Skip to main content
Erschienen in: European Journal of Nutrition 4/2020

07.06.2019 | Original Contribution

Association between fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of metabolic syndrome determined using the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES)

verfasst von: Miso Lim, Jihye Kim

Erschienen in: European Journal of Nutrition | Ausgabe 4/2020

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose

This study examined the association between fruit and vegetable consumption and the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in middle-aged and older adults using data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study.

Methods

A total of 5688 participants aged 40–69 years without MetS at baseline were recruited and followed for 8 years. Fruit and vegetable consumption was assessed using a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire at baseline and after 4 years. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine the risk of incident MetS and its components according to fruit and vegetable consumption.

Results

A total of 2067 participants (1020 men and 1047 women) developed MetS during the 8-year follow-up period. Frequent fruit consumers (≥ 4 servings/day) had a lower risk of incident MetS than did rare consumers (< 1 serving/day) in both men and women (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.55, 95% CI 0.44–0.67, p < 0.0001 for men; HR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.47–0.70, p for trend < 0.0001 for women) after adjusting for confounders. Frequent fruit consumption was inversely associated with incidence of abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and elevated blood pressure. Frequent vegetable consumption was inversely associated with a risk of hyperglycemia only in men (HR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.44–0.96, p for trend = 0.0275), but no association was observed with risk of incident MetS.

Conclusions

High fruit consumption was associated with a reduced risk of incident MetS and its components, whereas high vegetable consumption was associated with a reduced risk of incident hyperglycemia, but not with MetS in middle-aged and older adults.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Saely CH, Rein P, Drexel H (2007) The metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: experiences with the new diagnostic criteria from the International Diabetes Federation. Horm Metab Res 39(9):642–650PubMed Saely CH, Rein P, Drexel H (2007) The metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: experiences with the new diagnostic criteria from the International Diabetes Federation. Horm Metab Res 39(9):642–650PubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Hui WS, Liu Z, Ho SC (2010) Metabolic syndrome and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol 25(6):375–384PubMed Hui WS, Liu Z, Ho SC (2010) Metabolic syndrome and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol 25(6):375–384PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH (2002) Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among us adults: findings from the third national health and nutrition examination survey. JAMA 287(3):356–359PubMed Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH (2002) Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among us adults: findings from the third national health and nutrition examination survey. JAMA 287(3):356–359PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Aguilar M, Bhuket T, Torres S, Liu B, Wong RJ (2015) Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the united states, 2003–2012. JAMA 313(19):1973–1974PubMed Aguilar M, Bhuket T, Torres S, Liu B, Wong RJ (2015) Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the united states, 2003–2012. JAMA 313(19):1973–1974PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Huh JH, Kang DR, Jang J-Y, Shin J-H, Kim JY, Choi S, Cho EJ, Park J-S, Sohn IS, Jo S-H (2018) Metabolic syndrome epidemic among Korean adults: Korean survey of Cardiometabolic Syndrome (2018). Atherosclerosis 277:47–52PubMed Huh JH, Kang DR, Jang J-Y, Shin J-H, Kim JY, Choi S, Cho EJ, Park J-S, Sohn IS, Jo S-H (2018) Metabolic syndrome epidemic among Korean adults: Korean survey of Cardiometabolic Syndrome (2018). Atherosclerosis 277:47–52PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Kouki R, Schwab U, Hassinen M, Komulainen P, Heikkila H, Lakka TA, Rauramaa R (2011) Food consumption, nutrient intake and the risk of having metabolic syndrome: the DR’s EXTRA Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 65(3):368–377PubMed Kouki R, Schwab U, Hassinen M, Komulainen P, Heikkila H, Lakka TA, Rauramaa R (2011) Food consumption, nutrient intake and the risk of having metabolic syndrome: the DR’s EXTRA Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 65(3):368–377PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Esmaillzadeh A, Kimiagar M, Mehrabi Y, Azadbakht L, Hu FB, Willett WC (2006) Fruit and vegetable intakes, C-reactive protein, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 84(6):1489–1497PubMed Esmaillzadeh A, Kimiagar M, Mehrabi Y, Azadbakht L, Hu FB, Willett WC (2006) Fruit and vegetable intakes, C-reactive protein, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 84(6):1489–1497PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Park S, Ham JO, Lee BK (2015) Effects of total vitamin A, vitamin C, and fruit intake on risk for metabolic syndrome in Korean women and men. Nutrition 31(1):111–118PubMed Park S, Ham JO, Lee BK (2015) Effects of total vitamin A, vitamin C, and fruit intake on risk for metabolic syndrome in Korean women and men. Nutrition 31(1):111–118PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Kwasniewska M, Kaleta D, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E, Drygas W (2009) Healthy behaviours, lifestyle patterns and sociodemographic determinants of the metabolic syndrome. Cent Eur J Public Health 17(1):14–19PubMed Kwasniewska M, Kaleta D, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E, Drygas W (2009) Healthy behaviours, lifestyle patterns and sociodemographic determinants of the metabolic syndrome. Cent Eur J Public Health 17(1):14–19PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat de Oliveira EP, McLellan KC, de Arruda Vaz, Silveira L, Burini RC (2012) Dietary factors associated with metabolic syndrome in Brazilian adults. Nutr J 11:13PubMedPubMedCentral de Oliveira EP, McLellan KC, de Arruda Vaz, Silveira L, Burini RC (2012) Dietary factors associated with metabolic syndrome in Brazilian adults. Nutr J 11:13PubMedPubMedCentral
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Cheraghi Z, Mirmiran P, Mansournia MA, Moslehi N, Khalili D, Nedjat S (2016) The association between nutritional exposures and metabolic syndrome in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS): a cohort study. Public Health 140:163–171PubMed Cheraghi Z, Mirmiran P, Mansournia MA, Moslehi N, Khalili D, Nedjat S (2016) The association between nutritional exposures and metabolic syndrome in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS): a cohort study. Public Health 140:163–171PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Lutsey PL, Steffen LM, Stevens J (2008) Dietary intake and the development of the metabolic syndrome: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Circulation 117(6):754–761PubMed Lutsey PL, Steffen LM, Stevens J (2008) Dietary intake and the development of the metabolic syndrome: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Circulation 117(6):754–761PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim EK, Ha AW, Choi EO, Ju SY (2016) Analysis of Kimchi, vegetable and fruit consumption trends among Korean adults: data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998–2012). Nutr Res Pract 10(2):188–197PubMed Kim EK, Ha AW, Choi EO, Ju SY (2016) Analysis of Kimchi, vegetable and fruit consumption trends among Korean adults: data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998–2012). Nutr Res Pract 10(2):188–197PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahn Y, Kwon E, Shim JE, Park MK, Joo Y, Kimm K, Park C, Kim DH (2007) Validation and reproducibility of food frequency questionnaire for Korean genome epidemiologic study. Eur J Clin Nutr 61(12):1435–1441PubMed Ahn Y, Kwon E, Shim JE, Park MK, Joo Y, Kimm K, Park C, Kim DH (2007) Validation and reproducibility of food frequency questionnaire for Korean genome epidemiologic study. Eur J Clin Nutr 61(12):1435–1441PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat The Korean Nutrition Society (2000) Food composition table. In: Recommended dietary allowances for Koreans, 7th edn. The Korean Nutrition Society, Seoul The Korean Nutrition Society (2000) Food composition table. In: Recommended dietary allowances for Koreans, 7th edn. The Korean Nutrition Society, Seoul
16.
Zurück zum Zitat National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (1996) Food composition table, 5th edn. Rural Development Administration of Korea National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (1996) Food composition table, 5th edn. Rural Development Administration of Korea
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, Fruchart JC, James WP, Loria CM, SmithJr SC (2009) Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome: a Joint Interim Statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 120:1640–1645PubMed Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, Fruchart JC, James WP, Loria CM, SmithJr SC (2009) Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome: a Joint Interim Statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 120:1640–1645PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Whitt MC, Irwin ML, Swartz AM, Strath SJ, O’Brien WL, Bassett DR Jr, Schmitz KH, Emplaincourt PO, Jacobs DR Jr, Leon AS (2000) Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32(9 Suppl):S498–S504PubMed Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Whitt MC, Irwin ML, Swartz AM, Strath SJ, O’Brien WL, Bassett DR Jr, Schmitz KH, Emplaincourt PO, Jacobs DR Jr, Leon AS (2000) Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32(9 Suppl):S498–S504PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Hernan MA, Hernandez-Diaz S, Werler MM, Mitchell AA (2002) Causal knowledge as a prerequisite for confounding evaluation: an application to birth defects epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 155(2):176–184PubMed Hernan MA, Hernandez-Diaz S, Werler MM, Mitchell AA (2002) Causal knowledge as a prerequisite for confounding evaluation: an application to birth defects epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 155(2):176–184PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Schoenfeld D (1982) Partial residuals for the proportional hazards regression model. Biometrika 69(1):239–241 Schoenfeld D (1982) Partial residuals for the proportional hazards regression model. Biometrika 69(1):239–241
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Takahashi MM, de Oliveira EP, Moreto F, Portero-McLellan KC, Burini RC (2010) Association of dyslipidemia with intakes of fruit and vegetables and the body fat content of adults clinically selected for a lifestyle modification program. Arch Latinoam Nutr 60(2):148–154PubMed Takahashi MM, de Oliveira EP, Moreto F, Portero-McLellan KC, Burini RC (2010) Association of dyslipidemia with intakes of fruit and vegetables and the body fat content of adults clinically selected for a lifestyle modification program. Arch Latinoam Nutr 60(2):148–154PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Skoumas Y, Stefanadis C (2007) The association between food patterns and the metabolic syndrome using principal components analysis: the ATTICA Study. J Am Diet Assoc 107(6):979–987PubMed Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Skoumas Y, Stefanadis C (2007) The association between food patterns and the metabolic syndrome using principal components analysis: the ATTICA Study. J Am Diet Assoc 107(6):979–987PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Simioni C, Zauli G, Martelli AM, Vitale M, Sacchetti G, Gonelli A, Neri LM (2018) Oxidative stress: role of physical exercise and antioxidant nutraceuticals in adulthood and aging. Oncotarget 9(24):17181–17198PubMedPubMedCentral Simioni C, Zauli G, Martelli AM, Vitale M, Sacchetti G, Gonelli A, Neri LM (2018) Oxidative stress: role of physical exercise and antioxidant nutraceuticals in adulthood and aging. Oncotarget 9(24):17181–17198PubMedPubMedCentral
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernabé García J, Zafrilla Rentero P, Mulero Cánovas J, Gómez Jara P, Leal Hernández M, Abellán Alemán J (2014) Marcadores bioquímicos, nutricionales y actividad antioxidante en el síndrome metabólico. Endocrinol Nutr 61(6):302–308PubMed Bernabé García J, Zafrilla Rentero P, Mulero Cánovas J, Gómez Jara P, Leal Hernández M, Abellán Alemán J (2014) Marcadores bioquímicos, nutricionales y actividad antioxidante en el síndrome metabólico. Endocrinol Nutr 61(6):302–308PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Gaeta L, Moraes M, Katayama K, Sangaletti C, Irigoyen M, Freitas S, Viana A, De Angelis K, Lopes H, Caldini EC (2018) Effect of supplementation of fruit extract (cranberrry, Blueberry And Pomegranate) on insulin resistance and oxidative stress in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 36:e44 Gaeta L, Moraes M, Katayama K, Sangaletti C, Irigoyen M, Freitas S, Viana A, De Angelis K, Lopes H, Caldini EC (2018) Effect of supplementation of fruit extract (cranberrry, Blueberry And Pomegranate) on insulin resistance and oxidative stress in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 36:e44
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Brighenti F, Valtuena S, Pellegrini N, Ardigo D, Del Rio D, Salvatore S, Piatti P, Serafini M, Zavaroni I (2005) Total antioxidant capacity of the diet is inversely and independently related to plasma concentration of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in adult Italian subjects. Br J Nutr 93(5):619–625PubMed Brighenti F, Valtuena S, Pellegrini N, Ardigo D, Del Rio D, Salvatore S, Piatti P, Serafini M, Zavaroni I (2005) Total antioxidant capacity of the diet is inversely and independently related to plasma concentration of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in adult Italian subjects. Br J Nutr 93(5):619–625PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Wannamethee SG, Lowe GDO, Rumley A, Bruckdorfer KR, Whincup PH (2006) Associations of vitamin C status, fruit and vegetable intakes, and markers of inflammation and hemostasis. Am J Clin Nutr 83(3):567–574PubMed Wannamethee SG, Lowe GDO, Rumley A, Bruckdorfer KR, Whincup PH (2006) Associations of vitamin C status, fruit and vegetable intakes, and markers of inflammation and hemostasis. Am J Clin Nutr 83(3):567–574PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Hosseinpour-Niazi S, Mirmiran P, Mirzaei S, Azizi F (2015) Cereal, fruit and vegetable fibre intake and the risk of the metabolic syndrome: a prospective study in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. J Hum Nutr Diet 28(3):236–245PubMed Hosseinpour-Niazi S, Mirmiran P, Mirzaei S, Azizi F (2015) Cereal, fruit and vegetable fibre intake and the risk of the metabolic syndrome: a prospective study in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. J Hum Nutr Diet 28(3):236–245PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Cooper AJ, Sharp SJ, Lentjes MA, Luben RN, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, Forouhi NG (2012) A prospective study of the association between quantity and variety of fruit and vegetable intake and incident type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 35(6):1293–1300PubMedPubMedCentral Cooper AJ, Sharp SJ, Lentjes MA, Luben RN, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, Forouhi NG (2012) A prospective study of the association between quantity and variety of fruit and vegetable intake and incident type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 35(6):1293–1300PubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Mamluk L, O’Doherty MG, Orfanos P, Saitakis G, Woodside JV, Liao LM, Sinha R, Boffetta P, Trichopoulou A, Kee F (2017) Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of incident of type 2 diabetes: results from the consortium on health and ageing network of cohorts in Europe and the United States (CHANCES). Eur J Clin Nutr 71(1):83–91PubMed Mamluk L, O’Doherty MG, Orfanos P, Saitakis G, Woodside JV, Liao LM, Sinha R, Boffetta P, Trichopoulou A, Kee F (2017) Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of incident of type 2 diabetes: results from the consortium on health and ageing network of cohorts in Europe and the United States (CHANCES). Eur J Clin Nutr 71(1):83–91PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Hozawa A, Jacobs DR Jr, Steffes MW, Gross MD, Steffen LM, Lee DH (2006) Associations of serum carotenoid concentrations with the development of diabetes and with insulin concentration: interaction with smoking: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Am J Epidemiol 163(10):929–937PubMed Hozawa A, Jacobs DR Jr, Steffes MW, Gross MD, Steffen LM, Lee DH (2006) Associations of serum carotenoid concentrations with the development of diabetes and with insulin concentration: interaction with smoking: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Am J Epidemiol 163(10):929–937PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Li M, Fan Y, Zhang X, Hou W, Tang Z (2014) Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMJ Open 4(11):e005497PubMedPubMedCentral Li M, Fan Y, Zhang X, Hou W, Tang Z (2014) Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMJ Open 4(11):e005497PubMedPubMedCentral
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin YH, Chang HT, Tseng YH, Lin MH, Chen YC, Yang HW, Chen TJ, Hwang SJ (2013) Characteristics and health behavior of newly developed metabolic syndrome among community-dwelling elderly in Taiwan. Int J Gerontol 7(2):90–96 Lin YH, Chang HT, Tseng YH, Lin MH, Chen YC, Yang HW, Chen TJ, Hwang SJ (2013) Characteristics and health behavior of newly developed metabolic syndrome among community-dwelling elderly in Taiwan. Int J Gerontol 7(2):90–96
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Babio N, Bullo M, Basora J, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Fernandez-Ballart J, Marquez-Sandoval F, Molina C, Salas-Salvado J, Nureta PI (2009) Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and risk of metabolic syndrome and its components. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 19(8):563–570PubMed Babio N, Bullo M, Basora J, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Fernandez-Ballart J, Marquez-Sandoval F, Molina C, Salas-Salvado J, Nureta PI (2009) Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and risk of metabolic syndrome and its components. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 19(8):563–570PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Jaaskelainen P, Magnussen CG, Pahkala K, Mikkila V, Kahonen M, Sabin MA, Fogelholm M, Hutri-Kahonen N, Taittonen L, Telama R, Laitinen T, Jokinen E, Lehtimaki T, Viikari JS, Raitakari OT, Juonala M (2012) Childhood nutrition in predicting metabolic syndrome in adults: the cardiovascular risk in Young Finns Study. Diabetes Care 35(9):1937–1943PubMedPubMedCentral Jaaskelainen P, Magnussen CG, Pahkala K, Mikkila V, Kahonen M, Sabin MA, Fogelholm M, Hutri-Kahonen N, Taittonen L, Telama R, Laitinen T, Jokinen E, Lehtimaki T, Viikari JS, Raitakari OT, Juonala M (2012) Childhood nutrition in predicting metabolic syndrome in adults: the cardiovascular risk in Young Finns Study. Diabetes Care 35(9):1937–1943PubMedPubMedCentral
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Rumm-Kreuter D, Demmel I (1990) Comparison of vitamin losses in vegetables due to various cooking methods. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 36(4-Supplement I):S7–S15PubMed Rumm-Kreuter D, Demmel I (1990) Comparison of vitamin losses in vegetables due to various cooking methods. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 36(4-Supplement I):S7–S15PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Yuan GF, Sun B, Yuan J, Wang QM (2009) Effects of different cooking methods on health-promoting compounds of broccoli. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 10(8):580PubMedPubMedCentral Yuan GF, Sun B, Yuan J, Wang QM (2009) Effects of different cooking methods on health-promoting compounds of broccoli. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 10(8):580PubMedPubMedCentral
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Cieślik E, Leszczyńska T, Filipiak-Florkiewicz A, Sikora E, Pisulewski PM (2007) Effects of some technological processes on glucosinolate contents in cruciferous vegetables. Food Chem 105(3):976–981 Cieślik E, Leszczyńska T, Filipiak-Florkiewicz A, Sikora E, Pisulewski PM (2007) Effects of some technological processes on glucosinolate contents in cruciferous vegetables. Food Chem 105(3):976–981
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Hosseini H, Mahmoudzadeh M, Rezaei M, Mahmoudzadeh L, Khaksar R, Khosroshahi NK, Babakhani A (2014) Effect of different cooking methods on minerals, vitamins and nutritional quality indices of kutum roach (Rutilus frisii kutum). Food Chem 148:86–91PubMed Hosseini H, Mahmoudzadeh M, Rezaei M, Mahmoudzadeh L, Khaksar R, Khosroshahi NK, Babakhani A (2014) Effect of different cooking methods on minerals, vitamins and nutritional quality indices of kutum roach (Rutilus frisii kutum). Food Chem 148:86–91PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Rhee MY, Kim JH, Kim YS, Chung JW, Bae JH, Nah DY, Kim YK, Lee MM, Lim CY, Byun JE, Park HK, Kang BW, Kim JW, Kim SW (2014) High sodium intake in women with metabolic syndrome. Korean Circ J 44(1):30–36PubMedPubMedCentral Rhee MY, Kim JH, Kim YS, Chung JW, Bae JH, Nah DY, Kim YK, Lee MM, Lim CY, Byun JE, Park HK, Kang BW, Kim JW, Kim SW (2014) High sodium intake in women with metabolic syndrome. Korean Circ J 44(1):30–36PubMedPubMedCentral
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang Y, Zhang DZ (2018) Associations of vegetable and fruit consumption with metabolic syndrome. A meta-analysis of observational studies. Public Health Nutr 21(9):1693–1703PubMed Zhang Y, Zhang DZ (2018) Associations of vegetable and fruit consumption with metabolic syndrome. A meta-analysis of observational studies. Public Health Nutr 21(9):1693–1703PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Luo WP, Fang YJ, Lu MS, Zhong X, Chen YM, Zhang CX (2015) High consumption of vegetable and fruit colour groups is inversely associated with the risk of colorectal cancer: a case–control study. Br J Nutr 113(7):1129–1138PubMed Luo WP, Fang YJ, Lu MS, Zhong X, Chen YM, Zhang CX (2015) High consumption of vegetable and fruit colour groups is inversely associated with the risk of colorectal cancer: a case–control study. Br J Nutr 113(7):1129–1138PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Association between fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of metabolic syndrome determined using the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES)
verfasst von
Miso Lim
Jihye Kim
Publikationsdatum
07.06.2019
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
European Journal of Nutrition / Ausgabe 4/2020
Print ISSN: 1436-6207
Elektronische ISSN: 1436-6215
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-019-02021-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2020

European Journal of Nutrition 4/2020 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.