Erschienen in:
11.03.2017 | Review
Fetal growth restriction: current knowledge
verfasst von:
Luciano Marcondes Machado Nardozza, Ana Carolina Rabachini Caetano, Ana Cristina Perez Zamarian, Jaqueline Brandão Mazzola, Carolina Pacheco Silva, Vivian Macedo Gomes Marçal, Thalita Frutuoso Lobo, Alberto Borges Peixoto, Edward Araujo Júnior
Erschienen in:
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
|
Ausgabe 5/2017
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Abstract
Background
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a condition that affects 5–10% of pregnancies and is the second most common cause of perinatal mortality. This review presents the most recent knowledge on FGR and focuses on the etiology, classification, prediction, diagnosis, and management of the condition, as well as on its neurological complications.
Methods
The Pubmed, SCOPUS, and Embase databases were searched using the term “fetal growth restriction”.
Results
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) may be classified as early or late depending on the time of diagnosis. Early FGR (<32 weeks) is associated with substantial alterations in placental implantation with elevated hypoxia, which requires cardiovascular adaptation. Perinatal morbidity and mortality rates are high. Late FGR (≥32 weeks) presents with slight deficiencies in placentation, which leads to mild hypoxia and requires little cardiovascular adaptation. Perinatal morbidity and mortality rates are lower. The diagnosis of FGR may be clinical; however, an arterial and venous Doppler ultrasound examination is essential for diagnosis and follow-up. There are currently no treatments to control FGR; the time at which pregnancy is interrupted is of vital importance for protecting both the mother and fetus.
Conclusion
Early diagnosis of FGR is very important, because it enables the identification of the etiology of the condition and adequate monitoring of the fetal status, thereby minimizing risks of premature birth and intrauterine hypoxia.