Skip to main content
Erschienen in: European Journal of Applied Physiology 4/2016

18.01.2016 | Original Article

Submaximal exercise intensity modulates acute post-exercise heart rate variability

verfasst von: Scott Michael, Ollie Jay, Mark Halaki, Kenneth Graham, Glen M. Davis

Erschienen in: European Journal of Applied Physiology | Ausgabe 4/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose

This study investigated whether short-term heart rate variability (HRV) can be used to differentiate between the immediate recovery periods following three different intensities of preceding exercise.

Methods

12 males cycled for 8 min at three intensities: LOW (40–45 %), MOD (75–80 %) and HIGH (90–95 %) of heart rate (HR) reserve. HRV was assessed during exercise and throughout 10-min seated recovery.

Results

1-min HR recovery was reduced following greater exercise intensities when expressed as R–R interval (RRI, ms) (p < 0.001), but not b min−1 (p = 0.217). During exercise, the natural logarithm of root mean square of successive differences (Ln-RMSSD) was higher during LOW (1.66 ± 0.47 ms) relative to MOD (1.14 ± 0.32 ms) and HIGH (1.30 ± 0.25 ms) (p ≤ 0.037). Similar results were observed for high-frequency spectra (Ln-HF—LOW: 2.9 ± 1.0; MOD: 1.6 ± 0.6; HIGH: 1.6 ± 0.3 ms2, p < 0.001). By 1-min recovery, higher preceding exercise intensities resulted in lower HRV amongst all three intensities for Ln-RMSSD (LOW: 3.45 ± 0.58; MOD: 2.34 ± 0.81; HIGH: 1.66 ± 0.78 ms, p < 0.001) and Ln-HF (LOW: 6.0 ± 1.0; MOD: 4.3 ± 1.4; HIGH: 2.8 ± 1.4 ms2, p < 0.001). Similarly, by 1-min recovery ‘HR-corrected’ HRV (Ln-RMSSD: RRI × 103) was different amongst all three intensities (LOW: 3.64 ± 0.49; MOD: 2.90 ± 0.65; HIGH: 2.40 ± 0.67, p < 0.001). These differences were maintained throughout 10-min recovery (p ≤ 0.027).

Conclusion

Preceding exercise intensity has a graded effect on recovery HRV measures reflecting cardiac vagal activity, even after correcting for the underlying HR. The immediate recovery following exercise is a potentially useful period to investigate autonomic activity, as multiple levels of autonomic activity can be clearly differentiated between using HRV. When investigating post-exercise HRV it is critical to account for the relative exercise intensity.
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Billman GE (2013) The effect of heart rate on the heart rate variability response to autonomic interventions. Front Physiol 4:222PubMedPubMedCentral Billman GE (2013) The effect of heart rate on the heart rate variability response to autonomic interventions. Front Physiol 4:222PubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Buchheit M, Laursen PB, Ahmaidi S (2007a) Parasympathetic reactivation after repeated sprint exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293(1):H133–H141CrossRefPubMed Buchheit M, Laursen PB, Ahmaidi S (2007a) Parasympathetic reactivation after repeated sprint exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293(1):H133–H141CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Buchheit M, Papelier Y, Laursen PB, Ahmaidi S (2007b) Noninvasive assessment of cardiac parasympathetic function: postexercise heart rate recovery or heart rate variability? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293(1):H8–H10CrossRefPubMed Buchheit M, Papelier Y, Laursen PB, Ahmaidi S (2007b) Noninvasive assessment of cardiac parasympathetic function: postexercise heart rate recovery or heart rate variability? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293(1):H8–H10CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Camm AJ, Malik M, Bigger JT et al (1996) Heart rate variability—standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation 93(5):1043–1065CrossRef Camm AJ, Malik M, Bigger JT et al (1996) Heart rate variability—standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation 93(5):1043–1065CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Casonatto J, Tinucci T, Dourado AC, Polito M (2011) Cardiovascular and autonomic responses after exercise sessions with different intensities and durations. Clinics 66(3):453–458CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Casonatto J, Tinucci T, Dourado AC, Polito M (2011) Cardiovascular and autonomic responses after exercise sessions with different intensities and durations. Clinics 66(3):453–458CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Cole CR, Blackstone EH, Pashkow FJ, Snader CE, Lauer MS (1999) Heart-rate recovery immediately after exercise as a predictor of mortality. N Engl J Med 341(18):1351–1357CrossRefPubMed Cole CR, Blackstone EH, Pashkow FJ, Snader CE, Lauer MS (1999) Heart-rate recovery immediately after exercise as a predictor of mortality. N Engl J Med 341(18):1351–1357CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Cottin F, Lepretre PM, Lopes P, Papelier Y, Medigue C, Billat V (2006) Assessment of ventilatory thresholds from heart rate variability in well-trained subjects during cycling. Int J Sports Med 27(12):959–967CrossRefPubMed Cottin F, Lepretre PM, Lopes P, Papelier Y, Medigue C, Billat V (2006) Assessment of ventilatory thresholds from heart rate variability in well-trained subjects during cycling. Int J Sports Med 27(12):959–967CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Daanen HAM, Lamberts RP, Kallen VL, Jin A, Van Meeteren NLU (2012) A systematic review on heart-rate recovery to monitor changes in training status in athletes. Int J Sport Physiol Perform 7(3):251–260 Daanen HAM, Lamberts RP, Kallen VL, Jin A, Van Meeteren NLU (2012) A systematic review on heart-rate recovery to monitor changes in training status in athletes. Int J Sport Physiol Perform 7(3):251–260
Zurück zum Zitat Gladwell VF, Sandercock GRH, Birch SL (2010) Cardiac vagal activity following three intensities of exercise in humans. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 30(1):17–22CrossRefPubMed Gladwell VF, Sandercock GRH, Birch SL (2010) Cardiac vagal activity following three intensities of exercise in humans. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 30(1):17–22CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Goldberger JJ, Le FK, Lahiri M, Kannankeril PJ, Ng J, Kadish AH (2006) Assessment of parasympathetic reactivation after exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 290(6):H2446–H2452CrossRefPubMed Goldberger JJ, Le FK, Lahiri M, Kannankeril PJ, Ng J, Kadish AH (2006) Assessment of parasympathetic reactivation after exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 290(6):H2446–H2452CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Goldstein DS, Bentho O, Park M-Y, Sharabi Y (2011) Low-frequency power of heart rate variability is not a measure of cardiac sympathetic tone but may be a measure of modulation of cardiac autonomic outflows by baroreflexes. Exp Physiol 96(12):1255–1261CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Goldstein DS, Bentho O, Park M-Y, Sharabi Y (2011) Low-frequency power of heart rate variability is not a measure of cardiac sympathetic tone but may be a measure of modulation of cardiac autonomic outflows by baroreflexes. Exp Physiol 96(12):1255–1261CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Green M (2010) Risk stratification effective use of ACSM guidelines and integration of professional judgment. ACSMS Health Fit J 14(4):22–28 Green M (2010) Risk stratification effective use of ACSM guidelines and integration of professional judgment. ACSMS Health Fit J 14(4):22–28
Zurück zum Zitat Imai K, Sato H, Hori M et al (1994) Vagally mediated heart-rate recovery after exercise is accelerated in athletes but blunted in patients with chronic heart-failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 24(6):1529–1535CrossRefPubMed Imai K, Sato H, Hori M et al (1994) Vagally mediated heart-rate recovery after exercise is accelerated in athletes but blunted in patients with chronic heart-failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 24(6):1529–1535CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kaikkonen P, Nummela A, Rusko H (2007) Heart rate variability dynamics during early recovery after different endurance exercises. Eur J Appl Physiol 102(1):79–86CrossRefPubMed Kaikkonen P, Nummela A, Rusko H (2007) Heart rate variability dynamics during early recovery after different endurance exercises. Eur J Appl Physiol 102(1):79–86CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kaikkonen P, Rusko H, Martinmaki K (2008) Post-exercise heart rate variability of endurance athletes after different high-intensity exercise interventions. Scand J Med Sci Sports 18(4):511–519CrossRefPubMed Kaikkonen P, Rusko H, Martinmaki K (2008) Post-exercise heart rate variability of endurance athletes after different high-intensity exercise interventions. Scand J Med Sci Sports 18(4):511–519CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kaikkonen P, Hynynen E, Mann T, Rusko H, Nummela A (2010) Can HRV be used to evaluate training load in constant load exercises? Eur J Appl Physiol 108(3):435–442CrossRefPubMed Kaikkonen P, Hynynen E, Mann T, Rusko H, Nummela A (2010) Can HRV be used to evaluate training load in constant load exercises? Eur J Appl Physiol 108(3):435–442CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kannankeril PJ, Le FK, Kadish AH, Goldberger JJ (2004) Parasympathetic effects on heart rate recovery after exercise. J Investig Med 52(6):394–401PubMed Kannankeril PJ, Le FK, Kadish AH, Goldberger JJ (2004) Parasympathetic effects on heart rate recovery after exercise. J Investig Med 52(6):394–401PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Karapetian GK, Engels HJ, Gretebeck RJ (2008) Use of heart rate variability to estimate LT and VT. Int J Sports Med 29(8):652–657CrossRefPubMed Karapetian GK, Engels HJ, Gretebeck RJ (2008) Use of heart rate variability to estimate LT and VT. Int J Sports Med 29(8):652–657CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kiviniemi AM, Hautala AJ, Kinnunen H, Tulppo MP (2007) Endurance training guided individually by daily heart rate variability measurements. Eur J Appl Physiol 101(6):743–751CrossRefPubMed Kiviniemi AM, Hautala AJ, Kinnunen H, Tulppo MP (2007) Endurance training guided individually by daily heart rate variability measurements. Eur J Appl Physiol 101(6):743–751CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kiviniemi AM, Hautala AJ, Kinnunen H et al (2010) Daily exercise prescription on the basis of HR variability among men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42(7):1355–1363CrossRefPubMed Kiviniemi AM, Hautala AJ, Kinnunen H et al (2010) Daily exercise prescription on the basis of HR variability among men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42(7):1355–1363CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lamberts RP, Maskell S, Borresen J, Lambert MI (2011) Adapting workload improves the measurement of heart rate recovery. Int J Sports Med 32(9):698–702CrossRefPubMed Lamberts RP, Maskell S, Borresen J, Lambert MI (2011) Adapting workload improves the measurement of heart rate recovery. Int J Sports Med 32(9):698–702CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Martinmaki K, Rusko H (2008) Time-frequency analysis of heart rate variability during immediate recovery from low and high intensity exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 102(3):353–360CrossRefPubMed Martinmaki K, Rusko H (2008) Time-frequency analysis of heart rate variability during immediate recovery from low and high intensity exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 102(3):353–360CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Martinmaki K, Hakkinen K, Mikkola J, Rusko H (2008) Effect of low-dose endurance training on heart rate variability at rest and during an incremental maximal exercise test. Eur J Appl Physiol 104(3):541–548CrossRefPubMed Martinmaki K, Hakkinen K, Mikkola J, Rusko H (2008) Effect of low-dose endurance training on heart rate variability at rest and during an incremental maximal exercise test. Eur J Appl Physiol 104(3):541–548CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mendonca GV, Fernhall B, Heffernan KS, Pereira FD (2009) Spectral methods of heart rate variability analysis during dynamic exercise. Clin Auton Res 19(4):237–245CrossRefPubMed Mendonca GV, Fernhall B, Heffernan KS, Pereira FD (2009) Spectral methods of heart rate variability analysis during dynamic exercise. Clin Auton Res 19(4):237–245CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mourot L, Bouhaddi M, Tordi N, Rouillon JD, Regnard J (2004) Short- and long-term effects of a single bout of exercise on heart rate variability: comparison between constant and interval training exercises. Eur J Appl Physiol 92(4–5):508–517PubMed Mourot L, Bouhaddi M, Tordi N, Rouillon JD, Regnard J (2004) Short- and long-term effects of a single bout of exercise on heart rate variability: comparison between constant and interval training exercises. Eur J Appl Physiol 92(4–5):508–517PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ng J, Sundaram S, Kadish AH, Goldberger JJ (2009) Autonomic effects on the spectral analysis of heart rate variability after exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 297(4):H1421–H1428CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ng J, Sundaram S, Kadish AH, Goldberger JJ (2009) Autonomic effects on the spectral analysis of heart rate variability after exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 297(4):H1421–H1428CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Parekh A, Lee CM (2005) Heart rate variability after isocaloric exercise bouts of different intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37(4):599–605CrossRefPubMed Parekh A, Lee CM (2005) Heart rate variability after isocaloric exercise bouts of different intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37(4):599–605CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Perini R, Orizio C, Baselli G, Cerutti S, Veicsteinas A (1990) The influence of exercise intensity on the power spectrum of heart-rate-variability. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 61(1–2):143–148CrossRefPubMed Perini R, Orizio C, Baselli G, Cerutti S, Veicsteinas A (1990) The influence of exercise intensity on the power spectrum of heart-rate-variability. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 61(1–2):143–148CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Robinson BF, Epstein SE, Beiser GD (1966) Braunwal.E. Control of heart rate by autonomic nervous system—studies in man on interrelation between baroreceptor mechanisms and exercise. Circ Res 19(2):400–411CrossRefPubMed Robinson BF, Epstein SE, Beiser GD (1966) Braunwal.E. Control of heart rate by autonomic nervous system—studies in man on interrelation between baroreceptor mechanisms and exercise. Circ Res 19(2):400–411CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sacha J, Barabach S, Statkiewicz-Barabach G et al (2013) How to strengthen or weaken the HRV dependence on heart rate—description of the method and its perspectives. Int J Cardiol 168(2):1660–1663CrossRefPubMed Sacha J, Barabach S, Statkiewicz-Barabach G et al (2013) How to strengthen or weaken the HRV dependence on heart rate—description of the method and its perspectives. Int J Cardiol 168(2):1660–1663CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sales MM, Campbell CSG, Morais PK et al (2011) Noninvasive method to estimate anaerobic threshold in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr 3:1–8CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Sales MM, Campbell CSG, Morais PK et al (2011) Noninvasive method to estimate anaerobic threshold in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr 3:1–8CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Seiler S, Haugen O, Kuffel E (2007) Autonomic recovery after exercise in trained athletes: intensity and duration effects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39(8):1366–1373CrossRefPubMed Seiler S, Haugen O, Kuffel E (2007) Autonomic recovery after exercise in trained athletes: intensity and duration effects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39(8):1366–1373CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Stanley J, Peake JM, Buchheit M (2013) Cardiac parasympathetic reactivation following exercise: implications for training prescription. Sports Med 43(12):1259–1277CrossRefPubMed Stanley J, Peake JM, Buchheit M (2013) Cardiac parasympathetic reactivation following exercise: implications for training prescription. Sports Med 43(12):1259–1277CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Tarvainen MP, Ranta-aho PO, Karjalainen PA (2002) An advanced detrending method with application to HRV analysis. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 49(2):172–175CrossRefPubMed Tarvainen MP, Ranta-aho PO, Karjalainen PA (2002) An advanced detrending method with application to HRV analysis. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 49(2):172–175CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Tulppo MP, Makikallio TH, Takala TES, Seppanen T, Huikuri HV (1996) Quantitative beat-to-beat analysis of heart rate dynamics during exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 271(1):H244–H252 Tulppo MP, Makikallio TH, Takala TES, Seppanen T, Huikuri HV (1996) Quantitative beat-to-beat analysis of heart rate dynamics during exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 271(1):H244–H252
Zurück zum Zitat Tulppo MP, Makikallio TH, Seppanen T, Laukkanen RT, Huikuri HV (1998) Vagal modulation of heart rate during exercise: effects of age and physical fitness. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 274(2):H424–H429 Tulppo MP, Makikallio TH, Seppanen T, Laukkanen RT, Huikuri HV (1998) Vagal modulation of heart rate during exercise: effects of age and physical fitness. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 274(2):H424–H429
Zurück zum Zitat Tulppo MP, Makikallio TH, Laukkanen RT, Huikuri HV (1999) Differences in autonomic modulation of heart rate during arm and leg exercise. Clin Physiol 19(4):294–299CrossRefPubMed Tulppo MP, Makikallio TH, Laukkanen RT, Huikuri HV (1999) Differences in autonomic modulation of heart rate during arm and leg exercise. Clin Physiol 19(4):294–299CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Yamamoto Y, Hughson RL, Nakamura Y (1992) Autonomic nervous system responses to exercise in relation to ventilatory threshold. Chest 101(suppl):S206–S210CrossRef Yamamoto Y, Hughson RL, Nakamura Y (1992) Autonomic nervous system responses to exercise in relation to ventilatory threshold. Chest 101(suppl):S206–S210CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Submaximal exercise intensity modulates acute post-exercise heart rate variability
verfasst von
Scott Michael
Ollie Jay
Mark Halaki
Kenneth Graham
Glen M. Davis
Publikationsdatum
18.01.2016
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
European Journal of Applied Physiology / Ausgabe 4/2016
Print ISSN: 1439-6319
Elektronische ISSN: 1439-6327
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3327-9

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2016

European Journal of Applied Physiology 4/2016 Zur Ausgabe