Introduction
Clinical symptoms, the course and diagnostic approach in patients with suspected myocarditis
Electrocardiography and laboratory values
Echocardiography
Nuclear medicine techniques
Gallium-67
Indium-111
Other tracers
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
T1-weighted images before and after gadolinium enhancement
T2-weighted images
Late enhancement technique
Accuracy of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in relation to biopsy-confirmed cases
Literature | Number of pts | Myocardial oedema present | Late enhancement present | Biopsy-proven active myocarditis | Accuracy in regions of late enhancement | Accuracy in regions without late enhancement |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gagliardi et al. [55] | 11 | 6a
| n.p. | 6 | n.p. | n.p. |
Friedrich et al. [47] | 19 | 16 (84%) | n.p. | 4/7 (57%) | n.p. | n.p. |
Roditi et al. [50] | 20 | 12b
| n.p. | 4 | 100% | n.r. |
Mahrholdt et al. [63] | 32 | n.r. | 28 (88%) | 20 (62.5%) | 19/21 (90%) | 1/11 (9%) |
De Cobelli et al. [73] | 23 | 5 (22%)c
| 16 (70%) | 14 (61%) | 12/14 (86%) | n.r. |
Mahrholdt et al. [6] | 128 | n.r. | 83 (95%) | 87 | n.r. | n.r. |
Gutberlet et al. [52] | 83 | 72%d and 68%e
| n.r. | 49/83 (59%) | 49%f
| 49%f
|