Introduction
Materials and methods
Search strategy
Selection of studies
Quality assessment
Data extraction
Results
Selection of studies
Author (year) | Design | Outcome | Factors | Confounding | Analysis | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1a
| 2ab
| 2bc
| 3d
| 4e
| 5f
| 6g
| Sufficient quality or insufficient quality | |
Botticello et al. (2012) | 0 | NA | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Sufficient |
Calsbeek et al. (2006) | 0 | NA | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Insufficient |
Heijbel et al. (2006) | 1 | 1 | NA | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Sufficient |
Messmer Uccelli et al. (2009) | 0 | NA | 0 | NR | 0 | 0 | 0 | Insufficient |
Muehrer et al. (2011) | 1 | 0 | NA | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Insufficient |
Baanders et al. (2002) | 0 | NA | 0 | NR | 1 | 1 | 1 | Insufficient |
Data analyses and outcomes
Work retention
First author, year, (reference), country of origin | Heijbel et al. (2006), Sweden | Baanders et al. (2002), the Netherlands | Botticello et al. (2012), USA | Calsbeek et al. (2006), The Netherlands | Messmer Uccelli et al. (2009), 18 European countries | Muehrer et al. (2011), USA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study design | PC | CS | CS | CS | CS | RC |
Sample size | 508 | 1,266 | 1,013 | 246 | 1,141 | 102,104 |
Gender (F %) | 90.9 | 56.5 | 19.1 | 58.2b
| 67 | NR |
Range of age (mean, SD) | 24–64 (50a, NR) | 15–64 (NR, NR) | 17–64 (41.2, NR) | 15–24 (20.1, NR) | 21–67 (41.8, 9.2) | 15–64 (NR, NR) |
Chronic disease | Musculoskeletal pain (33.7 %b), mental distress (15.6 %b), respiratory disorders (1.9 %b), cardiovascular disorders (1.5 %b), other (i.e., neurological disorders, factures, diabetes, 12.0 %b), combination of disorders (35.2 %b) | Cardiovascular disease (7.7 %), chronic nonspecific lung diseases (18.6 %), locomotor disease (15.0 %), cancer (5.1 %), diabetes mellitus (10.4 %), neurological disease (9.1 %), digestive disorder (3.5 %), other (30.6 %) | Spinal cord injury; paraplegia (53.2 %), tetraplegia (46.8 %) | Inflammatory bowel disease (49.2 %), chronic liver diseases (11.7 %), congenital digestive disorder (17.6 %), food allergy (9.4 %), celiac disease (12.1 %) | Multiple sclerosis | Chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) |
Employment (%) at baseline | 100 | 45.1 | 63.4 | NR | 61 | NR |
Outcome
| ||||||
Definition | RTW, defined as work status on the 18th month after baseline. Persons who had returned (part-time) and were working for <15 days during the 18th month were counted as returners | WR, defined as labor market participation is defined as having a paid job for at least 12 h per week | WR, defined as employment status, assessed at least one follow-up. The variable was dichotomized as ‘paid employment’ ‘yes’ (category: ‘working’) and ‘no’ (remaining categories) | WR, defined as labor participation, assessed by the number of hours employed per week which were dichotomized in ‘having a paid job’ (< 12 h/w) vs. ‘not having a paid job’) | WR, defined as employment status; differentiating between employed or not employed. | WR, defined as maintaining employment. Person’s inability to maintain employed was identified when, at initiation of treatment, persons changed employment from full- to part-time or to any other status |
Measurement | Human Resources departments in 5 municipalities and 4 county councils | Postal questionnaire | Telephone interview | Postal questionnaire | Questionnaire | US Renal Data System (USRDS) |
Factor
| ||||||
Factor | 1. Age (UV) •≤44 years •45–54 years 2. Own pos. prediction RTW 3. Complaints >1 group symptoms 4. Duration complaints ≤5 years 5. Duration sick leave <1 years 6. Less pain: •1st quartile (r: 4th quartile), •2nd quartile (r: 4th quartile) •3rd quartile (r: 4th quartile) 7. Less impairment: •1st quartile (r: 4th quartile) •2nd quartile (r: 4th quartile) 8. Perception welcome at work | 1. Female gender 2. Age (25–44 years) 3. Lower educational level: •Primary •Lower 2nd + vocational 4. Motor control problems | 1. >Socioeconomic status (SES) index 2. Urban living | 1. Use of medication (UV) 2. Nocturnal toilet use | 1. Workplace environment 2. Financial considerations | 1. Age: (MV) •20–24 years •55–59 •60–64 2. Female gender: 3. Race: •Black •Asian •Hispanic •Other 4. Substance use: •Alcohol use •Use of drugs •Tobacco use 5. Comorbidity: •Coronary vascular dis •Cancer •Congestive heart failure •Ischemic heart disease •COPD •Cardiac arrest •Hypertension •Diabetes (insulin) 6. Inability to ambulate |
Effect | 1. •2.48 [1.43, 4.31] •2.18 [1.30, 3.67] 2. 15.99 [6.86, 37.25] 3. 2.01 [1.29, 3.13] 4. 1.75 [1.12, 2.72] 5. 2.67 [1.76, 4.05] 6. •3.73 [1.84, 7.55] •5.51 [2.74, 11.07] •2.23 [1.06, 4.70] 7. •2.70 [1.41, 5.16] •2.05 [1.06, 3.97] 8. 1.92 [1.23, 2.99] | 1. p < 0.01, neg. 2. p < 0.01, pos. 3. •p < 0.01, neg. •p < 0.01, neg. 4. <0.01, neg. | 1. 1.09 [1.04, 1.14] 2. 0.46 [0.23, 0.93] | 1. 0.78 [0.62, 0.98] 2. 0.70 [0.53, 0.91] | 1. 1.04 [1.01, 1.06] 2. 1.15 [1.07, 1.23] | 1. •0.85 [0.75, 0.97] •0.87 [0.82, 0.93] •0.89 [0.82, 0.97] 2. 0.78 [0.74, 0.81] 3. •0.75 [0.72, 0.78] •0.82 [0.74, 0.90] •0.68 [0.65, 0.71] •0.85 [0.73, 0.98] 4. •0.56 [0.47, 0.67] •0.73 [0.60, 0.89] •0.85 [0.79, 0.93] 5. •0.70 [0.62, 0.79] •0.73 [0.65, 0.81] •0.80 [0.76, 0.85] •0.92 [0.85, 0.99] •0.86 [0.75, 0.98] •0.55 [0.39, 0.76] •1.06 [1.00, 1.11] •0.94 [0.89, 1.00] 6. 0.45 [0.35, 0.58] |
Measurement | Postal questionnaire (n = 520), telephone interview (n = 5) | Postal questionnaire | National Historical Geographical Information System, 2000 US Census Summary File | Postal questionnaire. | Questionnaire. | b) US Renal Data System (USRDS) |