Abstract
The existence of a distinct ganglionated myenteric plexus between the two layers of the striated tunica muscularis of the mammalian esophagus represented an enigma for quite a while. Although an enteric co-innervation of vagally innervated motor endplates in the esophagus has been repeatedly suggested, it was not possible until recently to demonstrate this dual innervation. Ten years ago, we were able to demonstrate that motor endplates in the rat esophagus receive a dual innervation from both vagal nerve fibers originating in the brain stem and from varicose enteric nerve fibers originating in the myenteric plexus. Since then, a considerable amount of data could be raised on enteric co-innervation and its occurrence in a variety of species, including humans, its neurochemistry, spatial relationships on motor endplates, ontogeny, and possible roles during esophageal peristalsis. These data underline the significance of this newly discovered innervation component, although its function is still largely unknown. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge about enteric co-innervation of esophageal striated muscle and to provide some hints as to its functional significance.
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Abbreviations
- ACh:
-
acetylcholine
- AChE:
-
acetylcholinesterase
- AChR:
-
acetylcholine receptor
- AMB:
-
nucleus ambiguus
- α-BT:
-
α-Bungarotoxin
- CGRP:
-
calcitonin gene-related peptide
- cNTS:
-
central subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarius
- CS:
-
cryosections
- co rate:
-
co-innervation rate
- DEA-NO:
-
diethylamine-NO
- DiI:
-
1,1′-dioleyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine methane sulfonate
- DRG:
-
dorsal root ganglion
- EH:
-
enzyme histochemistry
- ENF:
-
enteric nerve fibers
- GAL:
-
galanin
- Glu:
-
glutamate
- IGLEs:
-
intraganglionic laminar endings
- IH:
-
immunocytochemistry
- L-ENK:
-
Leu-enkephalin
- LES:
-
lower esophageal sphincter
- L-NNA:
-
Nω-Nitro-L-arginine
- mAChRs:
-
muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
- M1, M2:
-
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype M1 and M2
- M-ENK:
-
Met-enkephalin
- MEP:
-
motor endplate
- MF:
-
muscle fiber
- MG:
-
myenteric ganglion
- NADPH-d:
-
NADPH-diaphorase
- NKA:
-
neurokinin A
- NO:
-
nitric oxide
- NOD:
-
nodose ganglion
- nNOS:
-
neuronal nitric oxide synthase
- NPY:
-
neuropeptide Y
- PACAP:
-
pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating (poly)peptide
- SC:
-
swallowing center
- sGC:
-
soluble guanylyl cyclase
- SP:
-
substance P
- Tm-i, Tm-o:
-
tunica muscularis, inner and outer muscle layer
- Tmuc:
-
tunica mucosa
- Tsubm:
-
tela submucosa
- UES:
-
upper esophageal sphincter
- VAChT:
-
vesicular acetylcholine transporter
- VIP:
-
vasoactive intestinal (poly)peptide
- WM:
-
whole mounts
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Acknowledgements
Research in the authors’ laboratory has been supported by “Johannes und Frieda Marohn-Stiftung”, Erlangen.
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Wörl, J., Neuhuber, W.L. Enteric co-innervation of motor endplates in the esophagus: state of the art ten years after. Histochem Cell Biol 123, 117–130 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-005-0764-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-005-0764-7