Skip to main content
Erschienen in: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1/2014

01.11.2014 | Review

Subjective and objective cognitive decline at the pre-dementia stage of Alzheimer’s disease

verfasst von: Frank Jessen

Erschienen in: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience | Sonderheft 1/2014

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Research on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia prediction has moved from the mild cognitive impairment stage to the preclinical stage of AD. This has also extended the focus from the early clinical sign of cognitive impairment measured with neuropsychological tests to the purely subjective report of cognitive decline (SCD) in unimpaired elderly individuals. Epidemiological studies have shown that both objective impairment and SCD are independently predictive of AD dementia. Both are also associated with an increased likelihood of biomarker or neuroimaging evidence of AD. However, the relationship of objective and subjective cognitive performance along the axis of AD development and their role at different stages in prediction of AD dementia is not well explored. Refined knowledge about strengths and weaknesses of both aspects at different pre-dementia disease stages will be beneficial for dementia prediction. Both concepts and their interaction are introduced in this article.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Dubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C, Hampel H, Molinuevo JL, Blennow K, DeKosky ST, Gauthier S, Selkoe D, Bateman R, Cappa S, Crutch S, Engelborghs S, Frisoni GB, Fox NC, Galasko D, Habert MO, Jicha GA, Nordberg A, Pasquier F, Rabinovici G, Robert P, Rowe C, Salloway S, Sarazin M, Epelbaum S, de Souza LC, Vellas B, Visser PJ, Schneider L, Stern Y, Scheltens P, Cummings JL (2014) Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease: the IWG-2 criteria. Lancet Neurol 13:614-629. Erratum in: Lancet Neurol 13:757 Dubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C, Hampel H, Molinuevo JL, Blennow K, DeKosky ST, Gauthier S, Selkoe D, Bateman R, Cappa S, Crutch S, Engelborghs S, Frisoni GB, Fox NC, Galasko D, Habert MO, Jicha GA, Nordberg A, Pasquier F, Rabinovici G, Robert P, Rowe C, Salloway S, Sarazin M, Epelbaum S, de Souza LC, Vellas B, Visser PJ, Schneider L, Stern Y, Scheltens P, Cummings JL (2014) Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease: the IWG-2 criteria. Lancet Neurol 13:614-629. Erratum in: Lancet Neurol 13:757
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, Gamst A, Holtzman DM, Jagust WJ, Petersen RC, Snyder PJ, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Phelps CH (2011) The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 7:270–279PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, Gamst A, Holtzman DM, Jagust WJ, Petersen RC, Snyder PJ, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Phelps CH (2011) The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 7:270–279PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Bennett DA, Craft S, Fagan AM, Iwatsubo T, Jack CR Jr, Kaye J, Montine TJ, Park DC, Reiman EM, Rowe CC, Siemers E, Stern Y, Yaffe K, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Morrison-Bogorad M, Wagster MV, Phelps CH (2011) Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 7:280–292PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Bennett DA, Craft S, Fagan AM, Iwatsubo T, Jack CR Jr, Kaye J, Montine TJ, Park DC, Reiman EM, Rowe CC, Siemers E, Stern Y, Yaffe K, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Morrison-Bogorad M, Wagster MV, Phelps CH (2011) Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 7:280–292PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Petersen RC (2004) Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. J Intern Med 256:183–194PubMedCrossRef Petersen RC (2004) Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. J Intern Med 256:183–194PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Wagner M, Wolf S, Reischies FM, Daerr M, Wolfsgruber S, Jessen F, Popp J, Maier W, Hüll M, Frölich L, Hampel H, Perneczky R, Peters O, Jahn H, Luckhaus C, Gertz HJ, Schröder J, Pantel J, Lewczuk P, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J (2012) Biomarker validation of a cued recall memory deficit in prodromal Alzheimer disease. Neurology 78:379–386PubMedCrossRef Wagner M, Wolf S, Reischies FM, Daerr M, Wolfsgruber S, Jessen F, Popp J, Maier W, Hüll M, Frölich L, Hampel H, Perneczky R, Peters O, Jahn H, Luckhaus C, Gertz HJ, Schröder J, Pantel J, Lewczuk P, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J (2012) Biomarker validation of a cued recall memory deficit in prodromal Alzheimer disease. Neurology 78:379–386PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Elias MF, Beiser A, Wolf PA, Au R, White RF, D’Agostino RB (2000) The preclinical phase of alzheimer disease: a 22-year prospective study of the framingham cohort. Arch Neurol 57:808–813PubMedCrossRef Elias MF, Beiser A, Wolf PA, Au R, White RF, D’Agostino RB (2000) The preclinical phase of alzheimer disease: a 22-year prospective study of the framingham cohort. Arch Neurol 57:808–813PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Amieva H, Le Goff M, Millet X, Orgogozo JM, Pérès K, Barberger-Gateau P, Jacqmin-Gadda H, Dartigues JF (2008) Prodromal Alzheimer’s disease: successive emergence of the clinical symptoms. Ann Neurol 64:492–498PubMedCrossRef Amieva H, Le Goff M, Millet X, Orgogozo JM, Pérès K, Barberger-Gateau P, Jacqmin-Gadda H, Dartigues JF (2008) Prodromal Alzheimer’s disease: successive emergence of the clinical symptoms. Ann Neurol 64:492–498PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Salmon DP, Ferris SH, Thomas RG, Sano M, Cummings JL, Sperling RA, Petersen RC, Aisen PS (2013) Age and apolipoprotein E genotype influence rate of cognitive decline in non demented elderly. Neuropsychology 27:391–401PubMedCrossRef Salmon DP, Ferris SH, Thomas RG, Sano M, Cummings JL, Sperling RA, Petersen RC, Aisen PS (2013) Age and apolipoprotein E genotype influence rate of cognitive decline in non demented elderly. Neuropsychology 27:391–401PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Resnick SM, Sojkova J, Zhou Y, An Y, Ye W, Holt DP, Dannals RF, Mathis CA, Klunk WE, Ferrucci L, Kraut MA, Wong DF (2010) Longitudinal cognitive decline is associated with fibrillar amyloid-beta measured by [11C] PiB. Neurology 74:807–815PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Resnick SM, Sojkova J, Zhou Y, An Y, Ye W, Holt DP, Dannals RF, Mathis CA, Klunk WE, Ferrucci L, Kraut MA, Wong DF (2010) Longitudinal cognitive decline is associated with fibrillar amyloid-beta measured by [11C] PiB. Neurology 74:807–815PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Landau SM, Mintun MA, Joshi AD, Koeppe RA, Petersen RC, Aisen PS, Weiner MW, Jagust WJ, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (2012) Amyloid deposition, hypometabolism, and longitudinal cognitive decline. Ann Neurol 72:578–586PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Landau SM, Mintun MA, Joshi AD, Koeppe RA, Petersen RC, Aisen PS, Weiner MW, Jagust WJ, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (2012) Amyloid deposition, hypometabolism, and longitudinal cognitive decline. Ann Neurol 72:578–586PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Snitz BE, Weissfeld LA, Lopez OL, Kuller LH, Saxton J, Singhabahu DM, Klunk WE, Mathis CA, Price JC, Ives DG, Cohen AD, McDade E, Dekosky ST (2013) Cognitive trajectories associated with β-amyloid deposition in the oldest-old without dementia. Neurology 80:1378–1384PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Snitz BE, Weissfeld LA, Lopez OL, Kuller LH, Saxton J, Singhabahu DM, Klunk WE, Mathis CA, Price JC, Ives DG, Cohen AD, McDade E, Dekosky ST (2013) Cognitive trajectories associated with β-amyloid deposition in the oldest-old without dementia. Neurology 80:1378–1384PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Donohue MC, Sperling RA, Salmon DP, Rentz DM, Raman R, Thomas RG, Weiner M, Aisen PS, Australian Imaging, Biomarkers, Lifestyle Flagship Study of Ageing; the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, the Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study (2014) The preclinical Alzheimer cognitive composite: measuring amyloid-related decline. JAMA Neurol 71:961–970PubMedCrossRef Donohue MC, Sperling RA, Salmon DP, Rentz DM, Raman R, Thomas RG, Weiner M, Aisen PS, Australian Imaging, Biomarkers, Lifestyle Flagship Study of Ageing; the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, the Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study (2014) The preclinical Alzheimer cognitive composite: measuring amyloid-related decline. JAMA Neurol 71:961–970PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Jessen F, Wiese B, Bachmann C, Eifflaender-Gorfer S, Haller F, Kölsch H, Luck T, Mösch E, van den Bussche H, Wagner M, Wollny A, Zimmermann T, Pentzek M, Riedel-Heller SG, Romberg HP, Weyerer S, Kaduszkiewicz H, Maier W, Bickel H, German Study on Aging, Cognition and Dementia in Primary Care Patients Study Group (2010) Prediction of dementia by subjective memory impairment: effects of severity and temporal association with cognitive impairment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67:414–422PubMedCrossRef Jessen F, Wiese B, Bachmann C, Eifflaender-Gorfer S, Haller F, Kölsch H, Luck T, Mösch E, van den Bussche H, Wagner M, Wollny A, Zimmermann T, Pentzek M, Riedel-Heller SG, Romberg HP, Weyerer S, Kaduszkiewicz H, Maier W, Bickel H, German Study on Aging, Cognition and Dementia in Primary Care Patients Study Group (2010) Prediction of dementia by subjective memory impairment: effects of severity and temporal association with cognitive impairment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67:414–422PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Jessen F, Wiese B, Bickel H, Eiffländer-Gorfer S, Fuchs A, Kaduszkiewicz H, Köhler M, Luck T, Mösch E, Pentzek M, Riedel-Heller SG, Wagner M, Weyerer S, Maier W, van den Bussche H, AgeCoDe Study Group (2011) Prediction of dementia in primary care patients. PLoS ONE 6:e16852PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Jessen F, Wiese B, Bickel H, Eiffländer-Gorfer S, Fuchs A, Kaduszkiewicz H, Köhler M, Luck T, Mösch E, Pentzek M, Riedel-Heller SG, Wagner M, Weyerer S, Maier W, van den Bussche H, AgeCoDe Study Group (2011) Prediction of dementia in primary care patients. PLoS ONE 6:e16852PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Dufouil C, Fuhrer R, Alpérovitch A (2005) Subjective cognitive complaints and cognitive decline: consequence or predictor? The epidemiology of vascular aging study. J Am Geriatr Soc 53:616–621PubMedCrossRef Dufouil C, Fuhrer R, Alpérovitch A (2005) Subjective cognitive complaints and cognitive decline: consequence or predictor? The epidemiology of vascular aging study. J Am Geriatr Soc 53:616–621PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Reisberg B, Shulman MB, Torossian C, Leng L, Zhu W (2010) Outcome over seven years of healthy adults with and without subjective cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement 6:11–24PubMedCrossRef Reisberg B, Shulman MB, Torossian C, Leng L, Zhu W (2010) Outcome over seven years of healthy adults with and without subjective cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement 6:11–24PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Jessen F, Feyen L, Freymann K, Tepest R, Maier W, Heun R, Schild HH, Scheef L (2006) Volume reduction of the entorhinal cortex in subjective memory impairment. Neurobiol Aging 27:1751–1756PubMedCrossRef Jessen F, Feyen L, Freymann K, Tepest R, Maier W, Heun R, Schild HH, Scheef L (2006) Volume reduction of the entorhinal cortex in subjective memory impairment. Neurobiol Aging 27:1751–1756PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Saykin AJ, Wishart HA, Rabin LA, Santulli RB, Flashman LA, West JD, McHugh TL, Mamourian AC (2006) Older adults with cognitive complaints show brain atrophy similar to that of amnestic MCI. Neurology 67:834–842PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Saykin AJ, Wishart HA, Rabin LA, Santulli RB, Flashman LA, West JD, McHugh TL, Mamourian AC (2006) Older adults with cognitive complaints show brain atrophy similar to that of amnestic MCI. Neurology 67:834–842PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Striepens N, Scheef L, Wind A, Popp J, Spottke A, Cooper-Mahkorn D, Suliman H, Wagner M, Schild HH, Jessen F (2010) Volume loss of the medial temporal lobe structures in subjective memory impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 29:75–81PubMedCrossRef Striepens N, Scheef L, Wind A, Popp J, Spottke A, Cooper-Mahkorn D, Suliman H, Wagner M, Schild HH, Jessen F (2010) Volume loss of the medial temporal lobe structures in subjective memory impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 29:75–81PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Erk S, Spottke A, Meisen A, Wagner M, Walter H, Jessen F (2011) Evidence of neuronal compensation during episodic memory in subjective memory impairment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68:845–852PubMedCrossRef Erk S, Spottke A, Meisen A, Wagner M, Walter H, Jessen F (2011) Evidence of neuronal compensation during episodic memory in subjective memory impairment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68:845–852PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Mosconi L, De Santi S, Brys M, Tsui WH, Pirraglia E, Glodzik-Sobanska L, Rich KE, Switalski R, Mehta PD, Pratico D, Zinkowski R, Blennow K, de Leon MJ (2008) Hypometabolism and altered cerebrospinal fluid markers in normal apolipoprotein E E4 carriers with subjective memory complaints. Biol Psychiatry 63:609–618PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Mosconi L, De Santi S, Brys M, Tsui WH, Pirraglia E, Glodzik-Sobanska L, Rich KE, Switalski R, Mehta PD, Pratico D, Zinkowski R, Blennow K, de Leon MJ (2008) Hypometabolism and altered cerebrospinal fluid markers in normal apolipoprotein E E4 carriers with subjective memory complaints. Biol Psychiatry 63:609–618PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Scheef L, Spottke A, Daerr M, Joe A, Striepens N, Kölsch H, Popp J, Daamen M, Gorris D, Heneka MT, Boecker H, Biersack HJ, Maier W, Schild HH, Wagner M, Jessen F (2012) Glucose metabolism, gray matter structure, and memory decline in subjective memory impairment. Neurology 79:1332–1339PubMedCrossRef Scheef L, Spottke A, Daerr M, Joe A, Striepens N, Kölsch H, Popp J, Daamen M, Gorris D, Heneka MT, Boecker H, Biersack HJ, Maier W, Schild HH, Wagner M, Jessen F (2012) Glucose metabolism, gray matter structure, and memory decline in subjective memory impairment. Neurology 79:1332–1339PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Perrotin A, Mormino EC, Madison CM, Hayenga AO, Jagust WJ (2012) Subjective cognition and amyloid deposition imaging: a Pittsburgh Compound B positron emission tomography study in normal elderly individuals. Arch Neurol 69:223–229PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Perrotin A, Mormino EC, Madison CM, Hayenga AO, Jagust WJ (2012) Subjective cognition and amyloid deposition imaging: a Pittsburgh Compound B positron emission tomography study in normal elderly individuals. Arch Neurol 69:223–229PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Amariglio RE, Becker JA, Carmasin J, Wadsworth LP, Lorius N, Sullivan C, Maye JE, Gidicsin C, Pepin LC, Sperling RA, Johnson KA, Rentz DM (2012) Subjective cognitive complaints and amyloid burden in cognitively normal older individuals. Neuropsychologia 50:2880–2886PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Amariglio RE, Becker JA, Carmasin J, Wadsworth LP, Lorius N, Sullivan C, Maye JE, Gidicsin C, Pepin LC, Sperling RA, Johnson KA, Rentz DM (2012) Subjective cognitive complaints and amyloid burden in cognitively normal older individuals. Neuropsychologia 50:2880–2886PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Visser PJ, Verhey F, Knol DL, Scheltens P, Wahlund LO, Freund-Levi Y, Tsolaki M, Minthon L, Wallin AK, Hampel H, Bürger K, Pirttila T, Soininen H, Rikkert MO, Verbeek MM, Spiru L, Blennow K (2009) Prevalence and prognostic value of CSF markers of Alzheimer’s disease pathology in patients with subjective cognitive impairment or mild cognitive impairment in the DESCRIPA study: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol 8:619–627PubMedCrossRef Visser PJ, Verhey F, Knol DL, Scheltens P, Wahlund LO, Freund-Levi Y, Tsolaki M, Minthon L, Wallin AK, Hampel H, Bürger K, Pirttila T, Soininen H, Rikkert MO, Verbeek MM, Spiru L, Blennow K (2009) Prevalence and prognostic value of CSF markers of Alzheimer’s disease pathology in patients with subjective cognitive impairment or mild cognitive impairment in the DESCRIPA study: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol 8:619–627PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat van Harten AC, Visser PJ, Pijnenburg YA, Teunissen CE, Blankenstein MA, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM (2013) Cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42 is the best predictor of clinical progression in patients with subjective complaints. Alzheimers Dement 9:481–487PubMedCrossRef van Harten AC, Visser PJ, Pijnenburg YA, Teunissen CE, Blankenstein MA, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM (2013) Cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42 is the best predictor of clinical progression in patients with subjective complaints. Alzheimers Dement 9:481–487PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Jessen F, Amariglio RE, van Boxtel M, Breteler M, Ceccaldi M, Chételat G, Dubois B, Dufouil C, Ellis KA, van der Flier WM, Glodzik L, van Harten AC, deLeon MJ, McHugh P, Mielke MM, Molinuevo JL, Mosconi L, Osorio RS, Perrotin A, Petersen RC, Rabin LA, Rami L, Reisberg B, Rentz DM, Sachdev PS, de la Sayette V, Saykin AJ, Scheltens P, Shulman MB, Slavin MJ, Sperling RA, Stewart R, Uspenskaya O, Vellas B, Visser PJ, Wagner M; Subjective Cognitive Decline Initiative (SCD-I) Working Group (2014) A conceptual framework for research on subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2014.01.001 Jessen F, Amariglio RE, van Boxtel M, Breteler M, Ceccaldi M, Chételat G, Dubois B, Dufouil C, Ellis KA, van der Flier WM, Glodzik L, van Harten AC, deLeon MJ, McHugh P, Mielke MM, Molinuevo JL, Mosconi L, Osorio RS, Perrotin A, Petersen RC, Rabin LA, Rami L, Reisberg B, Rentz DM, Sachdev PS, de la Sayette V, Saykin AJ, Scheltens P, Shulman MB, Slavin MJ, Sperling RA, Stewart R, Uspenskaya O, Vellas B, Visser PJ, Wagner M; Subjective Cognitive Decline Initiative (SCD-I) Working Group (2014) A conceptual framework for research on subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jalz.​2014.​01.​001
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalbe E, Salmon E, Perani D, Holthoff V, Sorbi S, Elsner A, Weisenbach S, Brand M, Lenz O, Kessler J, Luedecke S, Ortelli P, Herholz K (2005) Anosognosia in very mild Alzheimer’s disease but not in mild cognitive impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 19:349–356PubMedCrossRef Kalbe E, Salmon E, Perani D, Holthoff V, Sorbi S, Elsner A, Weisenbach S, Brand M, Lenz O, Kessler J, Luedecke S, Ortelli P, Herholz K (2005) Anosognosia in very mild Alzheimer’s disease but not in mild cognitive impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 19:349–356PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Galeone F, Pappalardo S, Chieffi S, Iavarone A, Carlomagno S (2011) Anosognosia for memory deficit in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 26:695–701PubMedCrossRef Galeone F, Pappalardo S, Chieffi S, Iavarone A, Carlomagno S (2011) Anosognosia for memory deficit in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 26:695–701PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Jessen F, Wolfsgruber S, Wiese B, Bickel H, Mösch E, Kaduszkiewicz H, Pentzek M, Riedel-Heller SG, Luck T, Fuchs A, Weyerer S, Werle J, van den Bussche H, Scherer M, Maier W, Wagner M, German Study on Aging, Cognition and Dementia in Primary Care Patients (2014) AD dementia risk in late MCI, in early MCI, and in subjective memory impairment. Alzheimers Dement 10:76–83PubMedCrossRef Jessen F, Wolfsgruber S, Wiese B, Bickel H, Mösch E, Kaduszkiewicz H, Pentzek M, Riedel-Heller SG, Luck T, Fuchs A, Weyerer S, Werle J, van den Bussche H, Scherer M, Maier W, Wagner M, German Study on Aging, Cognition and Dementia in Primary Care Patients (2014) AD dementia risk in late MCI, in early MCI, and in subjective memory impairment. Alzheimers Dement 10:76–83PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolfsgruber S, Wagner M, Schmidtke K, Frölich L, Kurz A, Schulz S, Hampel H, Heuser I, Peters O, Reischies FM, Jahn H, Luckhaus C, Hüll M, Gertz HJ, Schröder J, Pantel J, Rienhoff O, Rüther E, Henn F, Wiltfang J, Maier W, Kornhuber J, Jessen F (2014) Memory concerns, memory performance and risk of dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment. PLoS ONE 9:e100812CrossRefPubMedCentral Wolfsgruber S, Wagner M, Schmidtke K, Frölich L, Kurz A, Schulz S, Hampel H, Heuser I, Peters O, Reischies FM, Jahn H, Luckhaus C, Hüll M, Gertz HJ, Schröder J, Pantel J, Rienhoff O, Rüther E, Henn F, Wiltfang J, Maier W, Kornhuber J, Jessen F (2014) Memory concerns, memory performance and risk of dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment. PLoS ONE 9:e100812CrossRefPubMedCentral
Metadaten
Titel
Subjective and objective cognitive decline at the pre-dementia stage of Alzheimer’s disease
verfasst von
Frank Jessen
Publikationsdatum
01.11.2014
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience / Ausgabe Sonderheft 1/2014
Print ISSN: 0940-1334
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-8491
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-014-0539-z

Weitere Artikel der Sonderheft 1/2014

European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1/2014 Zur Ausgabe

Update Psychiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.