically resected (Spearman 0.32; P = 0.026). Operating time for irradiated and nonirradiated patients was 277 vs. 225 min (P = 0.008), blood loss was 500 vs. 150 ml (P = 0.006), the VAS was 7 vs. 5 (P < 0.001), and radicality was 79% vs. 100% (P = 0.046). Operating time was 240 min for BMI 25–30 and 253 min for BMI > 30 (Spearman 0.13; P = 0.391). Blood loss was 150 ml for BMI 25–30 and 500 ml for BMI > 30 (Spearman 0.38; P = 0.01). Higher BMIs were rewarded a higher VAS (Spearman 0.06; P = 0.704). BMI had no correlation to radicality of the procedure (Spearman −0.12; P = 0.402). There was an association between technical difficulty score and operation time (P = 0.007), blood loss (P < 0.001), VAS (P < 0.001), and radicality of surgery (P = 0.043).
Conclusion
Laparoscopic surgery in male, irradiated, and obese patients with lower tumors seemed more difficult. A categorization according to technical difficulty, to preoperatively predict difficulty of the procedure, was found feasible.
Introduction
Presently, little distinction is made regarding the technical difficulty grade in laparoscopic rectal surgery. Most studies only refer to the localization of the tumor as a degree for technical difficulty of the operation, leaving many other factors unaccounted for. The distinct difference in male and female pelvic anatomy makes female patients theoretically more suitable for laparoscopic rectal surgery, as there is usually more opportunity to maneuver in the wider pelvic structure. Also, the body mass index (BMI) is a factor to consider when referring to the technical difficulty in laparoscopic rectal surgery, as is the presence of preoperative radiation therapy (RHT), especially when a long delay between radiation therapy and surgery is applied. Although the tumor size is often reduced after a long delay to surgery, the surrounding tissue is frequently fibrotic and difficult to handle.
It may therefore be useful to define the technical difficulty of laparoscopic rectal resections to improve and standardize education for others, to counsel the learning process, for self-evaluation, and to stratify results, making different future publications regarding laparoscopic rectal surgery more comparable.
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The aim of this study was to see if laparoscopic rectal surgery could be categorized according to their technical difficulty degree on the bases of preoperatively known facts, such as gender, body mass index, localization of the tumor, and preoperatively administered radiation therapy.
Materials and methods
Patients
Eight factors were prospectively evaluated in 50 consecutive patients who underwent a laparoscopic resection for rectal cancer in the VU University Medical Center. Patients were operated on between April 2002 and November 2005 by the same surgeon and surgical team. Patients who had previous abdominal surgery through a median laparotomy were excluded from this study, as were patients undergoing palliative surgery or surgery for benign tumors.
All patients received the same pretreatment workup, including a colonoscopy with biopsies for rectal examination: rectal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging of the rectum for local staging, and X-thorax, computed tomography scan of the abdomen, and cinoembryonic antigen examination for dissemination status. Tumors had to be located within 17 cm of the anal verge, measured by rigid scope following colonoscopy with rectal ultrasound, and were defined according to Goligher [1]: 7 cm or less from the anal verge, low rectum; over 7 cm but less than or equal to 12 cm, mid rectum; over 12 cm but less than or equal to 17 cm, high rectum.
Before each operation, the following factors were taken into consideration: male or female pelvis, body mass index, localization of the tumor in centimeter from the dentate line, and whether preoperative radiation therapy was administered. These factors were subsequently compared to the following operative outcomes: length of operating time, blood loss, whether the tumor was radically resected (circumferential margin >2 mm), and a visual analogue score (VAS) for difficulty from the surgeon, ranging from one through ten, with score one being the easiest laparoscopic operation ever performed by the surgeon and score ten being a conversion to laparotomy.
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We consequently reviewed whether the preoperatively determined parameters could predict the difficulty grade of the operation, expressed in terms of the operative outcomes. On the basis of postoperative outcomes regarding the preoperatively known patient characteristics, we created a point system as a reference for technical difficulty grade for laparoscopic total mesorectal excisions (TMEs).
Collected data
Patient data: gender, age, body mass index, localization of the tumor, and preoperative radiation therapy
Operative data: operating time, blood loss, VAS for difficulty by the surgeon, and oncological radicality of the procedure
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software package (SPSS 11.5 for Windows; SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Medians and interquartile ranges were calculated and subsequently depicted when appropriate. Spearman’s correlation, the Mann–Whitney U test, the Kruskal–Wallis test, chi-squared test, or Fisher’s exact test were applied when appropriate for group comparisons. Significance was set at P < 0.05.
Results
Patient characteristics
Fifty patients underwent a laparoscopic TME with curative intent. In 34 (68%) of the patients, a TME was performed, followed by a primary anastomosis. In ten of these patients, a colo-anal anastomosis was performed because of very distal cancer in the rectum. The other 16 (32%) patients underwent an abdominoperineal resection (APR).
Patient characteristics are depicted in Table 1. The group included 28 men and 22 women with a median age of 67 years (interquartile range 58–75). The median body mass index was 25 (interquartile range 23–27). The median distance between tumor and anal verge was 8.0 cm (range 2–17). All 26 patients with mid and low rectal tumors (52%) underwent neo-adjuvant radiation therapy, including two patients (4%) who also received neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. In our institution, a delay of 4–6 weeks is maintained between radiation therapy and surgery. The median delay between the last dose of radiation therapy and surgery was 44.5 days (interquartile range 9–52).
Table 1
Patient and tumor characteristics
Variable
Laparoscopic TME (n = 50)
Gender, number (%)
Male
28 (56%)
Female
22 (44%)
Age—median years (interquartile range)
67 (58–75)
BMI—median (interquartile range)
25 (23–27)
Median distance from anal verge to tumor, cm (full range)
8.0 (2–17)
Male vs. female pelvis
Median operating time was 257 min (interquartile range 223–305) for male patients and 245 min (interquartile range 200–280) for female patients (P = 0.229). Median blood loss was 300 ml (interquartile range 200–700) for male patients and 300 ml (interquartile range 100–600) for female patients (P = 0.309). The median VAS for difficulty rewarded by the surgeon was 8 (interquartile range 7–9) for male patients and 6 (interquartile range 3–7) for female patients (P < 0.001). Radical excision of the tumor in male and female patients was achieved in 93% and 91%, respectively (P = 0.806; Table 2).
Table 2
Male vs. female results
Variable
Male (n = 28)
Female (n = 22)
Significance
Length of operation in minutes—median (interquartile range)
257 (223–305)
245 (200–280)
P = 0.229
Blood loss in milliliter—median (interquartile range)
300 (200–700)
300 (100–600)
P = 0.309
VAS difficulty score—median (interquartile range)
8 (7–9)
6 (3–7)
P < 0.001
Radical excision tumor
93%
91%
P = 806
Tumor localization
Scatter graphs with the Spearman correlation for tumor localization vs. operative outcomes are depicted in Figs. 1, 2, and 3. Median operating time was 215 min (interquartile range 205–236.5) for high rectal cancer, 250 min (interquartile range 221–265) for mid rectal cancer, and 305 min (interquartile range 244–320) for low rectal cancer. There was a significant association between operating time and localization of the tumor: the lower the tumor, the longer the operating time (Spearman −0.44; P = 0.002). Median blood loss was 105 ml (interquartile range 50–225) for high rectal cancer, 300 ml (interquartile range 200–500) for mid rectal cancer, and 600 ml (interquartile range 225–900) for low rectal cancer. There was a significant association between blood loss and localization of the tumor: the lower the tumor, the more blood loss (Spearman −0.38; P = 0.01). There was a significant association between VAS for difficulty and localization of the tumor: the lower the tumor, the higher the VAS for difficulty (Spearman −0.57; P < 0.001). In lower localized tumors, a radical excision was less often achieved (Spearman 0.32; P = 0.026).
Fig. 1
Tumor distance vs. length of the operation. Correlation coefficient, −0.44 (P = 0.002)
Median operating time was 225 min (interquartile range 205–252) for patients without RHT and 277 min (interquartile range 240–314) for patients with RHT (P = 0.008). Median blood loss was 150 ml (interquartile range 50–350) for patients without RHT and 500 ml (interquartile range 250–800) for patients with RHT (P = 0.006). The median VAS for difficulty rewarded by the surgeon was 5 (interquartile range 3–8) for patients without RHT and 7 (interquartile range 7–8) for patients with RHT (P < 0.001). Radical excision of the tumor in nonirradiated and irradiated patients was achieved in 100% and 79%, respectively (P = 0.046; Table 3).
Table 3
RHT vs. no RHT results
Variable
RHT (n = 26)
No RHT (n = 24)
Significance
Length of operation in minutes—median (interquartile range)
277 (240–314)
225 (205–252)
P = 0.008
Blood loss in milliliter—median (interquartile range)
500 (250–800)
150 (50–350)
P = 0.006
VAS difficulty score—median (interquartile range)
7 (7–8)
5 (3–8)
P < 0.001
Radical excision tumor
79%
100%
P = 0.046
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Body mass index
Scatter graphs with the Spearman correlation for BMI vs. operative outcomes are depicted in Figs. 4, 5, and 6. Median operating time was 240 min (interquartile range 200–305) for BMI 25–30 patients and 253 min (interquartile range 221–305) for BMI > 30 patients. There was no significant association between operating time and BMI (Spearman 0.13; P = 0.391). Median blood loss was 150 ml (interquartile range 75–300) for BMI 25–30 patients and 500 ml (interquartile range 225–725) for BMI > 30 patients. There was a significant association between blood loss and BMI: the higher the BMI, the more blood was lost (Spearman 0.38; P = 0.01). There was no significant association between VAS for difficulty and BMI (Spearman 0.06; P = 0.704). Also, no association between radical excision of the tumor and BMI was found (Spearman −0.12; P = 0.402).
Fig. 4
BMI vs. length of the operation. Correlation coefficient, 0.13 (P = 0.391)
Fig. 5
BMI vs. blood loss. Correlation coefficient, 0.38 (P = 0.01)
Fig. 6
BMI vs. surgeon score. Correlation coefficient, 0.06 (P = 0.704)
×
×
×
Point-score system
On the basis of the above depicted postoperative outcomes regarding the preoperatively known patient characteristics, we created an artificial point system as a reference for technical difficulty grade for laparoscopic TMEs (Table 4): two points for a male patient and one point for a female patient; in addition, 15, 10, and 5 points for a tumor located in the low, mid, or high rectum, respectively; in addition, ten points for patients with a BMI > 30 and five points for patients with a BMI 25–30; likewise, ten points for patients who received preoperative radiation therapy (Table 4). Theoretically, patient scores between 6 and 37 could be rewarded. “Low-score patients” were patients defined by scores 6–11, “medium-score patients” were patients defined by scores 12–24, and “high-score patients” were defined by scores 25–37. We subsequently evaluated whether this point system was validated when comparing this “technical difficulty grade” to objective blood loss, operating time, VAS for difficulty by the surgeon, and oncological radicality of the procedure.
Table 4
Difficulty score index
Variable
Points
Gender
Male
2
Female
1
Preoperative RHT
Yes
10
No
0
Tumor localization
Low rectum (0–7 cm)
15
Mid rectum (>7–12 cm)
10
High rectum (>12–17 cm)
5
BMI
<25
0
25–30
5
>30
10
Low, medium, and high technical difficulty grade score
Low technical difficulty grade laparoscopic TMEs (score 6–11) had a median operating time of 220 min (interquartile range 200–250) with a median blood loss of 50 ml (interquartile range 50–140), a median VAS for difficulty by the surgeon of 3 (interquartile range 3–4), and a radical excision in 100%. Medium technical difficulty grade laparoscopic TMEs (score 12–24) had a median operating time of 248 min (interquartile range 216–263) with a median blood loss of 300 ml (interquartile range 225–375), a median VAS for difficulty by the surgeon of 8 (interquartile range 7–8), and a radical excision in 100%. High technical difficulty grade laparoscopic TMEs (score 25–37) had a median operating time of 290 min (interquartile range 241–317) with a median blood loss of 600 ml (interquartile range 250–1,100), a median VAS for difficulty by the surgeon of 8 (interquartile range 7–9), and a radical excision in 83%. According to the Spearman correlation, there was a significant association between technical difficulty grade score and length of the operation (P = 0.006), blood loss (P < 0.001), VAS for difficulty by the surgeon (P < 0.001), and oncological radicality of the procedure (P = 0.043; Table 5).
Table 5
Difficulty grade score
Variable
Low difficulty (6–11 points)
Medium difficulty (12–24 points)
High difficulty (25–37 points)
Significance
Length of operation in minutes—median (interquartile range)
200 (220–250)
248 (216–263)
290 (241–317)
P = 0.006
Blood loss in milliliter—median (interquartile range)
50 (50–140)
300 (225–375)
600 (250–1,000)
P < 0.001
VAS difficulty score—median (interquartile range)
3 (3–4)
8 (7–8)
8 (7–9)
P < 0.001
Radical excision tumor
100%
100%
83%
P = 0.043
Discussion
The fact that a learning curve exists for different operations, especially in laparoscopic surgery, is generally well known and has been extensively published from the onset of laparoscopic surgery [2]. Some publications have suggested that the learning curve for colorectal laparoscopic surgery ranges from 11 to 80 procedures performed [3‐5]. However, presently, no series trying to support and counsel surgeons by optimizing their learning curve have been published.
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Geis et al. [6, 7] studied the relative difficulty of seven laparoscopic colonic procedures, differentiating in three complexity scales in laparoscopic colectomy: mobilization, devascularization, and anastomosis, which could define the complexity rating for every procedure. They also concluded that, for different laparoscopic colon procedures, different skills can be learned sequentially if patients are chosen judiciously. Therefore, not only the number of procedures but also the difficulty grade of the intervention will play an important role in the buildup of the learning process for a specific surgeon or team. They advised for one to obtain extensive experience in laparoscopic right colon mobilization and sigmoid colon mobilization before performing left colon resections, low anterior resections, and APRs laparoscopically.
In evaluating the learning curve in laparoscopic colorectal surgery, Tekkis et al. [8] used a multidimensional analysis of the learning curve and compared outcomes between right-sided vs. left-sided colonic resections. They concluded, regarding right-sided and left-sided colonic resections, that it is possible to perform more difficult laparoscopic operations with increased experience without an influence on postoperative morbidity; also, body mass index is a predictive factor in conversion rates and operating time is reduced with experience gained by the surgeon.
Senagore et al. [9] analyzed the learning curve in three consecutive groups of 20 patients and, as expected, found that not only did the number of complications and conversions decreased with experience but more complex surgical resections were also performed with greater ease as surgeons gained more experience. Therefore, it seems important to define the difficulty or complexity grade of a relatively new procedure like the laparoscopic TME.
In the present study, according to the VAS for difficulty, surgeons found the male pelvic anatomy more difficult to operate; however, this was not expressed in terms of a longer operating time, more blood loss, or fewer radical resections. Lower tumors were more difficult to operate when reviewing the operating time, blood loss, VAS for difficulty rewarded by the surgeon, and in the amount of radical resection. Only less blood loss was seen in patients with a BMI of 25–30; operating time, VAS for difficulty rewarded by the surgeon, and oncological radicality of the procedure were comparable for patients with a BMI of 25–30 and a BMI > 30. Preoperative radiation therapy was found to be accompanied by a longer operating time, more blood loss, a higher VAS for difficulty rewarded by the surgeon, and less radical resections of the tumor.
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Not only to advise in the proper way to start, and in an attempt to standardize the learning curve, but also to stratify the different procedures involved in rectal resections to make future study results more comparable, we categorized laparoscopic rectal surgery into three groups of patients, according to their technical difficulty grade: “low-score patients” (scores 6–11), “medium-score patients” (scores 12–24), and “high-score patients” (scores 25–37). We found that there was a significant association between length of surgery, blood loss, VAS for difficulty rewarded by the surgeon, including oncological radicality of the procedure, and the low, medium, and high technical difficulty grade scores for patients, indicating that the score is representative for the technical difficulty grade experienced by the surgeon in the present study.
When reviewing some of the major literature on learning curves in colorectal surgery, the mean number of operations needed within a learning curve is approximately 45 [2‐5]. We would therefore suggest for the surgeon to have performed at least 25 operations in the easy technical difficulty grade scores (6–11) and, if the surgeon is confident, to move on to the medium technical difficulty grade scores (12–24). After approximately 25 more operations, the learning curve should be mostly completed and the surgeon could consider moving on to patients with high technical difficulty scores (25–37).
Realizing that the results of the present study were obtained by a surgeon and surgical team who had experience with laparoscopic surgery, the results may have therefore been biased due to their experience. However, we still think that it is important to introduce a technical difficulty grade in the future to better facilitate and standardize teaching purposes, self evaluation, and ultimately patient safety, also for adequate stratification of results in future studies regarding laparoscopic rectal procedures.
We found that the technical difficulty grade score system in the present pilot study could preoperatively predict the difficulty grade of laparoscopic rectal surgery. Surgeons and residents still within their learning curve for laparoscopic TMEs could therefore preoperatively select patients with less difficult procedures and slowly move forward to more complex procedures in a controlled fashion. The present study is a single-institution pilot study; therefore, larger studies need to be conducted for more definite results.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Open AccessThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
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