Introduction
Methods
Study design, participants, and recruitment
Outcomes
Productivity loss at work
Sick leave
Determinants
Individual characteristics
Lifestyle-related factors
Health indicators
Work-related factors
Statistical analyses
Results
Total (n = 915) | Low education (n = 201) | Intermediate education (n = 303) | High education (n = 411) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| % |
n
| % |
n
| % |
n
| % | |
Demographic factors
| ||||||||
Female gender | 469 | 51 | 92 | 46 | 166 | 55 | 211 | 51 |
Age (years)*
| ||||||||
<39 | 376 | 41 | 49 | 24 | 128 | 42 | 199 | 48 |
40–49 | 274 | 30 | 66 | 33 | 106 | 35 | 102 | 25 |
50+ | 265 | 29 | 86 | 43 | 69 | 23 | 110 | 27 |
Non-Dutch ethnicity | 147 | 16 | 49 | 24 | 43 | 14 | 55 | 13 |
Lifestyle-related factors
| ||||||||
<30 min/day moderate PA | 295 | 32 | 80 | 40 | 85 | 28 | 130 | 32 |
<3x/wk 20 min vigorous PA | 646 | 71 | 144 | 72 | 203 | 67 | 299 | 73 |
<400 g fruit and vegetable intake | 429 | 47 | 98 | 49 | 152 | 50 | 179 | 44 |
Current smoker | 164 | 18 | 47 | 24 | 49 | 16 | 68 | 17 |
Excessive alcohol user | 24 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 14 | 3 |
Overweight* | 274 | 34 | 66 | 39 | 95 | 35 | 113 | 31 |
Obese | 70 | 8 | 23 | 14 | 25 | 9 | 22 | 6 |
Health indicator
| ||||||||
Poor or moderate general health* | 58 | 6 | 21 | 10 | 18 | 6 | 19 | 5 |
Work-related factors
| ||||||||
Physically demanding job* | 145 | 16 | 51 | 25 | 47 | 16 | 47 | 11 |
Lifting heavy loads | 84 | 9 | 21 | 11 | 28 | 9 | 35 | 9 |
Awkward postures | 117 | 13 | 28 | 14 | 44 | 15 | 45 | 11 |
High work demands* | 291 | 32 | 56 | 28 | 89 | 29 | 146 | 36 |
Low job control* | 303 | 33 | 75 | 37 | 116 | 38 | 112 | 27 |
Low skill discretion | 242 | 26 | 49 | 24 | 98 | 32 | 95 | 23 |
Poor relation with colleagues | 263 | 29 | 47 | 23 | 99 | 33 | 117 | 29 |
Poor relation with supervisor | 255 | 28 | 49 | 24 | 82 | 27 | 124 | 30 |
Outcome
| ||||||||
Productivity loss at work* | 302 | 33 | 81 | 40 | 99 | 33 | 122 | 30 |
10–20 % productivity loss at work | 179 | 20 | 49 | 24 | 57 | 19 | 73 | 18 |
≥ 30 % productivity loss at work | 123 | 13 | 32 | 16 | 42 | 14 | 49 | 12 |
Sick leave | 535 | 59 | 116 | 58 | 192 | 63 | 227 | 55 |
1–9 days sick leave | 404 | 44 | 78 | 39 | 139 | 46 | 187 | 46 |
≥ 10 days sick leave* | 131 | 14 | 38 | 19 | 53 | 17 | 40 | 10 |
Productivity loss at work
Productivity loss at work | Sick leave | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pe | 10–20 %† (n = 130) | 30 % or more† (n = 93) | 1–9 days‡ (n = 305) | 10 or more days‡ (n = 97) | |||||
% | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
Educational level
| |||||||||
Low | 21 | 1.46* | 1.01–2.11 | 1.49 | 0.98–2.26 | 1.06 | 0.76–1.48 | 1.81* | 1.15–2.85 |
Intermediate | 35 | 1.22 | 0.89–1.67 | 1.28 | 0.87–1.87 | 1.29 | 0.98–1.70 | 1.85* | 1.21–2.82 |
High | 45 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Lifestyle-related factors
| |||||||||
<30 min/day moderate PA | 30 | 1.19 | 0.90–1.57 | 1.18 | 0.83–1.67 | 0.86 | 0.68–1.09 | 0.92 | 0.65–1.29 |
<3x/wk 20 min vigorous PA | 70 | 1.08 | 0.81–1.43 | 1.58* | 1.10–2.26 | 1.20 | 0.95–1.52 | 1.25 | 0.87–1.81 |
<400 g fruit and vegetable intake | 44 | 0.85 | 0.65–1.12 | 1.00 | 0.73–1.38 | 0.95 | 0.75–1.19 | 1.12 | 0.81–1.56 |
Current smoker | 15 | 1.16 | 0.81–1.67 | 0.95 | 0.62–1.47 | 1.35 | 0.97–1.87 | 1.43 | 0.93–2.19 |
Excessive alcohol | 3 | 0.65 | 0.28–1.53 | 1.01 | 0.39–2.66 | 1.05 | 0.49–2.22 | 1.51 | 0.64–3.60 |
Overweight | 35 | 1.18 | 0.87–1.62 | 1.18 | 0.83–1.68 | 1.02 | 0.79–1.34 | 1.52* | 1.01–2.30 |
Obese | 9 | 1.12 | 0.68–1.83 | 0.79 | 0.40–1.53 | 0.76 | 0.48–1.22 | 2.29* | 1.27–4.12 |
Health
| |||||||||
Poor/moderate general health | 6 | 1.91* | 1.10–3.32 | 3.24* | 1.94–5.41 | 1.87* | 1.11–3.16 | 6.26* | 3.47–11.29 |
Work-related factors
| |||||||||
Physically demanding job | 15 | 1.22 | 0.84–1.77 | 1.13 | 0.72–1.77 | 1.08 | 0.77–1.53 | 1.47 | 0.93–2.32 |
Lifting heavy loads | 9 | 1.15 | 0.73–1.81 | 0.69 | 0.34–1.38 | 1.13 | 0.72–1.76 | 0.84 | 0.42–1.68 |
Awkward postures | 13 | 0.98 | 0.65–1.81 | 1.24 | 0.83–2.26 | 1.62* | 1.09–2.39 | 2.21* | 1.32–3.68 |
High work demands | 31 | 1.17 | 0.87–1.57 | 1.11 | 0.77–1.60 | 1.23 | 0.94–1.61 | 1.26 | 0.85–1.87 |
Low job control | 32 | 1.10 | 0.82–1.47 | 1.62* | 1.16–2.28 | 1.51* | 1.16–1.96 | 1.97* | 1.36–2.86 |
Low skill discretion | 27 | 1.30 | 0.96–1.78 | 1.33 | 0.93–1.89 | 1.52* | 1.15–2.02 | 1.93* | 1.30–2.88 |
Poor relation with colleagues | 28 | 1.40* | 1.04–1.89 | 1.61* | 1.14–2.26 | 1.16 | 0.89–1.53 | 1.70* | 1.17–2.47 |
Poor relation with supervisor | 28 | 1.71* | 1.27–2.31 | 2.16* | 1.53–3.05 | 1.28 | 0.98–1.68 | 1.78* | 1.22–2.60 |
10–20 % productivity loss†
| 30 % or more productivity loss†
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low education‡
| Intermediate education‡
| Low education‡
| Intermediate education‡
| |||||
OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
Model 1: sex, age, and ethnicity | 1.46* | 1.01–2.11 | 1.22 | 0.89–1.67 | 1.49 | 0.98–2.26 | 1.28 | 0.87–1.87 |
Model 2: model 1 + reduced perceived general health | 1.45* | 1.00–2.08 | 1.21 | 0.88–1.65 | 1.43 | 0.94–2.19 | 1.28 | 0.87–1.87 |
Model 3: model 1 + work-related factorsa
| 1.54* | 1.06–2.23 | 1.24 | 0.90–1.70 | 1.54* | 1.01–2.35 | 1.26 | 0.86–1.85 |
Model 4: model 1 + lifestyle-related factorsb
| 1.46* | 1.02–2.11 | 1.22 | 0.89–1.68 | 1.50 | 0.98–2.30 | 1.35 | 0.92–1.97 |
Model 5: model 1 + health + work-related factors | 1.53* | 1.05–2.21 | 1.23 | 0.90–1.70 | 1.49 | 0.97–2.28 | 1.27 | 0.86–1.86 |
Model 6: model 1 + health + work-related factors + lifestyle-related factors | 1.53* | 1.06–2.22 | 1.24 | 0.90–1.71 | 1.54* | 1.01–2.37 | 1.32 | 0.90–1.94 |
Sick leave
1–9 days sick leave†
| 10 or more days sick leave†
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low education‡
| Intermediate education‡
| Low education‡
| Intermediate education‡
| |||||
OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
Model 1: sex, age, and ethnicity | 1.06 | 0.76–1.48 | 1.29 | 0.98–1.70 | 1.81* | 1.15–2.85 | 1.85* | 1.21–2.82 |
Model 2: model 1 + reduced perceived general health | 1.07 | 0.77–1.50 | 1.30 | 0.99–1.72 | 1.77* | 1.12–2.81 | 1.81* | 1.18–2.79 |
Model 3: model 1 + work-related factorsa
| 1.00 | 0.71–1.41 | 1.20 | 0.91–1.58 | 1.62* | 1.01–2.61 | 1.69* | 1.09–2.62 |
Model 4: model 1 + lifestyle-related factorsb
| 1.04 | 0.74–1.47 | 1.29 | 0.97–1.71 | 1.69* | 1.05–2.75 | 1.77* | 1.14–2.77 |
Model 5: model 1 + work-related factors + health | 1.04 | 0.74–1.47 | 1.22 | 0.92–1.62 | 1.59 | 0.99–2.55 | 1.65* | 1.05–2.59 |
Model 6: model 1 + work-related factors + health + lifestyle-related factors | 0.98 | 0.69–1.40 | 1.18 | 0.88–1.58 | 1.42 | 0.86–2.34 | 1.58 | 0.98–2.54 |