Background
Aims of the present study
Methods
Design and participants
Measures
Statistical analysis
Results
Comparison of mobbing constructs
Age in years | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
35–44 (N = 400)a
| 45–54 (N = 544) | 55–64 (N = 278) | 65–74 (N = 12) | |
Mean (SD) | ||||
Single-item scale | 16.0 (20.6) | 15.0 (19.0) | 14.0 (19.4) | 22.7 (28.4) |
Five-item scale | 12.1 (13.7) | 13.2 (13.6) | 10.9 (12.9) | 12.9 (16.8) |
(1) Intentionally interrupted | 21.0 (27.1) | 23.6 (28.1) | 18.8 (27.2) | 31.3 (37.1) |
(2) Received no response/reaction | 14.1 (22.3) | 14.0 (22.6) | 12.0 (20.2) | 16.7 (28.9) |
(3) Blamed for others’ mistakes | 17.9 (23.1) | 19.4 (24.8) | 15.9 (24.0) | 12.5 (22.6) |
(4) Important working areas taken away | 6.3 (15.7) | 8.3 (17.9) | 7.5 (19.0) | 4.2 (9.7) |
(5) Sexual harassment | 0.9 (5.4) | 0.9 (7.0) | 0.7 (4.2) | 0.0 (0.0) |
Occupational group | Mean (SD) | Number of subjects | |
---|---|---|---|
Single-item scalea
| Five-item scale | ||
Sales personnel | 20.4 (20.8) | 17.1 (11.9) | 27 |
Technicians | 18.6 (22.3) | 15.9 (15.6) | 33 and 31 |
Social occupations | 18.4 (20.3) | 13.7 (14.3) | 52 and 53 |
Occupations of land transport | 18.2 (22.6) | 11.1 (14.3) | 37 |
Other occupations in the health sector | 17.5 (21.3) | 13.4 (14.0) | 68 and 67 |
Wholesale and retail salesmen, purchasing, and sales professionals | 17.3 (25.3) | 15.0 (18.2) | 26 |
Workforces without further specification | 14.9 (21.0) | 9.4 (14.4) | 80 and 79 |
Accounting clerks, computer scientists | 14.4 (18.5) | 12.7 (13.1) | 85 and 87 |
Office jobs, commercial employees | 13.3 (17.6) | 10.4 (12.3) | 165 |
Assemblyman, representatives | 12.9 (19.9) | 11.9 (13.0) | 34 and 33 |
Occupations in management, management consultancy, and company audit | 12.2 (16.8) | 12.0 (12.0) | 121 |
Banking and insurance professionals | 11.7 (17.4) | 9.1 (9.7) | 45 |
Engineers | 11.1 (16.6) | 10.5 (10.2) | 43 |
Teachers | 7.3 (15.3) | 14.5 (14.9) | 61 and 62 |
Differential impact on outcome parameters
Single-item scale | Five-item scale | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
β (SE) |
R
2
|
β (SE) |
R
2
| |
Job satisfaction | −0.36*** (0.02) | 0.14 | −0.32*** (0.03) | 0.11 |
Intention to leave | 0.24*** (0.03) | 0.06 | 0.28*** (0.04) | 0.09 |
General health | −0.17*** (0.02) | 0.04 | −0.22*** (0.04) | 0.06 |
Burnout | 0.27*** (0.02) | 0.12 | 0.31*** (0.03) | 0.14 |
Cognitive stress | 0.22*** (0.03) | 0.06 | 0.27*** (0.04) | 0.09 |
Satisfaction with life | −0.18*** (0.03) | 0.04 | −0.19*** (0.04) | 0.04 |
“Intention to leave” | “General health” | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Females (n = 637) | Males (n = 753) | All (n = 1390) | Females (n = 644) | Males (n = 754) | All (n = 1398) | ||||||
N (%) | Adj. PRa (95 % CI) |
N (%) | Adj. PRa (95 % CI) |
N (%) | Adj. PRb (95 % CI) |
N (%) | Adj. PRa (95 % CI) |
N (%) | Adj. PRa (95 % CI) |
N (%) | Adj. PRb (95 % CI) | |
Single-item scale | ||||||||||||
Seldom and never (0) | 199 (35.3) | 1.0 (–) | 215 (34.7) | 1.0 (–) | 414 (35.0) | 1.0 (–) | 44 (8.7) | 1.0 (–) | 43 (6.9) | 1.0 (–) | 87 (7.3) | 1.0 (–) |
Sometimes, often, and always (1) | 12 (92.3) | 2.6 (2.0–3.4) | 6 (46.2) | 1.4 (0.8–2.5) | 18 (69.2) | 2.0 (1.6–2.6) | 4 (30.8) | 4.0 (1.7–9.2) | 2 (15.4) | 2.0 (0.5–7.1) | 6 (23.1) | 3.0 (1.5–6.2) |
Five-item scale | ||||||||||||
No/<1× per week (0) | 158 (33.1) | 1.0 (–) | 154 (31.2) | 1.0 (–) | 312 (32.1) | 1.0 (–) | 35 (7.3) | 1.0 (–) | 28 (5.7) | 1.0 (–) | 63 (6.5) | 1.0 (–) |
≥1× per week (1) | 55 (56.7) | 1.7 (1.4–2.1) | 68 (48.6) | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | 123 (51.9) | 1.6 (1.4–1.9) | 12 (12.4) | 1.6 (0.9–3.0) | 18 (12.9) | 2.3 (1.3–4.0) | 30 (12.7) | 1.9 (1.3–2.8) |
(1) intentionally interrupted
| ||||||||||||
No/<1× per week (0) | 183 (35.6) | 1.0 (–) | 186 (33.5) | 1.0 – | 369 (34.5) | 1.0 (–) | 38 (7.4) | 1.0 (–) | 34 (6.1) | 1.0 (–) | 72 (6.7) | 1.0 (–) |
≥1× per week (1) | 32 (50.0) | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) | 37 (44.6) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 69 (46.9) | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | 9 (13.8) | 1.8 (0.9–3.5) | 12 (14.5) | 2.4 (1.3–4.4) | 21 (14.2) | 2.1 (1.2–3.2) |
(2) received no response/reaction
| ||||||||||||
No/<1× per week (0) | 197 (36.1) | 1.0 (–) | 203 (34.0) | 1.0 (–) | 400 (35.0) | 1.0 (–) | 40 (7.3) | 1.0 (–) | 38 (6.4) | 1.0 (–) | 78 (6.8) | 1.0 (–) |
≥1× per week (1) | 18 (58.1) | 1.6 (1.2–2.2) | 20 (50.0) | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | 38 (53.5) | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | 7 (22.6) | 3.1 (1.5–6.4) | 8 (20.5) | 3.4 (1.7–6.6) | 15 (21.4) | 3.3 (2.0–5.3) |
(3) blamed for others’ mistakes
| ||||||||||||
No/<1× per week (0) | 198 (35.7) | 1.0 – | 187 (32.5) | 1.0 (–) | 385 (34.1) | 1.0 (–) | 43 (7.7) | 1.0 (–) | 38 (6.6) | 1.0 (–) | 81 (7.2) | 1.0 (–) |
≥1× per week (1) | 16 (61.5) | 1.8 (1.3–2.4) | 35 (56.5) | 1.6 (1.3–2.1) | 51 (58.0) | 1.7 (1.4–2.1) | 4 (14.8) | 1.8 (0.7–4.7) | 8 (12.9) | 2.1 (1.0–4.2) | 12 (13.5) | 2.0 (1.1–3.4) |
(4) important working areas taken away
| ||||||||||||
No/<1× per week (0) | 199 (35.5) | 1.0 (–) | 214 (34.2) | 1.0 (–) | 413 (34.8) | 1.0 (–) | 44 (7.8) | 1.0 (–) | 42 (6.7) | 1.0 (–) | 86 (7.2) | 1.0 (–) |
≥1× per week (1) | 14 (82.4) | 2.3 (1.8–3.0)c
| 8 (66.7) | 1.9 (1.3–2.8) | 22 (75.9) | 2.3 (1.9–2.7) | 3 (16.7) | 1.9 (0.6–5.5) | 4 (33.3) | 4.4 (1.9–10) | 7 (23.3) | 2.7 (1.4–5.4) |
(5) sexual harassment
| ||||||||||||
No/<1× per week (0) | 213 (36.8) | 223 (34.9) | 436 (35.8) | 45 (7.8) | 46 (7.2) | 91 (7.5) | ||||||
≥1× per week (1) | 1 (100) | – | 1 (100) | 1 (50) | – | 1 (50) |