Video head impulse test: a review of the literature

Video head impulse test (vHIT) is a new testing which able to identify the overt and covert saccades and study the gain of vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) of each semicircular canal. The aim of this study is to review the clinical use of vHIT in patients with vestibular disorders in different diseases. PubMed and Cochrane databases were searched for all articles that defined vHIT, compared vHIT with another clinical test, and studied the efficacy of vHIT as diagnostic tools with vestibular disease. 37 articles about vHIT were reviewed. All articles studied the vHIT in English and French languages up to May 2015 were included in the review. Editorial articles or short comments, conference abstracts, animal studies, and language restriction were excluded from the review. Four systems were used in the literature to do the vHIT. vHIT is physiological quick test, which studied the VOR at high frequency of each semicircular canal by calculating the duration ratio between the head impulse and gaze deviation. vHIT is more sensitive than clinical head impulse test (cHIT), especially in patient with isolated covert saccades. vHIT test is diagnostic of vestibular weakness by gain reduction and the appearance of overt and covert saccades. If the vHIT is normal, then caloric test is mandatory to rule out a peripheral origin of vertigo. It is recommended to test each semicircular canal, as isolated vertical canal weakness was identified in the literature. More investigation would be required to determine the evolution of the VOR gain with the progression of the vestibular disease.