Skip to main content
Erschienen in: European Journal of Pediatrics 11/2011

01.11.2011 | Review

The podocyte as a target: cyclosporin A in the management of the nephrotic syndrome caused by WT1 mutations

verfasst von: Constantinos J. Stefanidis, Uwe Querfeld

Erschienen in: European Journal of Pediatrics | Ausgabe 11/2011

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome secondary to WT1-associated glomerulopathies (WT1-GP) were considered unresponsive to cyclosporin A (CsA). This assumption is challenged by the findings of recent studies. The patients of these studies had different types of WT1 mutations and varying clinical presentations. However, all of them were of young age and the favourable response to CsA might be the result of treatment at an early stage of the disease. The additional administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors may have contributed to the positive outcome. We review recent data on the role of WT1 in the development of WT1-GP and discuss putative therapeutic targets explaining the therapeutic effect of CsA.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Araya C, Diaz L, Wasserfall C et al (2009) T regulatory cell function in idiopathic minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 24(9):1691–1698PubMedCrossRef Araya C, Diaz L, Wasserfall C et al (2009) T regulatory cell function in idiopathic minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 24(9):1691–1698PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Ariyaratana S, Loeb DM (2007) The role of the Wilms tumour gene (WT1) in normal and malignant haematopoiesis. Expert Rev Mol Med 9:1–17PubMedCrossRef Ariyaratana S, Loeb DM (2007) The role of the Wilms tumour gene (WT1) in normal and malignant haematopoiesis. Expert Rev Mol Med 9:1–17PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Aucella F, Bisceglia L, De Bonis P et al (2006) WT1 mutations in nephrotic syndrome revisited. high prevalence in young girls, associations and renal phenotypes. Pediatr Nephrol 21:1393–1398PubMedCrossRef Aucella F, Bisceglia L, De Bonis P et al (2006) WT1 mutations in nephrotic syndrome revisited. high prevalence in young girls, associations and renal phenotypes. Pediatr Nephrol 21:1393–1398PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Baker AJ, Mooney A, Hughes J et al (1994) Mesangial cell apoptosis: the major mechanism for resolution of glomerular hypercellularity in experimental mesangial proliferative nephritis. J Clin Invest 94:2105–2116PubMedCrossRef Baker AJ, Mooney A, Hughes J et al (1994) Mesangial cell apoptosis: the major mechanism for resolution of glomerular hypercellularity in experimental mesangial proliferative nephritis. J Clin Invest 94:2105–2116PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Barbaux S, Niaudet P, Gubler MC et al (1997) Donor splice-site mutations in WT1 are responsible for Frasier syndrome. Nat Genet 17:467–470PubMedCrossRef Barbaux S, Niaudet P, Gubler MC et al (1997) Donor splice-site mutations in WT1 are responsible for Frasier syndrome. Nat Genet 17:467–470PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Bockenhauer D, van’t Hoff W, Chernin G et al (2009) Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with a mutation in Wilms’ tumour suppressor gene 1. Pediatr Nephrol 24:1399–1401PubMedCrossRef Bockenhauer D, van’t Hoff W, Chernin G et al (2009) Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with a mutation in Wilms’ tumour suppressor gene 1. Pediatr Nephrol 24:1399–1401PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Büscher AK, Kranz B, Büscher R et al (2010) Immunosuppression and renal outcome in congenital and pediatric steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:2075–2084PubMedCrossRef Büscher AK, Kranz B, Büscher R et al (2010) Immunosuppression and renal outcome in congenital and pediatric steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:2075–2084PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Davies JA, Ladomery M, Hohenstein P et al (2004) Development of an siRNA-based method for repressing specific genes in renal organ culture and its use to show that the Wt1 tumour suppressor is required for nephron differentiation. Hum Mol Genet 13:235–246PubMedCrossRef Davies JA, Ladomery M, Hohenstein P et al (2004) Development of an siRNA-based method for repressing specific genes in renal organ culture and its use to show that the Wt1 tumour suppressor is required for nephron differentiation. Hum Mol Genet 13:235–246PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Denys P, Malvaux P, Van den Berghe H et al (1967) Association d’un syndrome anatomo-pathologique de pseudohermaphroditismue masculinum, d’une tumeur de Wilms, d’une nephropathie parenchymateuse et d’un mosaicisme XX/XY. Arch Fr Pediatr 24:729–739PubMed Denys P, Malvaux P, Van den Berghe H et al (1967) Association d’un syndrome anatomo-pathologique de pseudohermaphroditismue masculinum, d’une tumeur de Wilms, d’une nephropathie parenchymateuse et d’un mosaicisme XX/XY. Arch Fr Pediatr 24:729–739PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Drash A, Sherman F, Hartman WH, Blizzard RM et al (1970) Syndrome of pseudohermaphroditism, Wilms’ tumor, hypertension and degenerative renal disease. J Pediatr 76:585–593PubMedCrossRef Drash A, Sherman F, Hartman WH, Blizzard RM et al (1970) Syndrome of pseudohermaphroditism, Wilms’ tumor, hypertension and degenerative renal disease. J Pediatr 76:585–593PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Durez P, Abramowicz D, Gérard C et al (1993) In vivo induction of interleukin 10 by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody or bacterial lipopolysaccharide: differential modulation by cyclosporin A. J Exp Med 177:551–555PubMedCrossRef Durez P, Abramowicz D, Gérard C et al (1993) In vivo induction of interleukin 10 by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody or bacterial lipopolysaccharide: differential modulation by cyclosporin A. J Exp Med 177:551–555PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Ehrich JH, Geerlings C, Zivicnjak M et al (2007) Steroid-resistant idiopathic childhood nephrosis: overdiagnosed and undertreated. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:2183–2193PubMedCrossRef Ehrich JH, Geerlings C, Zivicnjak M et al (2007) Steroid-resistant idiopathic childhood nephrosis: overdiagnosed and undertreated. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:2183–2193PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Faul C, Donnelly M, Merscher-Gomez S et al (2008) The actin cytoskeleton of kidney podocytes is a direct target of the antiproteinuric effect of cyclosporine A. Nat Med 14:931–938PubMedCrossRef Faul C, Donnelly M, Merscher-Gomez S et al (2008) The actin cytoskeleton of kidney podocytes is a direct target of the antiproteinuric effect of cyclosporine A. Nat Med 14:931–938PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Frasier S, Bashore R, Mosllur H (1964) Gonadoblastoma associated with pure gonadal dysgenesis in monozygotic twins. J Pediatr 64:740–745PubMedCrossRef Frasier S, Bashore R, Mosllur H (1964) Gonadoblastoma associated with pure gonadal dysgenesis in monozygotic twins. J Pediatr 64:740–745PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Gbadegesin R, Hinkes BG, Hoskins BE et al (2008) Mutations in PLCE1 are a major cause of isolated diffuse mesangial sclerosis (IDMS). Nephrol Dial Transplant 23:1291–1297PubMedCrossRef Gbadegesin R, Hinkes BG, Hoskins BE et al (2008) Mutations in PLCE1 are a major cause of isolated diffuse mesangial sclerosis (IDMS). Nephrol Dial Transplant 23:1291–1297PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Gellermann J, Stefanidis CJ, Mitsioni A, Querfeld U (2010) Successful treatment of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome associated with WT1 mutations. Pediatr Nephrol 25:1285–1289PubMedCrossRef Gellermann J, Stefanidis CJ, Mitsioni A, Querfeld U (2010) Successful treatment of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome associated with WT1 mutations. Pediatr Nephrol 25:1285–1289PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Grub S, Persohn E, Trommer WE et al (2000) Mechanisms of cyclosporine A-induced apoptosis in rat hepatocyte primary cultures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 163:209–220PubMedCrossRef Grub S, Persohn E, Trommer WE et al (2000) Mechanisms of cyclosporine A-induced apoptosis in rat hepatocyte primary cultures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 163:209–220PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Gubler MC (2003) Podocyte differentiation and hereditary proteinuria/nephrotic syndromes. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:S22–26PubMedCrossRef Gubler MC (2003) Podocyte differentiation and hereditary proteinuria/nephrotic syndromes. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:S22–26PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Guo JK, Menke AL, Gubler MC et al (2002) WT1 is a key regulator of podocyte function: reduced expression levels cause crescentic glomerulonephritis and mesangial sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet 11:651–659PubMedCrossRef Guo JK, Menke AL, Gubler MC et al (2002) WT1 is a key regulator of podocyte function: reduced expression levels cause crescentic glomerulonephritis and mesangial sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet 11:651–659PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Haber DA, Buckler AJ, Glaser T et al (1990) An internal deletion within an 11p13 zinc finger gene contributes to the development of Wilms’ tumor. Cell 61:1257–1269PubMedCrossRef Haber DA, Buckler AJ, Glaser T et al (1990) An internal deletion within an 11p13 zinc finger gene contributes to the development of Wilms’ tumor. Cell 61:1257–1269PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Habib R, Gubler MC, Antignac C et al (1993) Diffuse mesangial sclerosis: a congenital glomerulopathy with nephrotic syndrome. Adv Nephrol Necker Hosp 22:43–57PubMed Habib R, Gubler MC, Antignac C et al (1993) Diffuse mesangial sclerosis: a congenital glomerulopathy with nephrotic syndrome. Adv Nephrol Necker Hosp 22:43–57PubMed
22.
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Hartkamp J, Roberts SG (2008) The role of the Wilms’ tumour-suppressor protein WT1 in apoptosis. Biochem Soc Trans 36:629–631PubMedCrossRef Hartkamp J, Roberts SG (2008) The role of the Wilms’ tumour-suppressor protein WT1 in apoptosis. Biochem Soc Trans 36:629–631PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Hinkes B, Wiggins RC, Gbadegesin R et al (2006) Positional cloning uncovers mutations in PLCE1 responsible for a nephrotic syndrome variant that may be reversible. Nat Genet Dec 38(12):1397–1405CrossRef Hinkes B, Wiggins RC, Gbadegesin R et al (2006) Positional cloning uncovers mutations in PLCE1 responsible for a nephrotic syndrome variant that may be reversible. Nat Genet Dec 38(12):1397–1405CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Hinkes BG, Mucha B, Vlangos CN et al (2007) Nephrotic syndrome in the first year of life: two thirds of cases are caused by mutations in 4 genes (NPHS1, NPHS2, WT1, and LAMB2). Pediatrics 119:e907–919PubMedCrossRef Hinkes BG, Mucha B, Vlangos CN et al (2007) Nephrotic syndrome in the first year of life: two thirds of cases are caused by mutations in 4 genes (NPHS1, NPHS2, WT1, and LAMB2). Pediatrics 119:e907–919PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Hohenstein P, Hastie ND (2006) The many facets of the Wilms’ tumour gene, WT1. Hum Mol Genet 15:196–201CrossRef Hohenstein P, Hastie ND (2006) The many facets of the Wilms’ tumour gene, WT1. Hum Mol Genet 15:196–201CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Jefferson JA, Shankland SJ (2007) Familial nephrotic syndrome: PLCE1 enters the fray. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:1849–1852PubMedCrossRef Jefferson JA, Shankland SJ (2007) Familial nephrotic syndrome: PLCE1 enters the fray. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:1849–1852PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Kitching AR, Katerelos M, Mudge SJ et al (2002) Interleukin-10 inhibits experimental mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Clin Exp Immunol 128:36–43PubMedCrossRef Kitching AR, Katerelos M, Mudge SJ et al (2002) Interleukin-10 inhibits experimental mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Clin Exp Immunol 128:36–43PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Klamt B, Koziell A, Poulat F et al (1998) Frasier syndrome is caused by defective alternative splicing of WT1 leading to an altered ratio of WT1 +/-KTS splice isoforms. Hum Mol Genet 7:709–14PubMedCrossRef Klamt B, Koziell A, Poulat F et al (1998) Frasier syndrome is caused by defective alternative splicing of WT1 leading to an altered ratio of WT1 +/-KTS splice isoforms. Hum Mol Genet 7:709–14PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Kreidberg JA, Sariola H, Loring JM, Maeda M, Pelletier J, Housman D, Jaenisch R (1993) WT-1 is required for early kidney development. Cell 74:679–691PubMedCrossRef Kreidberg JA, Sariola H, Loring JM, Maeda M, Pelletier J, Housman D, Jaenisch R (1993) WT-1 is required for early kidney development. Cell 74:679–691PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Loeb DM (2006) WT1 influences apoptosis through transcriptional regulation of Bcl-2 family members. Cell Cycle 12:1249–1253CrossRef Loeb DM (2006) WT1 influences apoptosis through transcriptional regulation of Bcl-2 family members. Cell Cycle 12:1249–1253CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Löwik MM, Groenen PJ, Levtchenko EN et al (2009) Molecular genetic analysis of podocyte genes in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis—a review. Eur J Pediatr 168:1291–1304PubMedCrossRef Löwik MM, Groenen PJ, Levtchenko EN et al (2009) Molecular genetic analysis of podocyte genes in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis—a review. Eur J Pediatr 168:1291–1304PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Malina M, Cinek O, Janda J, Seeman T (2009) Partial remission with cyclosporine A in a patient with nephrotic syndrome due to NPHS2 mutation. Pediatr Nephrol 24:2051–2053PubMedCrossRef Malina M, Cinek O, Janda J, Seeman T (2009) Partial remission with cyclosporine A in a patient with nephrotic syndrome due to NPHS2 mutation. Pediatr Nephrol 24:2051–2053PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Megremis S, Mitsioni A, Mitsioni AG et al (2009) Nucleotide variations in the NPHS2 gene in Greek children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2:249–256CrossRef Megremis S, Mitsioni A, Mitsioni AG et al (2009) Nucleotide variations in the NPHS2 gene in Greek children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2:249–256CrossRef
35.
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Mittal SK, Sharma RK, Gupta A, Naik S (2009) Increased interleukin-10 production without expansion of CD4+CD25+ T-regulatory cells in early stable renal transplant patients on calcineurin inhibitors. Transplantation 88:435–441PubMedCrossRef Mittal SK, Sharma RK, Gupta A, Naik S (2009) Increased interleukin-10 production without expansion of CD4+CD25+ T-regulatory cells in early stable renal transplant patients on calcineurin inhibitors. Transplantation 88:435–441PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Morrison AA, Venables JP, Dellaire G et al (2006) The Wilms tumour suppressor protein WT1 (+KTS isoform) binds alpha-actinin 1 mRNA via its zinc-finger domain. Biochem Cell Biol 84:789–798PubMedCrossRef Morrison AA, Venables JP, Dellaire G et al (2006) The Wilms tumour suppressor protein WT1 (+KTS isoform) binds alpha-actinin 1 mRNA via its zinc-finger domain. Biochem Cell Biol 84:789–798PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Morrison DJ, English MA, Licht JD (2005) WT1 induces apoptosis through transcriptional regulation of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bak. Cancer Res 65:8174–8182PubMedCrossRef Morrison DJ, English MA, Licht JD (2005) WT1 induces apoptosis through transcriptional regulation of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bak. Cancer Res 65:8174–8182PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Mottet C, Golshayan D (2007) CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells: from basic research to potential therapeutic use. Swiss Med Wkly 137:625–634PubMed Mottet C, Golshayan D (2007) CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells: from basic research to potential therapeutic use. Swiss Med Wkly 137:625–634PubMed
40.
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Palmer RE, Kotsianti A, Cadman B et al (2001) WT1 regulates the expression of the major glomerular podocyte membrane protein Podocalyxin. Curr Biol 11(22):1805–1809PubMedCrossRef Palmer RE, Kotsianti A, Cadman B et al (2001) WT1 regulates the expression of the major glomerular podocyte membrane protein Podocalyxin. Curr Biol 11(22):1805–1809PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Ratelade J, Arrondel C, Hamard G et al (2010) A murine model of Denys-Drash syndrome reveals novel transcriptional targets of WT1 in podocytes. Hum Mol Genet 19(1):1–15PubMedCrossRef Ratelade J, Arrondel C, Hamard G et al (2010) A murine model of Denys-Drash syndrome reveals novel transcriptional targets of WT1 in podocytes. Hum Mol Genet 19(1):1–15PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Riccardi VM, Sujansky E, Smith AC et al (1978) Chromosomal imbalance in the Aniridia-Wilms’ tumor association: 11p Interstitial deletion. Pediatrics 61:604–610PubMed Riccardi VM, Sujansky E, Smith AC et al (1978) Chromosomal imbalance in the Aniridia-Wilms’ tumor association: 11p Interstitial deletion. Pediatrics 61:604–610PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruf RG, Lichtenberger A, Karle SM et al (2004) Patients with mutations in NPHS 2 (podocin) do not respond to standard steroid treatment of nephrotic syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:722–732PubMedCrossRef Ruf RG, Lichtenberger A, Karle SM et al (2004) Patients with mutations in NPHS 2 (podocin) do not respond to standard steroid treatment of nephrotic syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:722–732PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruf RG, Schultheiss M, Lichtenberger A et al (2004) Prevalence of WT1 mutations in a large cohort of patients with steroid-resistant and steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 66:564–570PubMedCrossRef Ruf RG, Schultheiss M, Lichtenberger A et al (2004) Prevalence of WT1 mutations in a large cohort of patients with steroid-resistant and steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 66:564–570PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Scholz H, Kirschner KM (2005) A role for the Wilms’ tumor protein WT1 in organ development. Physiology 20:54–59PubMedCrossRef Scholz H, Kirschner KM (2005) A role for the Wilms’ tumor protein WT1 in organ development. Physiology 20:54–59PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Schumacher V, Schärer K, Wühl E et al (1998) Spectrum of early onset nephrotic syndrome associated with WT1 missense mutations. Kidney Int 53:1594–1600PubMedCrossRef Schumacher V, Schärer K, Wühl E et al (1998) Spectrum of early onset nephrotic syndrome associated with WT1 missense mutations. Kidney Int 53:1594–1600PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Sciesielski LK, Kirschner KM, Scholz H, Persson AB (2010) Wilms’ tumor protein Wt1 regulates the Interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene. FEBS Lett 584:4665–4671PubMedCrossRef Sciesielski LK, Kirschner KM, Scholz H, Persson AB (2010) Wilms’ tumor protein Wt1 regulates the Interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene. FEBS Lett 584:4665–4671PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Sinha A, Sharma S, Gulati A et al (2010) Frasier syndrome: early gonadoblastoma and cyclosporine responsiveness. Pediatr Nephrol 25:2171–2174PubMedCrossRef Sinha A, Sharma S, Gulati A et al (2010) Frasier syndrome: early gonadoblastoma and cyclosporine responsiveness. Pediatr Nephrol 25:2171–2174PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Takeda T (2003) Podocyte cytoskeleton is connected to the integral membrane protein podocalyxin through Na+/H+-exchanger regulatory factor 2 and ezrin. Clin Exp Nephrol 7:260–269PubMedCrossRef Takeda T (2003) Podocyte cytoskeleton is connected to the integral membrane protein podocalyxin through Na+/H+-exchanger regulatory factor 2 and ezrin. Clin Exp Nephrol 7:260–269PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Viney RL, Morrison AA, van den Heuvel LP et al (2007) A proteomic investigation of glomerular podocytes from a Denys-Drash syndrome patient with a mutation in the Wilms tumour suppressor gene WT1. Proteomics 7:804–815PubMedCrossRef Viney RL, Morrison AA, van den Heuvel LP et al (2007) A proteomic investigation of glomerular podocytes from a Denys-Drash syndrome patient with a mutation in the Wilms tumour suppressor gene WT1. Proteomics 7:804–815PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang W, Tzanidis A, Divjak M, Thomson NM, Stein-Oakley AN et al (2001) Altered signaling and regulatory mechanisms of apoptosis in focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:1422–1433PubMed Wang W, Tzanidis A, Divjak M, Thomson NM, Stein-Oakley AN et al (2001) Altered signaling and regulatory mechanisms of apoptosis in focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:1422–1433PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Wasilewska AM, Kuroczycka-Saniutycz E, Zoch-Zwierz W. (2011) Effect of cyclosporin A on proteinuria in the course of glomerulopathy associated with WT1 mutations. Eur J Pediatr (in press) Wasilewska AM, Kuroczycka-Saniutycz E, Zoch-Zwierz W. (2011) Effect of cyclosporin A on proteinuria in the course of glomerulopathy associated with WT1 mutations. Eur J Pediatr (in press)
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Weber S, Gribouval O, Esquivel EL et al (2004) NPHS2 mutation analysis shows genetic heterogeneity of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and low post-transplant recurrence. Kidney Int 66(2):571–579PubMedCrossRef Weber S, Gribouval O, Esquivel EL et al (2004) NPHS2 mutation analysis shows genetic heterogeneity of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and low post-transplant recurrence. Kidney Int 66(2):571–579PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
The podocyte as a target: cyclosporin A in the management of the nephrotic syndrome caused by WT1 mutations
verfasst von
Constantinos J. Stefanidis
Uwe Querfeld
Publikationsdatum
01.11.2011
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
European Journal of Pediatrics / Ausgabe 11/2011
Print ISSN: 0340-6199
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-1076
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-011-1397-6

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 11/2011

European Journal of Pediatrics 11/2011 Zur Ausgabe

Review

Eponym

Update Pädiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.