Skip to main content
Erschienen in: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 6/2006

01.09.2006 | ORIGINAL PAPER

Midbrain dopamine D2/3 receptor binding in schizophrenia

verfasst von: Heli Tuppurainen, MD, Jyrki T. Kuikka, PhD, Mikko P. Laakso, MD, PhD, Heimo Viinamäki, MD, PhD, Minna Husso, PhL, Jari Tiihonen, MD, PhD

Erschienen in: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience | Ausgabe 6/2006

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Several studies suggest that dysregulation of dopaminergic transmission in the midbrain and thalamus may contribute to the symptomatology of schizophrenia. The objective of this study was to examine the putative alteration of dopamine D2/3 receptor densities in the thalamus and midbrain of drug-naïve schizophrenic patients. We used the high-affinity single-photon emission tomography ligand [123I]epidepride for imaging D2/3 receptor binding sites in six neuroleptic-naïve schizophrenic patients, and seven healthy controls. Schizophrenic symptoms were evaluated by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Significantly lower D2/3 values were observed in the midbrain of patients with schizophrenia compared to controls (P = 0.02). No statistically significant difference was observed in the thalamus between two groups. Negative correlations were found between thalamic D2/3 receptor binding and general psychopathological schizophrenic symptoms (r from −0.78 to −0.92). These observations implicate altered dopaminergic activity in the midbrain of schizophrenic patients.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Lieberman JA, Kane JM, Alvir J (1987) Provocative tests with psychostimulant drugs in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 91:415–433PubMedCrossRef Lieberman JA, Kane JM, Alvir J (1987) Provocative tests with psychostimulant drugs in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 91:415–433PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A, van Dyck CH, Gil R, D’Souza CD, Erdos J, McCance E, Rosenblatt W, Fingado C, Zoghbi SS, Baldwin RM, Seibyl JP, Krystal JH, Charney DS, Innis RB (1996) Single photon emission computerized tomography imaging of amphetamine induced dopamine release in drug-free schizophrenic subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:9235–9240PubMedCrossRef Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A, van Dyck CH, Gil R, D’Souza CD, Erdos J, McCance E, Rosenblatt W, Fingado C, Zoghbi SS, Baldwin RM, Seibyl JP, Krystal JH, Charney DS, Innis RB (1996) Single photon emission computerized tomography imaging of amphetamine induced dopamine release in drug-free schizophrenic subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:9235–9240PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Moore H, West AR, Grace A (1999) The regulation of forebrain dopamine transmission: relevance to the pathophysiology and psychopathology of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 46:40–55PubMedCrossRef Moore H, West AR, Grace A (1999) The regulation of forebrain dopamine transmission: relevance to the pathophysiology and psychopathology of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 46:40–55PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Finlay JM (2001) Mesoprefrontal dopamine neurons and schizophrenia: role of developmental abnormalities. Schizophr Bull 27:431–442PubMed Finlay JM (2001) Mesoprefrontal dopamine neurons and schizophrenia: role of developmental abnormalities. Schizophr Bull 27:431–442PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Wong DF, Wagner NH, Jr, Tune LE, Dannals RF, Pearlson GD, Links JM, Tamminga CA, Broussolle EP, Ravert HT, Wilson AA, Toung JKT, Malat J, Williams JA, O’Tuama LA, Snyder SH, Kuhar MJ, Gjedde A (1986) Positron emission tomography reveals elevated D2 dopamine receptors in drug-naive schizophrenics. Science 234:1558–1563PubMed Wong DF, Wagner NH, Jr, Tune LE, Dannals RF, Pearlson GD, Links JM, Tamminga CA, Broussolle EP, Ravert HT, Wilson AA, Toung JKT, Malat J, Williams JA, O’Tuama LA, Snyder SH, Kuhar MJ, Gjedde A (1986) Positron emission tomography reveals elevated D2 dopamine receptors in drug-naive schizophrenics. Science 234:1558–1563PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Hietala J, Syvälahti E, Vuorio K, Någren K, Lehikoinen P, Ruotsalainen U, Räkköläinen V, Lehtinen V, Wegelius U (1994) Striatal D2 dopamine receptor characteristics in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients studied with positron emission tomography. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:116–123PubMed Hietala J, Syvälahti E, Vuorio K, Någren K, Lehikoinen P, Ruotsalainen U, Räkköläinen V, Lehtinen V, Wegelius U (1994) Striatal D2 dopamine receptor characteristics in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients studied with positron emission tomography. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:116–123PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Reith J, Benkenfat C, Sherwin A, Yasuhara Y, Kuwabara H, Andermann F, Bachneff S, Cumming P, Diksic M, Dyve SE, Etienne P, Evans AC, Lal S, Shevell M, Savard G, Wong DF, Chouinard G, Gjedde A (1994) Elevated dopa decarboxylase activity in living brain of patients with psychosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:11651–11654PubMedCrossRef Reith J, Benkenfat C, Sherwin A, Yasuhara Y, Kuwabara H, Andermann F, Bachneff S, Cumming P, Diksic M, Dyve SE, Etienne P, Evans AC, Lal S, Shevell M, Savard G, Wong DF, Chouinard G, Gjedde A (1994) Elevated dopa decarboxylase activity in living brain of patients with psychosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:11651–11654PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Hietala J, Syvälahti E, Vuorio K, Räkköläinen V, Bergman J, Haaparanta M, Solin O, Kuoppamäki M, Kirvelä O, Ruotsalainen U, Salokangas RKR (1995) Presynaptic dopamine function in striatum of neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients. Lancet 346:1130–1131PubMedCrossRef Hietala J, Syvälahti E, Vuorio K, Räkköläinen V, Bergman J, Haaparanta M, Solin O, Kuoppamäki M, Kirvelä O, Ruotsalainen U, Salokangas RKR (1995) Presynaptic dopamine function in striatum of neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients. Lancet 346:1130–1131PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Grace AA (1991) Phasic versus tonic dopamine release and the modulation of dopamine system responsivity: a hypothesis for the etiology of schizophrenia. Neuroscience 41:1–24PubMedCrossRef Grace AA (1991) Phasic versus tonic dopamine release and the modulation of dopamine system responsivity: a hypothesis for the etiology of schizophrenia. Neuroscience 41:1–24PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Okubo Y, Olsson H, Ito H, Lofti M, Suhara T, Halldin C, Farde L (1999) PET mapping of extrastriatal D2–like dopamine receptors in the human brain using an anatomic standardization technique and [11C]FLB 457. NeuroImage 10:666–674PubMedCrossRef Okubo Y, Olsson H, Ito H, Lofti M, Suhara T, Halldin C, Farde L (1999) PET mapping of extrastriatal D2–like dopamine receptors in the human brain using an anatomic standardization technique and [11C]FLB 457. NeuroImage 10:666–674PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Hurd YL, Suzuki M, Sedvall GC (2001) D1 and D2 dopamine receptor mRNA expression in whole hemisphere sectons of the human brain. J Chem Neuroanat 22:127–137PubMedCrossRef Hurd YL, Suzuki M, Sedvall GC (2001) D1 and D2 dopamine receptor mRNA expression in whole hemisphere sectons of the human brain. J Chem Neuroanat 22:127–137PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Meador-Woodruff JH, Damask SP, Watson SJ Jr (1994) Differential expression of auroreceptors in the ascending dopamine systems of the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:8297–8301PubMedCrossRef Meador-Woodruff JH, Damask SP, Watson SJ Jr (1994) Differential expression of auroreceptors in the ascending dopamine systems of the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:8297–8301PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Fletcher PC, Frith CD, Grasby PM, Friston KJ, Dolan RJ (1996) Local and distributed effects of apomorfine on fronto-temporal function in acute unmedicated schizophrenia. J Neurosci 16:7055–7062PubMed Fletcher PC, Frith CD, Grasby PM, Friston KJ, Dolan RJ (1996) Local and distributed effects of apomorfine on fronto-temporal function in acute unmedicated schizophrenia. J Neurosci 16:7055–7062PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldsmith SK, Shapiro RM, Joyce JN (1997) Disrupted pattern of D2 dopamine receptors in the temporal lobe in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54:649–658PubMed Goldsmith SK, Shapiro RM, Joyce JN (1997) Disrupted pattern of D2 dopamine receptors in the temporal lobe in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54:649–658PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Akil M, Pierri JN, Whitehead RE, Edgar CL, Mohila C, Sampson AR, Lewis DA (1999) Lamina-specific alterations in the dopamine innervation of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenic subjects. Am J Psychiatry 156:1580–1589PubMed Akil M, Pierri JN, Whitehead RE, Edgar CL, Mohila C, Sampson AR, Lewis DA (1999) Lamina-specific alterations in the dopamine innervation of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenic subjects. Am J Psychiatry 156:1580–1589PubMed
16.
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Young KA, Manaye KF, Liang CL, Hicks PB, German DC (2000) Reduced number of mediodorsal and anterior thalamic neurons in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 47:944–953PubMedCrossRef Young KA, Manaye KF, Liang CL, Hicks PB, German DC (2000) Reduced number of mediodorsal and anterior thalamic neurons in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 47:944–953PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Byne W, Buchsbaum MS, Kemether E, Hazlett EA, Shinwari A, Mitropoulou V, Siever LJ (2001) Magnetic resonance imaging of the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus and pulvinar in schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:133–140PubMedCrossRef Byne W, Buchsbaum MS, Kemether E, Hazlett EA, Shinwari A, Mitropoulou V, Siever LJ (2001) Magnetic resonance imaging of the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus and pulvinar in schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:133–140PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Sabri O, Erkwoh R, Schreckenberger M, Owega A, Sass H, Buell U (1997) Correlation of positive symptoms exclusively to hyperperfusion or hypoperfusion of cerebral cortex in never-medicated schizophrenics. Lancet 349:1735–1739PubMedCrossRef Sabri O, Erkwoh R, Schreckenberger M, Owega A, Sass H, Buell U (1997) Correlation of positive symptoms exclusively to hyperperfusion or hypoperfusion of cerebral cortex in never-medicated schizophrenics. Lancet 349:1735–1739PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Crespo-Facorro B, Paradiso S, Andreasen NC, O’Leary DS, Watkins GL, Boles Ponto LL, Hichwa RD (1999) Recalling word lists reveals “cognitive dysmetria” in schizophrenia: a positron emission tomography study. Am J Psychiatry 156:386–392 Crespo-Facorro B, Paradiso S, Andreasen NC, O’Leary DS, Watkins GL, Boles Ponto LL, Hichwa RD (1999) Recalling word lists reveals “cognitive dysmetria” in schizophrenia: a positron emission tomography study. Am J Psychiatry 156:386–392
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Heckers S, Curran T, Goff D, Rauch SL, Fischman AJ, Alpert NM, Schacter DL (2000) Abnormalities in the thalamus and prefrontal cortex during episodic object recognition in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 48:651–657PubMedCrossRef Heckers S, Curran T, Goff D, Rauch SL, Fischman AJ, Alpert NM, Schacter DL (2000) Abnormalities in the thalamus and prefrontal cortex during episodic object recognition in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 48:651–657PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Melchitzky DS, Lewis DA (2001) Dopamine transporter-immunoreactive axons in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus of the macaque monkey. Neuroscience 103:1033–1042PubMedCrossRef Melchitzky DS, Lewis DA (2001) Dopamine transporter-immunoreactive axons in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus of the macaque monkey. Neuroscience 103:1033–1042PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Talvik M, Nordström AL, Olsson H, Halldin C, Farde L (2003) Decreased thalamic D2/D3 receptor binding in drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia: a PET study with [11C]FLB 457. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 6:361–370PubMedCrossRef Talvik M, Nordström AL, Olsson H, Halldin C, Farde L (2003) Decreased thalamic D2/D3 receptor binding in drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia: a PET study with [11C]FLB 457. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 6:361–370PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Yasuno F, Suhara T, Okubo Y, Sudo Y, Inoue M, Ichimiya T, Takano A, Nakayama K, Halldin C, Farde L (2004) Low dopamine d(2) receptor binding in subregions of the thalamus in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 161:1016–1022PubMedCrossRef Yasuno F, Suhara T, Okubo Y, Sudo Y, Inoue M, Ichimiya T, Takano A, Nakayama K, Halldin C, Farde L (2004) Low dopamine d(2) receptor binding in subregions of the thalamus in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 161:1016–1022PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Tuppurainen H, Kuikka J, Viinamäki H, Husso-Saastamoinen M, Bergström K, Tiihonen J (2003) Extrastriatal dopamine D2/3 receptor density and distribution in drug-naïve schizophrenic patients. Mol Psychiatry 8:453–455PubMedCrossRef Tuppurainen H, Kuikka J, Viinamäki H, Husso-Saastamoinen M, Bergström K, Tiihonen J (2003) Extrastriatal dopamine D2/3 receptor density and distribution in drug-naïve schizophrenic patients. Mol Psychiatry 8:453–455PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon M, First MB (1994) The structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) I: history, rationale and description. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:624–629 Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon M, First MB (1994) The structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) I: history, rationale and description. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:624–629
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA (1987) The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 13:261–276PubMed Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA (1987) The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 13:261–276PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuikka JT, Åkerman KK, Hiltunen J, Bergström KA, Räsänen P, Vanninen E, Halldin C, Tiihonen J (1997) Striatal and extrastriatal imaging of dopamine D2 receptors in the living human brain with [123I]epidepride single-photon emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med 24:483–487PubMed Kuikka JT, Åkerman KK, Hiltunen J, Bergström KA, Räsänen P, Vanninen E, Halldin C, Tiihonen J (1997) Striatal and extrastriatal imaging of dopamine D2 receptors in the living human brain with [123I]epidepride single-photon emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med 24:483–487PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Talairach J, Tournoux P (1993) Referentially oriented cerebral MRI anatomy. Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc, New York Talairach J, Tournoux P (1993) Referentially oriented cerebral MRI anatomy. Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc, New York
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Seeman P, Bzowej NH, Guan HC, Bergeron C, Becker LE, Reynolds GP, Bird ED, Riederer P, Jellinger K, Watanebe S et al. (1987) Human brain dopamine receptors in children and aging adults. Synapse 1:399–404PubMedCrossRef Seeman P, Bzowej NH, Guan HC, Bergeron C, Becker LE, Reynolds GP, Bird ED, Riederer P, Jellinger K, Watanebe S et al. (1987) Human brain dopamine receptors in children and aging adults. Synapse 1:399–404PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Ichise M, Ballinger JR, Tanaka F, Moscovitch M, St. George-Hyslop PH, Raphael D, Freedman M (1998) Age-related changes in D2 receptor binding with iodine-123-iodobenzofuran SPECT. J Nucl Med 39:1511–1518PubMed Ichise M, Ballinger JR, Tanaka F, Moscovitch M, St. George-Hyslop PH, Raphael D, Freedman M (1998) Age-related changes in D2 receptor binding with iodine-123-iodobenzofuran SPECT. J Nucl Med 39:1511–1518PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaasinen V, Vilkman H, Hietala J, Någren K, Helenius H, Olsson H, Farde L, Rinne JO (2000) Age-related dopamine D2/D3 receptor loss in extrastriatal regions of the human brain. Neurobiol Aging 21:683–688PubMedCrossRef Kaasinen V, Vilkman H, Hietala J, Någren K, Helenius H, Olsson H, Farde L, Rinne JO (2000) Age-related dopamine D2/D3 receptor loss in extrastriatal regions of the human brain. Neurobiol Aging 21:683–688PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen J (1977) Statistical power analysis for behavioral sciences. Academic Press Inc., Orlando, FL Cohen J (1977) Statistical power analysis for behavioral sciences. Academic Press Inc., Orlando, FL
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Hall H, Farde L, Halldin C Hurd YL, Pauli S, Sedvall G (1996) Autoradiographic localization of extrastriatal D2–dopamine receptors in the human brain using [125I]epidepride. Synapse 23:115–123PubMedCrossRef Hall H, Farde L, Halldin C Hurd YL, Pauli S, Sedvall G (1996) Autoradiographic localization of extrastriatal D2–dopamine receptors in the human brain using [125I]epidepride. Synapse 23:115–123PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Meador-Woodruff JH, Damask SP, Wang J, Haroutunian V, Davis KL, Watson SJ (1996) Dopamine receptor mRNA expression in human striatum and neocortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 15:17–29PubMedCrossRef Meador-Woodruff JH, Damask SP, Wang J, Haroutunian V, Davis KL, Watson SJ (1996) Dopamine receptor mRNA expression in human striatum and neocortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 15:17–29PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Gatley SJ, Gifford AN, Carroll FI, Volkow ND (2000) Sensitivity of binding of high-affinity dopamine receptor radioligands to increased synaptic dopamine. Synapse 38:483–488PubMedCrossRef Gatley SJ, Gifford AN, Carroll FI, Volkow ND (2000) Sensitivity of binding of high-affinity dopamine receptor radioligands to increased synaptic dopamine. Synapse 38:483–488PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Kessler RM, Votaw JR, Schmidt DE, Ansari MS, Holdeman KP, de Paulis T, Clanton JA, Pfeffer R, Manning RG, Ebert MH (1993) High affinity dopamine D2 receptor radioligands. 3. [I123] and [I125]epidepride: in vivo studies in rhesus monkey brain and comparison with in vitro pharmacokinetics in rat brain. Life Sci 53:241–250PubMedCrossRef Kessler RM, Votaw JR, Schmidt DE, Ansari MS, Holdeman KP, de Paulis T, Clanton JA, Pfeffer R, Manning RG, Ebert MH (1993) High affinity dopamine D2 receptor radioligands. 3. [I123] and [I125]epidepride: in vivo studies in rhesus monkey brain and comparison with in vitro pharmacokinetics in rat brain. Life Sci 53:241–250PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Okauchi T, Suhara T, Maeda J, Kawabe K, Ohbayashi S, Suzuki K (2001) Effect of endogenous dopamine on extrastriatal [11C]FLB 457 binding measured by PET. Synapse 41: 87–95PubMedCrossRef Okauchi T, Suhara T, Maeda J, Kawabe K, Ohbayashi S, Suzuki K (2001) Effect of endogenous dopamine on extrastriatal [11C]FLB 457 binding measured by PET. Synapse 41: 87–95PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Fujita M, Verhoeff NPLG, Varrone A, Zoghbi SS, Baldwin RM, Jatlow PA, Anderson GM, Seibyl JP, Innis RB (2000) Imaging extrastriatal dopamine D2 receptor occupancy by endogenous dopamine in healthy humans. Eur J Pharmacol 387:179–188PubMedCrossRef Fujita M, Verhoeff NPLG, Varrone A, Zoghbi SS, Baldwin RM, Jatlow PA, Anderson GM, Seibyl JP, Innis RB (2000) Imaging extrastriatal dopamine D2 receptor occupancy by endogenous dopamine in healthy humans. Eur J Pharmacol 387:179–188PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Hagelberg N, Aalto S, Kajander J, Oikonen V, Hinkka S, Någren K, Hietala J, Scheinin H (2004) Alfentanil increases cortical dopamine D2/D3 receptor binding in healthy humans. Pain 109:86–93PubMedCrossRef Hagelberg N, Aalto S, Kajander J, Oikonen V, Hinkka S, Någren K, Hietala J, Scheinin H (2004) Alfentanil increases cortical dopamine D2/D3 receptor binding in healthy humans. Pain 109:86–93PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Aalto S, Brück A, Laine M, Någren K, Rinne JO (2005) Frontal and temporal dopamine release during working memory and attention tasks in healthy humans: a positron emission tomography study using the high-affinity dopamine D2 receptor ligand [11C]FLB 457. J Neurosci 25:2471–2477PubMedCrossRef Aalto S, Brück A, Laine M, Någren K, Rinne JO (2005) Frontal and temporal dopamine release during working memory and attention tasks in healthy humans: a positron emission tomography study using the high-affinity dopamine D2 receptor ligand [11C]FLB 457. J Neurosci 25:2471–2477PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Suhara T, Okubo Y, Yasuno F, Sudo Y, Inoue M, Ichimiya T, Nakashima Y, Nakayama K, Tanada S, Suzuki K, Halldin C, Farde L (2002) Decreased dopamine D2 receptor binding in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:25–30PubMedCrossRef Suhara T, Okubo Y, Yasuno F, Sudo Y, Inoue M, Ichimiya T, Nakashima Y, Nakayama K, Tanada S, Suzuki K, Halldin C, Farde L (2002) Decreased dopamine D2 receptor binding in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:25–30PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Murray AM, Ryoo HL, Gurevich E, Joyce JN (1994) Localization of dopamine D3 receptors to mesolimbic and D2 receptors to mesostriatal regions of human forebrain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:11271–11275PubMedCrossRef Murray AM, Ryoo HL, Gurevich E, Joyce JN (1994) Localization of dopamine D3 receptors to mesolimbic and D2 receptors to mesostriatal regions of human forebrain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:11271–11275PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Gurevich E, Joyce JN (1999) Distribution of dopamine D3 receptor expressing neurons in the human forebrain: comparison with D2 receptor expressing neurons. Neuropsychopharmacology 20:60–80PubMedCrossRef Gurevich E, Joyce JN (1999) Distribution of dopamine D3 receptor expressing neurons in the human forebrain: comparison with D2 receptor expressing neurons. Neuropsychopharmacology 20:60–80PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A, Gil R, Kegeles L, Innis R (1999) Increased dopamine transmission in schizophrenia: relationship to illness phases. Biol Psychiatry 46:56–72PubMedCrossRef Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A, Gil R, Kegeles L, Innis R (1999) Increased dopamine transmission in schizophrenia: relationship to illness phases. Biol Psychiatry 46:56–72PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Midbrain dopamine D2/3 receptor binding in schizophrenia
verfasst von
Heli Tuppurainen, MD
Jyrki T. Kuikka, PhD
Mikko P. Laakso, MD, PhD
Heimo Viinamäki, MD, PhD
Minna Husso, PhL
Jari Tiihonen, MD, PhD
Publikationsdatum
01.09.2006
Erschienen in
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience / Ausgabe 6/2006
Print ISSN: 0940-1334
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-8491
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-006-0649-3

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2006

European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 6/2006 Zur Ausgabe

Update Psychiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.