Introduction
Populations and methods
Data sources
Survey characteristics
Denmark | Czech Republic | Italy | France | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Survey characteristics, including adult population only | ||||
Survey, year | The Danish National Survey on Diet and Physical Activity 2005–2008 National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU) | Czech National Food Consumption Survey 2003–2004 (SISP04) National Institute of Public Health | Italian National Food Consumption Survey INRAN-SCAI 2005–2006 National institute for Research on Food and Nutrition | Individual and National Study on Food Consumption INCA-2 2006–2007 Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaires des Aliments (AFSSA) |
Population | 18–75 years | 18–90 years | 18–98 years | 18–79 years |
Method of dietary assessment a | 7-day diet record on consecutive days | 24-h recall on two non-consecutive days | 3-day diet record on consecutive days | 7-day diet record on consecutive days |
Baseline characteristics of the study sample, including adult population only, n (%) | ||||
Sample size (response rate) | 2025 (54%) | 1869 (54%) | 2831 (33%) | 2624 (60%) |
Age, 18–64 years | 1739 (85.9%) | 1666 (89.1%) | 2313 (81.7%) | 2276 (86.7%) |
Gender, men | 777 (44.7%) | 793 (47.6%) | 1068 (46.2%) | 936 (41.1%) |
Educational level, low | 248 (14.2%) | 345 (20.7%) | 692 (31.7%) | 1039 (45.8%) |
Overweight status, BMI ≥ 25 | 739 (43.2%) | 864 (51.9%) | 828 (35.8%) | 871 (38.7%) |
Method of dietary assessment
Food and nutrient intakes
Dietary quality
Foods
Exposure definition | Reference valuesa | |
---|---|---|
Foods to increase | ||
Fruit | All kind of fruits (including fresh, dried, tinned or canned fruit products, but excluding fruit juice) | ≥ 200 g/day |
Vegetables | All kind of vegetables (including fresh, dried, tinned or canned vegetable products, but excluding potatoes, vegetable juices and vegetables from soup, sauces and ready-to-eat products) | ≥ 200 g/day |
Legumes | Kidney beans, pinto beans, white beans, black beans, garbanzo beans (chickpeas), lima beans, split peas, lentils, and edamame (green soybeans) | ≥ 135 g/week (≥ 19 g/day) |
Nuts and seeds | Walnuts, almonds, hazel, cashew, pistachio, macadamia, Brazil, pecan, pine nuts, flax seeds, sesame seeds, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, poppy seeds, and peanut | ≥ 15 g/day |
Dairy products | Food products produced from the milk of mammals, including milk, yoghurt, fresh uncured cheese, quark, custard, milk puddings, excluding cheese and butter | ≥ 300 g/day |
Fish | All kind of fish and fish products | ≥ 150 g/week (≥ 21 g/day) |
Foods to decrease | ||
Red and processed meat | Red meat: all mammalian muscle meat, including beef, veal, pork, lamb, mutton, horse and goat, excluding rabbit meat; Processed meat: meat transformed through salting, curing, fermentations, smoking or other processed to enhance flavour or improve preservation (e.g. meat products as sandwich filling, ready-to-eat minced meat, sausages, etc.) | ≤ 500 g/week (≤ 71 g/day) |
Cheese | All types of cheese formed by coagulation of milk protein casein | ≤ 150 g/week (≤ 21 g/day) |
Sugar-sweetened beverages | Cold beverages with added sugars (sucrose, fructose or glucose), for example fruit juices, fruit nectars, soft drinks, ice teas, vitamin-water or sports drinks with added sugars | ≤ 500 ml/week (≤ 71 ml/day) |
A lcohol (Ethanol) | Ethanol content calculated from all kind of alcoholic beverages | ≤ 10 g/day |
Foods to replaceb | ||
Whole grains | Whole grains (bran, germ and endosperm in their natural proportion) from cereals, pasta, bread, breakfast cereals and other grain sources | Replace white grains by whole grains |
White meat | Meat from all kind of poultry, including rabbit meat | Replace red and processed meat by white meat |
Soft margarine and oils | Soft margarine: soft-solid fats made from vegetables oils; Oils: liquid fats at room temperature derived from plants or fish | Replace butter and hard margarines by soft margarine and oils |
Nutrients
Estimating the dietary quality of European populations’ diets
Results
Baseline characteristics
Foods
Cut-offs | Denmark (n = 2025) | Czech Republic (n = 1869) | Italy (n = 2831) | France (n = 2624) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | %adh | Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | %adh | Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | %adh | Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | %adh | ||
Foods to increase | |||||||||||||||||
Fruit, g/day | ≥ 200 | 174* | 133 | (36.0; 255) | 35% | 118* | 83 | (12.0; 171) | 20% | 199* | 163 | (76; 275) | 40% | 140* | 95 | (0.0; 210) | 26% |
Vegetables, g/day | ≥ 200 | 147* | 112 | (63; 184) | 21% | 95* | 74 | (39.0; 127) | 10% | 239* | 206 | (138; 300) | 53% | 187* | 157 | (84; 254) | 37% |
Legumes. g/day | ≥ 19 | 6.5 | 1.6 | (0.0; 6.7) | 10% | 7.5 | 0.0 | (0.0; 3.0) | 12% | 11.0 | 0.0 | (0.0; 2.4) | 19% | 16.5* | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.8) | 18% |
Nuts and seeds, g/day | ≥ 15 | 2.2 | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.0) | 5% | 2.6 | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.0) | 7% | 0.5* | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.0) | 1% | 1.7 | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.0) | 3% |
Dairy products, g/day | ≥ 300 | 302* | 248 | (113; 422) | 41% | 134 | 94 | (31.0; 192) | 12% | 129 | 116 | (8.0; 20) | 8% | 199* | 152 | (55; 290) | 24% |
Fish, g/day | ≥ 21 | 18.0 | 5.5 | (0.0; 24.1) | 28% | 11.7 | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.0) | 17% | 44.6* | 6.5 | (0.0; 77) | 42% | 34.3* | 4.3 | (0.0; 54) | 43% |
Foods to decrease | |||||||||||||||||
Red and processed meat, g/day | ≤ 71 | 94 | 85 | (51; 127) | 39% | 88 | 82 | (46.0; 125) | 42% | 84 | 77 | (39.2; 119) | 51% | 93 | 82 | (40.5; 133) | 43% |
Cheese, g/day | ≤ 21 | 29.3 | 24.3 | (11.3; 42.0) | 44% | 20.9* | 13.2 | (0.0; 33.0) | 63% | 53* | 47.2 | (16.2; 76) | 28% | 30.1 | 24.0 | (2.9; 45.6) | 46% |
Sweet beveragesa, ml/day | ≤ 71 | 224* | 127 | (0.0; 305) | 40% | 108 | 0.0 | (0.0; 144) | 63% | 47.5* | 0.0 | (0.0; 65) | 76% | 121 | 6.0 | (0.0; 171) | 56% |
Alcohol (ethanol), g/day | ≤ 10 | 14.6* | 7.3 | (0.0; 22.6) | 56% | 10.3 | 4.4 | (0.0; 16.0) | 66% | 8.2 | 0.1 | (0.0; 13.7) | 67% | 9.3 | 0.1 | (0.0; 14.5) | 67% |
Foods to replace | |||||||||||||||||
Cereals, total, g/day | – | 26.1* | 16.9 | (6.7; 35.0) | – | 48.2 | 32.5 | (11.0; 72) | – | 46.6 | 38.3 | (0.6; 73) | – | 38.8* | 16.05 | (0.0; 57) | – |
Cereals, whole grains, g/day | – | 0.4 | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.0) | – | 0.1 | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.0) | – | 0.8 | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.0) | – | 1.8 | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.0) | – |
Pasta, total, g/day | – | 5.2* | 0.0 | (0.0; 1.2) | – | 39.9* | 13.6 | (0.0; 66) | – | 52* | 48.4 | (29.8; 82) | – | 10.3* | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.0) | – |
Pasta, whole grains, g/day | – | – | – | – | 0.0* | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.0) | – | 0.3* | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.0) | – | 9.8* | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.0) | – | |
Bread, total, g/day | – | 149* | 140 | (94; 194) | – | 122* | 118 | (83; 157) | – | 109* | 103 | (60; 151) | – | 98* | 92 | (51; 139) | – |
Bread, whole grains, g/day | – | 52* | 44.3 | (22.4; 72) | – | 7.9* | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.0) | – | 41.4* | 0.0 | (0.0; 70) | – | 16.3* | 0.0 | (0.0; 6.1) | – |
Breakfast cereals, total, g/day | – | 11.8* | 0.6 | (0.0; 18.0) | – | 2.9 | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.0) | – | 1.5 | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.0) | – | 5.3* | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.0) | – |
Breakfast cereals, whole grains, g/day | – | 9.3* | 0.0 | (0.0; 12.1) | – | 1.9* | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.0) | – | 0.5* | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.0) | – | 3.4* | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.0) | – |
Red meat, g/day | – | 66* | 57.1 | (28.3; 93) | – | 34.0* | 28.4 | (0.0; 55) | – | 58 | 53 | (0.0; 89) | – | 58 | 45.6 | (0.0; 91) | – |
Processed meat, g/day | – | 27.3 | 19.4 | (7.1; 37.2) | – | 54* | 44.5 | (14.0; 80) | – | 25.5 | 19.4 | (0.0; 38.9) | – | 34.7* | 22.6 | (0.0; 54) | – |
White meat, g/day | – | 21.3 | 1.6 | (0.0; 29.9) | – | 22.5 | 0.0 | (0.0; 41.0) | – | 23.5 | 0.0 | (0.0; 44.9) | – | 31.5* | 0.0 | (0.0; 52) | – |
Butter and hard margarines, g/day | – | 24.8* | 22.7 | (13.5; 33.8) | – | 17.6* | 15.5 | (7.0; 25.0) | – | 2.8* | 0.0 | (0.0; 3.8) | – | 16.3* | 13.7 | (5.8; 24.0) | – |
Soft margarine and oils, g/day | – | 1.9* | 0.0 | (0.0; 1.5) | – | 15.0* | 13.1 | (7.0; 21.0) | – | 34.8* | 34.0 | (26.3; 42.7) | – | 11.2* | 7.4 | (0.4; 17.3) | – |
Cut-offs | Subgroups by age | Subgroups by gendera | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Younger and middle-aged adults | Elderly, ≥ 65 years | p value | Men | Women | p value | ||||||||||||||
Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | %adh | Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | %adh | Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | %adh | Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | %adh | ||||
Denmark | (n = 1739) | (n = 286) | (n = 777) | (n = 962) | |||||||||||||||
Fruit, g/day | ≥ 200 | 171 | 126 | (32.2; 251) | 34% | 197 | 159 | (81; 281) | 40% | 0.011 | 120 | 74 | (0.5; 172) | 21% | 222 | 187 | (74; 324) | 47% | < 0.0001 |
Vegetables, g/day | ≥ 200 | 151 | 114 | (64; 189) | 22% | 119 | 98 | (54; 167) | 16% | < 0.0001 | 117 | 95 | (54; 146) | 13% | 185 | 141 | (84; 231) | 31% | < 0.0001 |
Legumes, g/day | ≥ 19 | 6.6 | 1.8 | (0.0; 7.1) | 10% | 5.3 | 0.9 | (0.0; 4.6) | 10% | < 0.0001 | 5.9 | 1.3 | (0.0; 5.6) | 8% | 7.3 | 2.2 | (0.0; 8.6) | 11% | < 0.0001 |
Red and processed meat, g/day | ≤ 71 | 95 | 87 | (52; 128) | 38% | 83 | 73 | (41.5; 108) | 48% | 0.001 | 109 | 100 | (66; 143) | 29% | 82 | 75 | (43.3; 114) | 47% | < 0.0001 |
Alcohol, g/day | ≤ 10 | 13.8 | 6.4 | (0.0; 21.5) | 58% | 20.5 | 15.0 | (1.7; 29.8) | 40% | < 0.0001 | 16.6 | 10.0 | (0.0; 25.6) | 50% | 10.9 | 0.0 | (0.0; 17.0) | 66% | < 0.0001 |
Czech Republic | (n = 1666) | (n = 203) | (n = 793) | (n = 873) | |||||||||||||||
Fruit, g/day | ≥ 200 | 115 | 79 | (10.0; 167) | 19% | 143 | 118 | (38.7; 218) | 28% | 0.006 | 66 | 39 | (0.7; 93) | 6% | 160 | 128 | (51; 224) | 31% | < 0.0001 |
Vegetables, g/day | ≥ 200 | 95 | 75 | (39.3; 128) | 10% | 94 | 70 | (39.4; 122) | 8% | 0.874 | 78 | 61 | (35.0; 106) | 5% | 111 | 87 | (46.0; 151) | 14% | < 0.0001 |
Legumes, g/day | ≥ 19 | 7.6 | 0.0 | (0.0; 2.2) | 11% | 6.7 | 0.0 | (0.0; 4.2) | 13% | 0.591 | 6.1 | 0.0 | (0.0; 1.7) | 10% | 9.0 | 0.0 | (0.0; 2.6) | 12% | 0.012 |
Red and processed meat, g/day | ≤ 71 | 89 | 81 | (44.8; 125) | 42% | 83 | 79 | (45.3; 118) | 42% | 0.253 | 108 | 103 | (69; 142) | 27% | 71 | 64 | (28.4; 103) | 55% | < 0.0001 |
Alcohol, g/day | ≤ 10 | 10.7 | 5.1 | (0.0; 17.0) | 65% | 7.4 | 0.0 | (0.0; 9.4) | 77% | 0.002 | 15.8 | 12.5 | (1.2; 23.5) | 47% | 6.1 | 0.0 | (0.0; 8.6) | 81% | < 0.0001 |
Italy | (n = 2313) | (n = 518) | (n = 1068) | (n = 1245) | |||||||||||||||
Fruit, g/day | ≥ 200 | 185 | 153 | (67; 257) | 37% | 257 | 222 | (125; 333) | 54% | < 0.0001 | 153 | 125 | (50.4; 220) | 28% | 214 | 185 | (88; 292) | 45% | < 0.0001 |
Vegetables, g/day | ≥ 200 | 238 | 205 | (134; 299) | 52% | 241 | 215 | (149; 307) | 55% | 0.680 | 222 | 190 | (126; 282) | 47% | 252 | 156 | (145; 317) | 56% | < 0.0001 |
Legumes, g/day | ≥ 19 | 10.7 | 0.0 | (0.0; 2.9) | 19% | 12.4 | 0.0 | (0.0; 0. 0) | 19% | 0.194 | 10.1 | 0.0 | (0.0; 3.9) | 19% | 11.3 | 27.1 | (0.0; 2.3) | 19% | 0.265 |
Red and processed meat, g/day | ≤ 71 | 85 | 77 | (37.6; 120) | 65% | 75 | 68 | (31.6; 111) | 62% | 0.015 | 88 | 81 | (43.6; 122) | 65% | 82 | 74 | (32.7; 119) | 64% | < 0.0001 |
Alcohol, g/day | ≤ 10 | 7.8 | 0.1 | (0.0; 12.7) | 70% | 10.0 | 2.6 | (0.0; 16.5) | 60% | 0.0002 | 11.3 | 6.8 | (0.0; 18.9) | 57% | 4.8 | 8.4 | (0.0; 7.0) | 80% | < 0.0001 |
France | (n = 2276) | (n = 348) | (n = 936) | (n = 1340) | |||||||||||||||
Fruit, g/day | ≥ 200 | 129 | 77 | (0.0 ; 198) | 23% | 209 | 174 | (77; 309) | 42% | < 0.0001 | 103 | 65 | (0.0; 154) | 17% | 148 | 103 | (0.0; 219) | 28% | < 0.0001 |
Vegetables, g/day | ≥ 200 | 182 | 152 | (80; 248) | 36% | 219 | 196 | (110; 293) | 46% | < 0.0001 | 152 | 128 | (65; 204) | 26% | 202 | 173 | (95; 272) | 45% | < 0.0001 |
Legumes, g/day | ≥ 19 | 15.9 | 0.0 | (0.0 ; 0.8) | 17% | 20.9 | 0.0 | (0.0; 5.3) | 20% | 0.040 | 17.7 | 0.0 | (0.0; 1.8) | 19% | 14.6 | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.4) | 16% | 0.068 |
Red and processed meat, g/day | ≤ 71 | 94 | 84 | (40.7; 134) | 43% | 90 | 79 | (37.8; 133) | 45% | 0.316 | 101 | 92 | (49.8; 143) | 38% | 88 | 77 | (33.9; 127) | 47% | < 0.0001 |
Alcohol, g/day | ≤ 10 | 9.0 | 0.0 | (0.0; 13.8) | 69% | 11.2 | 5.2 | (0.0; 18.2) | 56% | 0.008 | 13.5 | 6.6 | (0.0; 21.1) | 57% | 5.8 | 0.0 | (0.0; 7.3) | 81% | < 0.0001 |
Subgroups by educational levela | Subgroup by overweight statusa | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Intermediate | High | p valueb | BMI < 25 kg/m2 | BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | p value | |||||||||||||||||
Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | %adh | Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | %adh | Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | %adh | Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | %adh | Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | %adh | ||||
Denmark | (n = 248) | (n = 943) | (n = 548) | (n = 972) | (n = 739) | ||||||||||||||||||
Fruit, g/day | ≥ 200 | 152 | 94 | (0.0; 234) | 29% | 159 | 115 | (30.4; 233) | 32% | 214 | 167 | (64; 305) | 42% | < 0.0001 | 167 | 124 | (33.1; 246) | 34% | 174 | 129 | (23.5; 255) | 33% | 0.382 |
Vegetables, g/day | ≥ 200 | 126 | 96 | (56; 152) | 16% | 150 | 118 | (63; 185) | 21% | 184 | 137 | (84; 238) | 32% | < 0.0001 | 154 | 118 | (66; 191) | 23% | 146 | 108 | (63; 182) | 21% | 0.072 |
Legumes, g/day | ≥ 19 | 6.1 | 0.4 | (0.0; 6.7) | 10% | 6.5 | 1.6 | (0.0; 6.8) | 10% | 7.7 | 2.8 | (0.0; 7.8) | 11% | < 0.0001 | 6.4 | 1.9 | (0.0; 6.9) | 9% | 6.9 | 1.5 | (0.0; 7.4) | 11% | 0.055 |
Red and processed meat, g/day | ≤ 71 | 102 | 90 | (58; 143) | 39% | 99 | 92 | (58; 131) | 33% | 82 | 75 | (44.5; 111) | 46% | < 0.0001 | 94 | 86 | (52; 126) | 38% | 99 | 90 | (54; 134) | 37% | 0.072 |
Alcohol, g/day | ≤ 10 | 13.2 | 6.3 | (0.0; 21.4) | 58% | 13.7 | 6.0 | (0.0; 20.6) | 59% | 15.0 | 8.8 | (0.0; 24.5) | 52% | 0.226 | 13.2 | 6.2 | (0.0; 20.5) | 58% | 14.5 | 6.7 | (0.0; 23.4) | 57% | 0.100 |
Czech Republic | (n = 345) | (n = 1194) | (n = 127) | (n = 802) | (n = 864) | ||||||||||||||||||
Fruit, g/day | ≥ 200 | 89 | 61 | (1.3; 141) | 11% | 122 | 82 | (13.4; 173) | 21% | 121 | 96 | (40.1; 179) | 20% | 0.0004 | 112 | 79 | (19.1; 165) | 19% | 118 | 79 | (5.9; 168) | 19% | 0.371 |
Vegetables, g/day | ≥ 200 | 90 | 71 | (40.0; 123) | 8% | 94 | 74 | (37.0; 126) | 10% | 120 | 85 | (59; 160) | 15% | 0.002 | 96 | 77 | (40.0; 126) | 10% | 95 | 73 | (37.8; 128) | 9% | 0.807 |
Legumes, g/day | ≥ 19 | 8.9 | 0.0 | (0.0; 3.0) | 12% | 7.3 | 0.0 | (0.0; 2.0) | 11% | 7.3 | 0.0 | (0.0; 2.7) | 11% | 0.524 | 7.3 | 0.0 | (0.0; 2.3) | 11% | 7.9 | 0.0 | (0.0; 2.1) | 11% | 0.588 |
Red and processed meat, g/day | ≤ 71 | 96 | 86 | (47.4; 134) | 42% | 88 | 82 | (44.3; 124) | 41% | 81 | 72 | (43.4; 117) | 48% | 0.035 | 83 | 73 | (40.0; 121) | 48% | 94 | 88 | (50.2; 130) | 37% | 0.0002 |
Alcohol, g/day | ≤ 10 | 11.7 | 5.0 | (0.0; 19.0) | 61% | 10.5 | 4.8 | (0.0; 16.3) | 66% | 10.1 | 7.7 | (0.0; 16.8) | 61% | 0.354 | 10.4 | 4.5 | (0.0; 16.9) | 65% | 11.0 | 5.5 | (0.0; 16.9) | 64% | 0.402 |
Italy | (n = 692) | (n = 985) | (n = 507) | (n = 1484) | (n = 828) | ||||||||||||||||||
Fruit, g/day | ≥ 200 | 182 | 155 | (69; 260) | 38% | 183 | 149 | (65; 250) | 36% | 206 | 169 | (83; 282) | 41% | 0.027 | 185 | 155 | (68; 249) | 37% | 187 | 150 | (68; 272) | 37% | 0.788 |
Vegetables, g/day | ≥ 200 | 242 | 206 | (137; 296) | 53% | 238 | 205 | (136; 300) | 52% | 232 | 202 | (129; 287) | 51% | 0.534 | 229 | 200 | (130; 288) | 50% | 254 | 213 | (144; 323) | 55% | 0.0001 |
Legumes, g/day | ≥ 19 | 11.7 | 0.0 | (0.0; 4.1) | 22% | 10.7 | 0.0 | (0.0; 3.3) | 19% | 10.1 | 0.0 | (0.0; 4.5) | 17% | 0.560 | 10.5 | 0.0 | (0.0; 2.3) | 19% | 11.1 | 0.0 | (0.0; 4.2) | 19% | 0.592 |
Red and processed meat, g/day | ≤ 71 | 88 | 81 | (41.0; 122) | 65% | 85 | 77 | (37.5; 119) | 65% | 83 | 77 | (35.9; 121) | 65% | 0.332 | 84 | 77 | (36.8; 118) | 65% | 86 | 78 | (39.2; 124) | 64% | 0.433 |
Alcohol, g/day | ≤ 10 | 8.8 | 0.0 | (0.0; 15.3) | 66% | 7.1 | 0.1 | (0.0; 11.9) | 72% | 7.4 | 0.2 | (0.0; 11.1) | 74% | 0.001 | 6.8 | 0.0 | (0.0; 11.2) | 73% | 9.6 | 4.0 | (0.0; 15.9) | 62% | < 0.0001 |
France | (n = 1039) | (n = 495) | (n = 737) | (n = 1379) | (n = 871) | ||||||||||||||||||
Fruit, g/day | ≥ 200 | 125 | 76 | (0.0; 200) | 24% | 128 | 84 | (0.0; 195) | 21% | 137 | 95 | (13.9; 196) | 23% | 0.265 | 126 | 82 | (0.0; 191) | 22% | 134 | 89 | (0.0; 204) | 24% | 0.180 |
Vegetables, g/day | ≥ 200 | 181 | 152 | (77; 248) | 36% | 179 | 144 | (74; 245) | 33% | 183 | 156 | (87; 249) | 37% | 0.892 | 175 | 146 | (75; 242) | 33% | 188 | 158 | (85; 254) | 39% | 0.036 |
Legumes, g/day | ≥ 19 | 19.5 | 0.0 | (0.0; 1.3) | 21% | 13.2 | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.4) | 15% | 12.5 | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.5) | 15% | 0.0003 | 16.3 | 0.0 | (0.0; 1.1) | 19% | 15.5 | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.5) | 16% | 0.645 |
Red and processed meat, g/day | ≤ 71 | 102 | 91 | (48.7; 144) | 39% | 90 | 79 | (33.5; 129) | 44% | 84 | 74 | (33.9; 123) | 47% | < 0.0001 | 89 | 78 | (35.7; 127) | 44% | 101 | 91 | (48.7; 145) | 40% | 0.0001 |
Alcohol, g/day | ≤ 10 | 8.3 | 0.0 | (0.0; 11.8) | 73% | 9.4 | 0.2 | (0.0; 15.1) | 66% | 9.6 | 0.2 | (0.0; 15.5) | 67% | 0.135 | 8.0 | 0.0 | (0.0; 12.1) | 73% | 10.6 | 0.1 | (0.0; 16.9) | 64% | < 0.0001 |
Foods to increase
Foods to decrease
Foods to replace
Nutrients
DRV | Denmark (n = 2025) | Czech Republic (n = 1869) | Italy (n = 2831) | France (n = 2624) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | %<DRV | Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | %<DRV | Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | %<DRV | Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | %<DRV | ||
Unstandardised energy intake, kcal/day | – | 2264* | 2155 | (1681; 2738) | – | 2523* | 2396 | (1790; 3106) | – | 2119* | 2057 | (1666; 2491) | – | 1980* | 1912 | (1509; 2390) | – |
Qualifying nutrients | |||||||||||||||||
Protein, g/day | 0.66 g/BW | 68.7 | 67.6 | (59.7; 77.1) | 16% | 67.1 | 66.1 | (59.1; 73.8) | 12% | 79.0* | 77.8 | (70.5; 86.1) | 1% | 83.5* | 81.4 | (70.9; 93.4) | 2.4% |
Protein, E% | – | 13.9 | 13.8 | (12.4; 15.2) | – | 13.4 | 13.2 | (11.8; 14.8) | – | 15.6* | 15.6 | (14.1; 17.2) | 16.7* | 16.3 | (14.2; 18.7) | ||
Animal protein, g/day | – | 44.8* | 43.2 | (35.6; 52.8) | – | 38.8* | 37.5 | (30.1; 45.8) | – | 48.6* | 47.1 | (38.9; 56.8) | – |
c
| |||
Plant protein, g/day | – | 20.3* | 20.2 | (16.9; 23.6) | – | 23.9* | 23.8 | (20.1; 27.3) | – | 30.3* | 30.3 | (26.5; 34) | – |
c
| |||
Dietary fibre, g/daya | 25 | 19.4* | 18.6 | (14.5; 23.2) | 81% | 15.8* | 15.1 | (12.7; 18.3) | 96% | 18.1* | 17.0 | (14.0; 21.0) | 88% | 16.6* | 15.7 | (12.3; 19.5) | 91% |
MUFA, g/daya | – | 25.7* | 25.5 | (21.0; 30.0) | – | 32.0* | 31.8 | (27.8; 36.4) | – | 39.0* | 38.7 | (33.5; 44.1) | – | 29.7* | 28.9 | (24.0; 34.2) | – |
MUFA, E% | 10–20 E% | 11.7* | 11.6 | (9.5; 13.6) | 31% | 14.4* | 14.3 | (12.5; 16.4) | 8% | 17.6* | 17.4 | (15.1; 19.9) | 25% | 13.4* | 13.0 | (10.8; 15.4) | 23% |
Calcium, mg/day | 750 | 983* | 928 | (705; 1189) | 30% | 660* | 593 | (424; 805) | 69% | 742* | 708 | (539; 897) | 57% | 899* | 842 | (649; 1066) | 38% |
Iron, mg/day | M: 6; F: 7 | 9.1* | 8.9 | (7.7; 10.2) | 8% | 10.6* | 10.1 | (8.5; 12.1) | 4% | 11.1* | 10.5 | (9.0; 12.3) | 2% | 12.4* | 11.2 | (9.4; 13.8) | 2% |
Potassium, mg/dayb | 3500 | 3143* | 3073 | (2514; 3658) | 69% | 2288* | 2199 | (1895; 2573) | 96% | 2938 | 2834 | (2420; 3326) | 81% | 2879 | 2763 | (2326; 3287) | 82% |
Magnesium, mg/dayb | M: 350; F: 300 | 322* | 315 | (270; 365) | 54% | 285 | 274 | (241; 315) | 75% | 268* | 254 | (219 299) | 80% | 282 | 263 | (230 ; 309) | 77% |
Zinc, mg/day | M: 7.5; F: 6.2 | 9.5* | 9.3 | (8.1; 10.8) | 10% | 7.0* | 6.7 | (5.6; 8.0) | 52% | 11.0* | 10.5 | (9.1; 12.4) | 3% | 10.2* | 9.6 | (8.1; 11.8) | 9% |
Vitamin A, µg RE/day | M: 570; F490 | 1032* | 851 | (557; 1242) | 23% | 692* | 450 | (315; 631) | 62% | 854* | 635 | (467; 924) | 34% | 1200* | 822 | (552; 1279) | 23% |
Vitamin C, mg/day | M: 90; F: 80 | 102* | 85 | (57; 131) | 50% | 78* | 63 | (37; 103) | 65% | 126* | 103 | (66; 159) | 38% | 91* | 76 | (46; 119) | 56% |
Vitamin E, mg/dayb | M: 13; F: 11 | 6.7* | 6.1 | (5.1; 7.7) | 95% | 11.7* | 11.1 | (8.4; 14.4) | 56% | 12.7* | 11.8 | (9.7; 14.1) | 53% | 10.6* | 9.4 | (6.9; 13.2) | 66% |
Vitamin D, µg/dayb | 15 | 3.0 | 1.9 | (1.3; 2.7) | 97% | 2.9 | 2.1 | (1.4; 3.2) | 99% | 2.4 | 1.5 | (1.0; 2.4) | 99% | 2.6 | 1.7 | (1.0; 3.0) | 99% |
Vitamin B1, mg/day | 0.6 | 1.1 | 1.1 | (0.9; 1.3) | 3% | 1.1 | 1.0 | (0.9; 1.2) | 2% | 1.10 | 0.9 | (0.8; 1.1) | 53% | 1.20 | 1.1 | (0.9; 1.3) | 0% |
Vitamin B2, mg/day | M: 1.1; F: 0.9 | 1.47* | 1.38 | (1.13; 1.70) | 20% | 1.08* | 0.99 | (0.84; 1.20) | 65% | 1.40* | 1.3 | (1.1; 1.6) | 16% | 1.80* | 1.7 | (1.4; 2.1) | 8% |
Vitamin B12, µg/dayb | 4 | 4.7 | 4.2 | (3.1; 5.6) | 45% | 4.4 | 3.4 | (2.5; 4.8) | 64% | 6.1 | 4.1 | (3.1; 5.8) | 48% | 5.6 | 4.0 | (2.9; 5.8) | 50% |
Folate, µg DFE/d | 250 | 293 | 268 | (214; 334) | 41% | 212* | 182 | (146; 242) | 76% | 350* | 305 | (254; 380) | 23% | 278 | 253 | (203; 322) | 49% |
Disqualifying nutrients | MRV | %> MRV | %> MRV | %> MRV | %> MRV | ||||||||||||
SFA, g/day | – | 30.4 | 30.2 | (25.0; 35.4) | – | 30.6 | 30.4 | (25.5; 35.1) | – | 24.6* | 24.2 | (20.3; 28.3) | – | 33.5* | 33.4 | (27.7; 39.1) | – |
SFA, E%/dayd | < 10 E% | 13.8 | 13.7 | (11.3; 16.1) | 86% | 13.8 | 13.7 | (11.5; 15.8) | 80% | 11.1* | 10.9 | (9.1; 12.7) | 62% | 15.1* | 15.0 | (12.5; 17.6) | 91% |
Added sugar, g/day | – | 43.2* | 36.4 | (21.3; 57.2) | – | 36.6 | 31.3 | (18.8; 50.6) | – | 38.6 | 35.2 | (21.1; 52.5) | – |
c
| – | ||
Added sugar, E%d | < 10 E% | 8.8* | 7.4 | (4.3; 11.6) | 32% | 7.3 | 6.3 | (3.8; 10.1) | 21% | 7.7 | 7.0 | (4.2; 10.5) | 24% |
c
|
b
| ||
Sodium, mg/dayd | < 2400 | 3012* | 2919 | (2484; 3439) | 80% | 4244* | 4153 | (3576; 4800) | 98% | 1703* | 1648 | (1245; 2076) | 13% | 2797* | 2668 | (2228; 3223) | 85% |
Nutrient Rich Diet Scores | |||||||||||||||||
Sub-score NRD9 | – | 765 | 775 | (710; 829) | – | 715* | 721 | (643; 794) | – | 781* | 793 | (730; 841) | – | 759 | 767 | (701; 826) | – |
Sub-score NRD15 | – | 1245 | 1259 | (1192; 1310) | – | 1175* | 1182 | (1097; 263) | – | 1295* | 1310 | (1246; 1356) | – | 1250 | 1262 | (1191; 1324) | – |
Sub-score NRDX.3 | – | 349* | 346 | (300; 392) | – | 388* | 387 | (347; 427) | – | 244* | 242 | (215; 271) | – |
c
| – | ||
Total score NRD9.3 | – | 416* | 427 | (334; 507) | – | 327* | 328 | (256; 400) | – | 537* | 547 | (482; 600) | – |
c
| – | ||
Total score NRD15.3 | – | 896* | 916 | (823; 992) | – | 787* | 791 | (704; 875) | – | 1051* | 1062 | 997; 1115 | – |
c
| – |
Subgroups by age | Subgroups by gendera | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Younger and middle-aged adults | Elderly,≥ 65 years | p value | Men | Women | p value | |||||||||
Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | |||
Denmark | (n = 1739) | (n = 286) | (n = 777) | (n = 965) | ||||||||||
Sub-score NRD9 | 764 | 774 | (708; 829) | 772 | 787 | (721; 833) | 0.120 | 731 | 733 | (679; 786) | 796 | 808 | (758; 853) | < 0.0001 |
Sub-score NRD15 | 1243 | 1256 | (1191; 1308) | 1256 | 1275 | (1198; 1325) | 0.033 | 1215 | 1227 | (1162; 1280) | 1271 | 1284 | (1226; 1328) | < 0.0001 |
Sub-score NRDX.3 | 351 | 348 | (301; 395) | 333 | 336 | (291; 382) | < 0.0001 | 355 | 353 | (309; 400) | 346 | 339 | (297; 388) | 0.011 |
Total score NRD9.3 | 413 | 424 | (327; 505) | 439 | 424 | (328; 505) | 0.001 | 376 | 386 | (295; 456) | 450 | 465 | (388; 537) | < 0.0001 |
Total score NRD15.3 | 892 | 913 | (817; 988) | 923 | 940 | (847; 1010) | 0.003 | 860 | 876 | (780; 944) | 925 | 944 | (859; 1021) | < 0.0001 |
Czech Republic | (n = 1666) | (n = 203) | (n = 793) | (n = 873) | ||||||||||
Sub-score NRD9 | 714 | 720 | (641; 793) | 729 | 728 | (666; 807) | 0.037 | 659 | 656 | (597; 719) | 763 | 777 | (713; 821) | < 0.0001 |
Sub-score NRD15 | 1174 | 1182 | (1092; 1261) | 1185 | 1181 | (1114; 1269) | 0.208 | 1119 | 1115 | (1039; 1197) | 1223 | 1235 | (1157; 1297) | < 0.0001 |
Sub-score NRDX.3 | 387 | 385 | (345; 427) | 396 | 395 | (360; 430) | 0.053 | 375 | 377 | (333; 417) | 398 | 397 | (358; 436) | < 0.0001 |
Total score NRD9.3 | 327 | 327 | (253; 400) | 333 | 342 | (270; 401) | 0.456 | 284 | 283 | (216; 349) | 366 | 373 | (298; 440) | < 0.0001 |
Total score NRD15.3 | 787 | 790 | (703; 876) | 789 | 792 | (711; 873) | 0.830 | 744 | 744 | (665; 821) | 826 | 836 | (751; 910) | < 0.0001 |
Italy | (n = 2313) | (n = 518) | (n = 1068) | (n = 1245) | ||||||||||
Sub-score NRD9 | 777 | 790 | (725; 837) | 796 | 805 | (759; 852) | < 0.0001 | 747 | 754 | (692; 806) | 803 | 814 | (764; 856) | < 0.0001 |
Sub-score NRD15 | 1293 | 1307 | (1240; 1350) | 1305 | 1321 | (1272; 1360) | 0.003 | 1264 | 1271 | (1210; 1330) | 1317 | 1329 | (1278; 1367) | < 0.0001 |
Sub-score NRDX.3 | 245 | 243 | (215; 271) | 242 | 240 | (213; 269) | 0.464 | 242 | 240 | (212; 271) | 247 | 245 | (219; 272) | 0.004 |
Total score NRD9.3 | 533 | 541 | (476; 598) | 554 | 563 | (509; 609) | < 0.0001 | 505 | 513 | (443; 572) | 556 | 565 | (509; 614) | < 0.0001 |
Total score NRD15.3 | 1048 | 1059 | (991; 1115) | 1064 | 1075 | (1021; 1122) | 0.002 | 1022 | 1032 | (959; 1091) | 1070 | 1079 | (1024; 1127) | < 0.0001 |
France | (n = 2276) | (n = 348) | (n = 936) | (n = 1340) | ||||||||||
Sub-score NRD9 | 754 | 762 | (696; 821) | 785 | 787 | (743; 841) | < 0.0001 | 717 | 723 | (668; 775) | 788 | 799 | (743; 846) | < 0.0001 |
Sub-score NRD15 | 1244 | 1256 | (1182; 1319) | 1278 | 1289 | (1222; 1346) | < 0.0001 | 1208 | 1219 | (1147; 1284) | 1278 | 1289 | (1228; 1346) | < 0.0001 |
Subgroups by educational levela | Subgroup by overweight statusa | p value | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Intermediate | High | p valueb | BMI < 25 kg/m2 | BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | ||||||||||||
Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | |||
Denmark | (n = 248) | (n = 943) | (n = 548) | (n = 972) | (n = 739) | ||||||||||||
Sub-score NRD9 | 746 | 754 | (690; 814) | 760 | 767 | (705; 826) | 791 | 803 | (743; 844) | < 0.0001 | 769 | 779 | (717; 829) | 759 | 766 | (702; 831) | 0.054 |
Sub-score NRD15 | 1221 | 1236 | (1165; 1293) | 1242 | 1254 | (1193; 1306) | 1271 | 1282 | (1224; 1325) | < 0.0001 | 1250 | 1261 | (1204; 1308) | 1237 | 1249 | (1177; 1309) | 0.021 |
Sub-score NRDX.3 | 356 | 356 | (305; 404) | 356 | 350 | (304; 401) | 334 | 334 | (291; 370) | <0.0001 | 351 | 349 | (305:392) | 351 | 347 | (295; 398) | 1.000 |
Total score NRD9.3 | 390 | 404 | (292; 498) | 405 | 414 | (324; 492) | 456 | 459 | (392; 537) | < 0.0001 | 408 | 418 | (316; 511) | 408 | 418 | (316; 511) | 0.2448 |
Total score NRD15.3 | 865 | 893 | (767; 978) | 887 | 905 | (817; 978) | 937 | 942 | (869; 1013) | < 0.0001 | 887 | 908 | (791; 990) | 887 | 907 | (791; 990) | 0.165 |
Czech Republic | (n = 345) | (n = 1194) | (n = 127) | (n = 802) | (n = 864) | ||||||||||||
Sub-score NRD9 | 695 | 684 | (624; 780) | 716 | 722 | (644; 794) | 740 | 744 | (682; 802) | < 0.0001 | 719 | 725 | (646; 795) | 709 | 713 | (633; 791) | 0.036 |
Sub-score NRD15 | 1153 | 1149 | (1060; 1252) | 1175 | 1181 | (1098; 1259) | 1217 | 1238 | (1149; 1281) | < 0.0001 | 1175 | 1186 | (1097; 1260) | 1172 | 1178 | (1091; 1261) | 0.605 |
Sub-score NRDX.3 | 378 | 378 | (339; 421) | 390 | 387 | (346; 430) | 384 | 381 | (348; 413) | 0.007 | 389 | 390 | (347; 430) | 385 | 382 | (343; 424) | 0.196 |
Total score NRD9.3 | 317 | 307 | (237; 387) | 327 | 327 | (254; 406) | 356 | 360 | (301; 403) | 0.003 | 330 | 329 | (258; 400) | 324 | 323 | (248; 399) | 0.260 |
Total score NRD15.3 | 775 | 775 | (681; 862) | 785 | 789 | (706; 874) | 833 | 847 | (771; 904) | < 0.0001 | 786 | 791 | (704; 876) | 787 | 789 | (703; 877) | 0.872 |
Italy | (n = 692) | (n = 985) | (n = 507) | (n = 1484) | (n = 828) | ||||||||||||
Sub-score NRD9 | 774 | 788 | (718; 835) | 776 | 789 | (725; 834) | 788 | 801 | (734; 851) | 0.005 | 779 | 792 | (728; 838) | 775 | 788 | (720; 836) | 0.245 |
Sub-score NRD15 | 1291 | 1309 | (1234; 1355) | 1292 | 1304 | (1242; 1353) | 1300 | 1316 | (1249; 1360) | 0.140 | 1294 | 1308 | (1244; 1355) | 1291 | 1307 | (1234; 1354) | 0.414 |
Sub-score NRDX.3 | 240 | 240 | (211; 267) | 246 | 243 | (217; 273) | 249 | 246 | (220; 276) | 0.001 | 248 | 245 | (219; 273) | 240 | 237 | (209; 268) | < 0.0001 |
Total score NRD9.3 | 534 | 545 | (478; 603) | 530 | 536 | (474; 593) | 539 | 550 | (480; 603) | 0.158 | 531 | 539 | (475; 598) | 535 | 545 | (476; 597) | 0.289 |
Total score NRD15.3 | 1051 | 1065 | (992; 1118) | 1046 | 1056 | (993; 1111) | 1051 | 1064 | (991; 1115) | 0.439 | 1046 | 1058 | (992; 1114) | 1051 | 1064 | (990; 1115) | 0.206 |
France | (n = 1039) | (n = 495) | (n = 737) | (n = 1379) | (n = 871) | ||||||||||||
Sub-score NRD9 | 749 | 760 | (681; 822) | 756 | 763 | (702; 817) | 761 | 764 | (707; 825) | 0.014 | 753 | 760 | (696; 819) | 758 | 766 | (699; 827) | 0.181 |
Sub-score NRD15 | 1237 | 1252 | (1166; 1319) | 1247 | 1250 | (1194; 1314) | 1254 | 162 | (1190; 1326) | 0.002 | 1242 | 1256 | (1177; 1316) | 1249 | 1258 | (1191; 1329) | 0.110 |