Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 5/2014

01.05.2014 | Glaucoma

The effect of previous surgery and topical eye drops for primary open-angle glaucoma on cytokine expression in aqueous humor

verfasst von: Lisa A. Engel, Philipp S. Muether, Sascha Fauser, Arno Hueber

Erschienen in: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology | Ausgabe 5/2014

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose

To evaluate cytokine expression in the aqueous humor of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) after previous glaucomatous and/or cataract surgery, and to determine the effect of intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering eye drops on cytokine expression.

Methods

This prospective consecutive case study included 32 eyes diagnosed with POAG (19 with previous surgery and 13 without previous surgery, treated with topical antiglaucoma medication) and 12 eyes without signs of glaucoma. The Luminex 200 multiplex bead immunoassay was used to measure 27 cytokines in aqueous humor.

Results

Eyes suffering from POAG, with previous surgery, had significantly elevated concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CXCL9, and HGF, and a significantly lower concentration of CCL5, compared to POAG eyes without previous surgery, treated only with topical antiglaucoma medication. When compared with cataract controls, eyes with POAG and previous surgery had significantly elevated levels of G-CSF, IL-8, IL-12, CXCL10, and HGF, and significantly decreased concentrations of IL-17, CCL5, and VEGF in aqueous humor. In a comparison between POAG eyes without previous surgery and cataract controls, the cataract control eyes had significantly higher levels of IL-6 and CCL2, as the only significant difference.

Conclusions

POAG is associated with an aqueous inflammatory response in the aqueous humor, which is significantly elevated in eyes with previous surgery. In contrast, preoperative IOP-lowering eye drops did not significantly alter the anterior chamber milieu. The results of the current study indicate that filtration surgery has a higher success rate in eyes that have not experienced previous surgery.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Maier PC, Funk J, Schwarzer G, Antes G, Falck-Ytter YT (2005) Treatment of ocular hypertension and open angle glaucoma: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 331(7509):134PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Maier PC, Funk J, Schwarzer G, Antes G, Falck-Ytter YT (2005) Treatment of ocular hypertension and open angle glaucoma: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 331(7509):134PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Broadway DC, Grierson I, Hitchings RA (1998) Local effects of previous conjunctival incisional surgery and the subsequent outcome of filtration surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 125(6):805–818PubMedCrossRef Broadway DC, Grierson I, Hitchings RA (1998) Local effects of previous conjunctival incisional surgery and the subsequent outcome of filtration surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 125(6):805–818PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Law SK, Shih K, Tran DH, Coleman AL, Caprioli J (2009) Long-term outcomes of repeat vs initial trabeculectomy in open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 148(5):685–695, e681PubMedCrossRef Law SK, Shih K, Tran DH, Coleman AL, Caprioli J (2009) Long-term outcomes of repeat vs initial trabeculectomy in open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 148(5):685–695, e681PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Takihara Y, Inatani M, Seto T, Iwao K, Iwao M, Inoue T, Kasaoka N, Murakami A, Futa R, Tanihara H (2011) Trabeculectomy with mitomycin for open-angle glaucoma in phakic vs pseudophakic eyes after phacoemulsification. Arch Ophthalmol 129(2):152–157PubMedCrossRef Takihara Y, Inatani M, Seto T, Iwao K, Iwao M, Inoue T, Kasaoka N, Murakami A, Futa R, Tanihara H (2011) Trabeculectomy with mitomycin for open-angle glaucoma in phakic vs pseudophakic eyes after phacoemulsification. Arch Ophthalmol 129(2):152–157PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Joseph JP, Grierson I, Hitchings RA (1989) Chemotactic activity of aqueous humor. A cause of failure of trabeculectomies? Arch Ophthalmol 107(1):69–74PubMedCrossRef Joseph JP, Grierson I, Hitchings RA (1989) Chemotactic activity of aqueous humor. A cause of failure of trabeculectomies? Arch Ophthalmol 107(1):69–74PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Broadway DC, Grierson I, O'Brien C, Hitchings RA (1994) Adverse effects of topical antiglaucoma medication. II. The outcome of filtration surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 112(11):1446–1454PubMedCrossRef Broadway DC, Grierson I, O'Brien C, Hitchings RA (1994) Adverse effects of topical antiglaucoma medication. II. The outcome of filtration surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 112(11):1446–1454PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Sherwood MB, Grierson I, Millar L, Hitchings RA (1989) Long-term morphologic effects of antiglaucoma drugs on the conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule in glaucomatous patients. Ophthalmology 96(3):327–335PubMedCrossRef Sherwood MB, Grierson I, Millar L, Hitchings RA (1989) Long-term morphologic effects of antiglaucoma drugs on the conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule in glaucomatous patients. Ophthalmology 96(3):327–335PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Nuzzi R, Vercelli A, Finazzo C, Cracco C (1995) Conjunctiva and subconjunctival tissue in primary open-angle glaucoma after long-term topical treatment: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 233(3):154–162PubMedCrossRef Nuzzi R, Vercelli A, Finazzo C, Cracco C (1995) Conjunctiva and subconjunctival tissue in primary open-angle glaucoma after long-term topical treatment: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 233(3):154–162PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Baudouin C, Pisella PJ, Fillacier K, Goldschild M, Becquet F, De Saint JM, Bechetoille A (1999) Ocular surface inflammatory changes induced by topical antiglaucoma drugs: human and animal studies. Ophthalmology 106(3):556–563PubMedCrossRef Baudouin C, Pisella PJ, Fillacier K, Goldschild M, Becquet F, De Saint JM, Bechetoille A (1999) Ocular surface inflammatory changes induced by topical antiglaucoma drugs: human and animal studies. Ophthalmology 106(3):556–563PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Chua J, Vania M, Cheung CM, Ang M, Chee SP, Yang H, Li J, Wong TT (2012) Expression profile of inflammatory cytokines in aqueous from glaucomatous eyes. Mol Vis 18:431–438PubMedCentralPubMed Chua J, Vania M, Cheung CM, Ang M, Chee SP, Yang H, Li J, Wong TT (2012) Expression profile of inflammatory cytokines in aqueous from glaucomatous eyes. Mol Vis 18:431–438PubMedCentralPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen KH, Wu CC, Roy S, Lee SM, Liu JH (1999) Increased interleukin-6 in aqueous humor of neovascular glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40(11):2627–2632PubMed Chen KH, Wu CC, Roy S, Lee SM, Liu JH (1999) Increased interleukin-6 in aqueous humor of neovascular glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40(11):2627–2632PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuchtey J, Rezaei KA, Jaru-Ampornpan P, Sternberg P Jr, Kuchtey RW (2010) Multiplex cytokine analysis reveals elevated concentration of interleukin-8 in glaucomatous aqueous humor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51(12):6441–6447PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Kuchtey J, Rezaei KA, Jaru-Ampornpan P, Sternberg P Jr, Kuchtey RW (2010) Multiplex cytokine analysis reveals elevated concentration of interleukin-8 in glaucomatous aqueous humor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51(12):6441–6447PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Balaiya S, Edwards J, Tillis T, Khetpal V, Chalam KV (2011) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels in aqueous humor of primary open angle glaucoma. Clin Ophthalmol 5:553–556PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Balaiya S, Edwards J, Tillis T, Khetpal V, Chalam KV (2011) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels in aqueous humor of primary open angle glaucoma. Clin Ophthalmol 5:553–556PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu DN, Ritch R, Liebmann J, Liu Y, Cheng B, Hu MS (2002) Vascular endothelial growth factor is increased in aqueous humor of glaucomatous eyes. J Glaucoma 11(5):406–410PubMedCrossRef Hu DN, Ritch R, Liebmann J, Liu Y, Cheng B, Hu MS (2002) Vascular endothelial growth factor is increased in aqueous humor of glaucomatous eyes. J Glaucoma 11(5):406–410PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Inoue T, Kawaji T, Inatani M, Kameda T, Yoshimura N, Tanihara H (2012) Simultaneous increases in multiple proinflammatory cytokines in the aqueous humor in pseudophakic glaucomatous eyes. J Cataract Refract Surg 38(8):1389–1397PubMedCrossRef Inoue T, Kawaji T, Inatani M, Kameda T, Yoshimura N, Tanihara H (2012) Simultaneous increases in multiple proinflammatory cytokines in the aqueous humor in pseudophakic glaucomatous eyes. J Cataract Refract Surg 38(8):1389–1397PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Shima C, Adachi Y, Minamino K, Okigaki M, Shi M, Imai Y, Yanai S, Takahashi K, Ikehara S (2012) Neuroprotective effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on ischemia-reperfusion injury of the retina. Ophthalmic Res 48(4):199–207PubMedCrossRef Shima C, Adachi Y, Minamino K, Okigaki M, Shi M, Imai Y, Yanai S, Takahashi K, Ikehara S (2012) Neuroprotective effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on ischemia-reperfusion injury of the retina. Ophthalmic Res 48(4):199–207PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsai RK, Chang CH, Sheu MM, Huang ZL (2010) Anti-apoptotic effects of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve crush are PI3K/AKT-dependent. Exp Eye Res 90(5):537–545PubMedCrossRef Tsai RK, Chang CH, Sheu MM, Huang ZL (2010) Anti-apoptotic effects of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve crush are PI3K/AKT-dependent. Exp Eye Res 90(5):537–545PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Cvenkel B, Kopitar AN, Ihan A (2010) Inflammatory molecules in aqueous humour and on ocular surface and glaucoma surgery outcome. Mediat Inflamm 2010:939602CrossRef Cvenkel B, Kopitar AN, Ihan A (2010) Inflammatory molecules in aqueous humour and on ocular surface and glaucoma surgery outcome. Mediat Inflamm 2010:939602CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Charo IF, Ransohoff RM (2006) The many roles of chemokines and chemokine receptors in inflammation. N Engl J Med 354(6):610–621PubMedCrossRef Charo IF, Ransohoff RM (2006) The many roles of chemokines and chemokine receptors in inflammation. N Engl J Med 354(6):610–621PubMedCrossRef
20.
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Takai Y, Tanito M, Ohira A (2012) Multiplex cytokine analysis of aqueous humor in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma, exfoliation glaucoma, and cataract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53(1):241–247PubMedCrossRef Takai Y, Tanito M, Ohira A (2012) Multiplex cytokine analysis of aqueous humor in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma, exfoliation glaucoma, and cataract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53(1):241–247PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Luna C, Li G, Liton PB, Qiu J, Epstein DL, Challa P, Gonzalez P (2009) Resveratrol prevents the expression of glaucoma markers induced by chronic oxidative stress in trabecular meshwork cells. Food Chem Toxicol 47(1):198–204PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Luna C, Li G, Liton PB, Qiu J, Epstein DL, Challa P, Gonzalez P (2009) Resveratrol prevents the expression of glaucoma markers induced by chronic oxidative stress in trabecular meshwork cells. Food Chem Toxicol 47(1):198–204PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Shifera AS, Trivedi S, Chau P, Bonnemaison LH, Iguchi R, Alvarado JA (2010) Constitutive secretion of chemokines by cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. Exp Eye Res 91(1):42–47PubMedCrossRef Shifera AS, Trivedi S, Chau P, Bonnemaison LH, Iguchi R, Alvarado JA (2010) Constitutive secretion of chemokines by cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. Exp Eye Res 91(1):42–47PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Thirumangalakudi L, Yin L, Rao HV, Grammas P (2007) IL-8 induces expression of matrix metalloproteinases, cell cycle and pro-apoptotic proteins, and cell death in cultured neurons. J Alzheimers Dis 11(3):305–311PubMed Thirumangalakudi L, Yin L, Rao HV, Grammas P (2007) IL-8 induces expression of matrix metalloproteinases, cell cycle and pro-apoptotic proteins, and cell death in cultured neurons. J Alzheimers Dis 11(3):305–311PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Goczalik I, Ulbricht E, Hollborn M, Raap M, Uhlmann S, Weick M, Pannicke T, Wiedemann P, Bringmann A, Reichenbach A, Francke M (2008) Expression of CXCL8, CXCR1, and CXCR2 in neurons and glial cells of the human and rabbit retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49(10):4578–4589PubMedCrossRef Goczalik I, Ulbricht E, Hollborn M, Raap M, Uhlmann S, Weick M, Pannicke T, Wiedemann P, Bringmann A, Reichenbach A, Francke M (2008) Expression of CXCL8, CXCR1, and CXCR2 in neurons and glial cells of the human and rabbit retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49(10):4578–4589PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Broadway DC, Lyons CJ, McGillivray BC (1998) Anterior segment dysgenesis and congenital glaucoma associated with partial trisomy of chromosome 1 (1q32-qter). J AAPOS 2(3):188–190PubMedCrossRef Broadway DC, Lyons CJ, McGillivray BC (1998) Anterior segment dysgenesis and congenital glaucoma associated with partial trisomy of chromosome 1 (1q32-qter). J AAPOS 2(3):188–190PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Hong KH, Ryu J, Han KH (2005) Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-induced angiogenesis is mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor-A. Blood 105(4):1405–1407PubMedCrossRef Hong KH, Ryu J, Han KH (2005) Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-induced angiogenesis is mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor-A. Blood 105(4):1405–1407PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Jo N, Wu GS, Rao NA (2003) Upregulation of chemokine expression in the retinal vasculature in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44(9):4054–4060PubMedCrossRef Jo N, Wu GS, Rao NA (2003) Upregulation of chemokine expression in the retinal vasculature in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44(9):4054–4060PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Meleth AD, Agron E, Chan CC, Reed GF, Arora K, Byrnes G, Csaky KG, Ferris FL 3rd, Chew EY (2005) Serum inflammatory markers in diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46(11):4295–4301PubMedCrossRef Meleth AD, Agron E, Chan CC, Reed GF, Arora K, Byrnes G, Csaky KG, Ferris FL 3rd, Chew EY (2005) Serum inflammatory markers in diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46(11):4295–4301PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Nakazawa T, Hisatomi T, Nakazawa C, Noda K, Maruyama K, She H, Matsubara A, Miyahara S, Nakao S, Yin Y, Benowitz L, Hafezi-Moghadam A, Miller JW (2007) Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 mediates retinal detachment-induced photoreceptor apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(7):2425–2430PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Nakazawa T, Hisatomi T, Nakazawa C, Noda K, Maruyama K, She H, Matsubara A, Miyahara S, Nakao S, Yin Y, Benowitz L, Hafezi-Moghadam A, Miller JW (2007) Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 mediates retinal detachment-induced photoreceptor apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(7):2425–2430PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Murdoch C, Finn A (2000) Chemokine receptors and their role in inflammation and infectious diseases. Blood 95(10):3032–3043PubMed Murdoch C, Finn A (2000) Chemokine receptors and their role in inflammation and infectious diseases. Blood 95(10):3032–3043PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Birchmeier C, Gherardi E (1998) Developmental roles of HGF/SF and its receptor, the c-Met tyrosine kinase. Trends Cell Biol 8(10):404–410PubMedCrossRef Birchmeier C, Gherardi E (1998) Developmental roles of HGF/SF and its receptor, the c-Met tyrosine kinase. Trends Cell Biol 8(10):404–410PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Borowiak M, Garratt AN, Wustefeld T, Strehle M, Trautwein C, Birchmeier C (2004) Met provides essential signals for liver regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(29):10608–10613PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Borowiak M, Garratt AN, Wustefeld T, Strehle M, Trautwein C, Birchmeier C (2004) Met provides essential signals for liver regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(29):10608–10613PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu DN, Ritch R (2001) Hepatocyte growth factor is increased in the aqueous humor of glaucomatous eyes. J Glaucoma 10(3):152–157PubMedCrossRef Hu DN, Ritch R (2001) Hepatocyte growth factor is increased in the aqueous humor of glaucomatous eyes. J Glaucoma 10(3):152–157PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Tonges L, Ostendorf T, Lamballe F, Genestine M, Dono R, Koch JC, Bahr M, Maina F, Lingor P (2011) Hepatocyte growth factor protects retinal ganglion cells by increasing neuronal survival and axonal regeneration in vitro and in vivo. J Neurochem 117(5):892–903PubMedCrossRef Tonges L, Ostendorf T, Lamballe F, Genestine M, Dono R, Koch JC, Bahr M, Maina F, Lingor P (2011) Hepatocyte growth factor protects retinal ganglion cells by increasing neuronal survival and axonal regeneration in vitro and in vivo. J Neurochem 117(5):892–903PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Crane IJ, Kuppner MC, McKillop Smith S, Knott RM, Forrester JV (1998) Cytokine regulation of RANTES production by human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Cell Immunol 184(1):37–44PubMedCrossRef Crane IJ, Kuppner MC, McKillop Smith S, Knott RM, Forrester JV (1998) Cytokine regulation of RANTES production by human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Cell Immunol 184(1):37–44PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Khodarev NN, Yu J, Labay E, Darga T, Brown CK, Mauceri HJ, Yassari R, Gupta N, Weichselbaum RR (2003) Tumour-endothelium interactions in co-culture: coordinated changes of gene expression profiles and phenotypic properties of endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 116(Pt 6):1013–1022PubMedCrossRef Khodarev NN, Yu J, Labay E, Darga T, Brown CK, Mauceri HJ, Yassari R, Gupta N, Weichselbaum RR (2003) Tumour-endothelium interactions in co-culture: coordinated changes of gene expression profiles and phenotypic properties of endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 116(Pt 6):1013–1022PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamagami S, Miyazaki D, Ono SJ, Dana MR (1999) Differential chemokine gene expression in corneal transplant rejection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40(12):2892–2897PubMed Yamagami S, Miyazaki D, Ono SJ, Dana MR (1999) Differential chemokine gene expression in corneal transplant rejection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40(12):2892–2897PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Miossec P, Korn T, Kuchroo VK (2009) Interleukin-17 and type 17 helper T cells. N Engl J Med 361(9):888–898PubMedCrossRef Miossec P, Korn T, Kuchroo VK (2009) Interleukin-17 and type 17 helper T cells. N Engl J Med 361(9):888–898PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuiper JJ, Mutis T, De Jager W, De Groot-Mijnes JD, Rothova A (2011) Intraocular interleukin-17 and proinflammatory cytokines in HLA-A29-associated birdshot chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 152(2):177–182, e171PubMedCrossRef Kuiper JJ, Mutis T, De Jager W, De Groot-Mijnes JD, Rothova A (2011) Intraocular interleukin-17 and proinflammatory cytokines in HLA-A29-associated birdshot chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 152(2):177–182, e171PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Amadi-Obi A, Yu CR, Liu X, Mahdi RM, Clarke GL, Nussenblatt RB, Gery I, Lee YS, Egwuagu CE (2007) TH17 cells contribute to uveitis and scleritis and are expanded by IL-2 and inhibited by IL-27/STAT1. Nat Med 13(6):711–718PubMedCrossRef Amadi-Obi A, Yu CR, Liu X, Mahdi RM, Clarke GL, Nussenblatt RB, Gery I, Lee YS, Egwuagu CE (2007) TH17 cells contribute to uveitis and scleritis and are expanded by IL-2 and inhibited by IL-27/STAT1. Nat Med 13(6):711–718PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Colin J (2007) The role of NSAIDs in the management of postoperative ophthalmic inflammation. Drugs 67(9):1291–1308PubMedCrossRef Colin J (2007) The role of NSAIDs in the management of postoperative ophthalmic inflammation. Drugs 67(9):1291–1308PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Fechtner RD, Khouri AS, Zimmerman TJ, Bullock J, Feldman R, Kulkarni P, Michael AJ, Realini T, Warwar R (1998) Anterior uveitis associated with latanoprost. Am J Ophthalmol 126(1):37–41PubMedCrossRef Fechtner RD, Khouri AS, Zimmerman TJ, Bullock J, Feldman R, Kulkarni P, Michael AJ, Realini T, Warwar R (1998) Anterior uveitis associated with latanoprost. Am J Ophthalmol 126(1):37–41PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Byles DB, Frith P, Salmon JF (2000) Anterior uveitis as a side effect of topical brimonidine. Am J Ophthalmol 130(3):287–291PubMedCrossRef Byles DB, Frith P, Salmon JF (2000) Anterior uveitis as a side effect of topical brimonidine. Am J Ophthalmol 130(3):287–291PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Kapin MA, Yanni JM, Brady MT, McDonough TJ, Flanagan JG, Rawji MH, Dahlin DC, Sanders ME, Gamache DA (2003) Inflammation-mediated retinal edema in the rabbit is inhibited by topical nepafenac. Inflammation 27(5):281–291PubMedCrossRef Kapin MA, Yanni JM, Brady MT, McDonough TJ, Flanagan JG, Rawji MH, Dahlin DC, Sanders ME, Gamache DA (2003) Inflammation-mediated retinal edema in the rabbit is inhibited by topical nepafenac. Inflammation 27(5):281–291PubMedCrossRef
46.
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Flach AJ (1993) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in ophthalmology. Int Ophthalmol Clin 33(4):1–7PubMedCrossRef Flach AJ (1993) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in ophthalmology. Int Ophthalmol Clin 33(4):1–7PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Roberts CW, Brennan KM (1995) A comparison of topical diclofenac with prednisolone for postcataract inflammation. Arch Ophthalmol 113(6):725–727PubMedCrossRef Roberts CW, Brennan KM (1995) A comparison of topical diclofenac with prednisolone for postcataract inflammation. Arch Ophthalmol 113(6):725–727PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Costagliola C, Dell'Omo R, Romano MR, Rinaldi M, Zeppa L, Parmeggiani F (2009) Pharmacotherapy of intraocular pressure: part I. Parasympathomimetic, sympathomimetic and sympatholytics. Expert Opin Pharmacother 10(16):2663–2677PubMedCrossRef Costagliola C, Dell'Omo R, Romano MR, Rinaldi M, Zeppa L, Parmeggiani F (2009) Pharmacotherapy of intraocular pressure: part I. Parasympathomimetic, sympathomimetic and sympatholytics. Expert Opin Pharmacother 10(16):2663–2677PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Burke J, Schwartz M (1996) Preclinical evaluation of brimonidine. Surv Ophthalmol 41(Suppl 1):S9–S18PubMedCrossRef Burke J, Schwartz M (1996) Preclinical evaluation of brimonidine. Surv Ophthalmol 41(Suppl 1):S9–S18PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Saylor M, McLoon LK, Harrison AR, Lee MS (2009) Experimental and clinical evidence for brimonidine as an optic nerve and retinal neuroprotective agent: an evidence-based review. Arch Ophthalmol 127(4):402–406PubMedCrossRef Saylor M, McLoon LK, Harrison AR, Lee MS (2009) Experimental and clinical evidence for brimonidine as an optic nerve and retinal neuroprotective agent: an evidence-based review. Arch Ophthalmol 127(4):402–406PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Stamper RL, Wigginton SA, Higginbotham EJ (2002) Primary drug treatment for glaucoma: beta-blockers versus other medications. Surv Ophthalmol 47(1):63–73PubMedCrossRef Stamper RL, Wigginton SA, Higginbotham EJ (2002) Primary drug treatment for glaucoma: beta-blockers versus other medications. Surv Ophthalmol 47(1):63–73PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Moorthy RS, Valluri S, Jampol LM (1998) Drug-induced uveitis. Surv Ophthalmol 42(6):557–570PubMedCrossRef Moorthy RS, Valluri S, Jampol LM (1998) Drug-induced uveitis. Surv Ophthalmol 42(6):557–570PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
The effect of previous surgery and topical eye drops for primary open-angle glaucoma on cytokine expression in aqueous humor
verfasst von
Lisa A. Engel
Philipp S. Muether
Sascha Fauser
Arno Hueber
Publikationsdatum
01.05.2014
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology / Ausgabe 5/2014
Print ISSN: 0721-832X
Elektronische ISSN: 1435-702X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-014-2607-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 5/2014

Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 5/2014 Zur Ausgabe

Neu im Fachgebiet Augenheilkunde

Update Augenheilkunde

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.