Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Dysphagia 3/2003

01.08.2003

The Rheology of Liquids: A Comparison of Clinicians’ Subjective Impressions and Objective Measurement

verfasst von: Catriona M. Steele, MHSc, SLP(C), CCC-SLP, Reg. CASLPO, Pascal H. H. M. Van Lieshout, PhD, Douglas H. Goff, PhD

Erschienen in: Dysphagia | Ausgabe 3/2003

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Texture-modified diets are commonly prescribed for patients with dysphagia; it is therefore important to demonstrate that clinicians form accurate impressions of the rheological (flow) properties of the items that they recommend for their clients. We explored the correlation between objective rheological measurement and clinicians’ subjective impressions of liquid consistency, rated on the bases of product labeling and sampling. Ten liquids, ranging from thin through nectar-thick and honey-thick to spoon-thick consistencies, were selected for study. Rheological analysis was conducted using a Carri-Med CSL Controlled Stress Rheometer. Fifty speech-language pathologists ranked the liquids in order of perceived viscosity, based on their interpretation of the product packaging and label. Product nomenclature proved insufficient to accurately represent the consistency class to which each liquid belonged. A second group of 16 speech-language pathologists rated the perceived relative viscosity and density of nectar-thick and honey-thick juice items in blinded two-point discrimination tests of stirring-resistance, oral manipulation, and vessel weight. Physical sampling of these two products enabled clinicians to reliably perceive relative viscosity and density differences between the nectar- and honey-thick items.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Borwankar, RP 1992Food texture: A tutorial review.J Food Eng16116 Borwankar, RP 1992Food texture: A tutorial review.J Food Eng16116
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Bourne, MC 1982Viscosity and consistency.Bourne, MC eds. Food texture and viscosity: Concept and measurement.Academic PressNew York199246 Bourne, MC 1982Viscosity and consistency.Bourne, MC eds. Food texture and viscosity: Concept and measurement.Academic PressNew York199246
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Coster, ST, Schwarz, WH 1987Rheology and the swallow-safe bolus.Dysphagia1113118 Coster, ST, Schwarz, WH 1987Rheology and the swallow-safe bolus.Dysphagia1113118
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Finney Jr, EE 1973Elementary concepts of rheology relevant to food texture studies.Kramer, ASzczesniak, AS eds. Texture measurements of foods: Psychophysical fundamentals; Sensory, mechanical and chemical procedures, and their interrelationships.D. Reidel Publishing Co.Boston3351 Finney Jr, EE 1973Elementary concepts of rheology relevant to food texture studies.Kramer, ASzczesniak, AS eds. Texture measurements of foods: Psychophysical fundamentals; Sensory, mechanical and chemical procedures, and their interrelationships.D. Reidel Publishing Co.Boston3351
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Launay, B 1996Rheological techniques.Linden, GHurst, WJ eds. Analytical techniques for food and agricultural products.VCH Publishers, Inc.New York195228 Launay, B 1996Rheological techniques.Linden, GHurst, WJ eds. Analytical techniques for food and agricultural products.VCH Publishers, Inc.New York195228
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Rao, MA 1992Measurement of viscoelastic properties of fluid and semisolid foods.Rao, MASteffe, JF eds. Viscoelastic properties of foods.ElsevierLondon207232 Rao, MA 1992Measurement of viscoelastic properties of fluid and semisolid foods.Rao, MASteffe, JF eds. Viscoelastic properties of foods.ElsevierLondon207232
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Shoemaker, CF 1992Instrumentation for the measurement of viscoelasticity.Rao, MASteffe, JF eds. Viscoelastic properties of foods.ElsevierLondon233246 Shoemaker, CF 1992Instrumentation for the measurement of viscoelasticity.Rao, MASteffe, JF eds. Viscoelastic properties of foods.ElsevierLondon233246
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Szczesniak, AS 1973Instrumental methods of texture measurements.Kramer, ASzczesniak, AS eds. Texture measurements of foods: Psychophysical fundamentals; Sensory, mechanical and chemical procedures, and their interrelationships.D. Reidel Publishing Co.Boston71104 Szczesniak, AS 1973Instrumental methods of texture measurements.Kramer, ASzczesniak, AS eds. Texture measurements of foods: Psychophysical fundamentals; Sensory, mechanical and chemical procedures, and their interrelationships.D. Reidel Publishing Co.Boston71104
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Tung, MA, Paulson, AT 1995Rheological concepts for probing ingredient interactions in food systems.Gaonkar, AG eds. Ingredient interactions: Effects on food quality.Marcel DekkerNew York4584 Tung, MA, Paulson, AT 1995Rheological concepts for probing ingredient interactions in food systems.Gaonkar, AG eds. Ingredient interactions: Effects on food quality.Marcel DekkerNew York4584
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Yeatman, JN, Drake, BK 1973Physiological aspects of texture perception, including mastication.Kramer, ASzczesniak, AS eds. Texture measurements of foods: Psychophysical fundamentals; Sensory, mechanical and chemical procedures, and their interrelationships.D. Reidel Publishing Co.Boston1015 Yeatman, JN, Drake, BK 1973Physiological aspects of texture perception, including mastication.Kramer, ASzczesniak, AS eds. Texture measurements of foods: Psychophysical fundamentals; Sensory, mechanical and chemical procedures, and their interrelationships.D. Reidel Publishing Co.Boston1015
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones, B, Donner, BW 1989How I do it: Examination of the patient with dysphagia.Dysphagia4162172PubMed Jones, B, Donner, BW 1989How I do it: Examination of the patient with dysphagia.Dysphagia4162172PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Huckabee, ML, Pelletier, CA 1999Management of adult neurogenic dysphagia.Singular Publishing Group, Inc.San Diego, CA Huckabee, ML, Pelletier, CA 1999Management of adult neurogenic dysphagia.Singular Publishing Group, Inc.San Diego, CA
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Logemann, JA 1983Evaluation and treatment of swallowing disorders.College Hill Press, Inc.San Diego, CA Logemann, JA 1983Evaluation and treatment of swallowing disorders.College Hill Press, Inc.San Diego, CA
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Logemann, JA 1989Guidelines for safe and efficient feeding of patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia.Northern Speech ServicesGaylord, MI Logemann, JA 1989Guidelines for safe and efficient feeding of patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia.Northern Speech ServicesGaylord, MI
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Curran, J, Groher, ME 1990Development and dissemination of an aspiration risk reduction diet.Dysphagia5612PubMed Curran, J, Groher, ME 1990Development and dissemination of an aspiration risk reduction diet.Dysphagia5612PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin, AW 1991Dietary management of swallowing disorders.Dysphagia6129134PubMed Martin, AW 1991Dietary management of swallowing disorders.Dysphagia6129134PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Pardoe, EM 1993Development of a multistage diet for dysphagia.J Am Diet Assoc93568571PubMed Pardoe, EM 1993Development of a multistage diet for dysphagia.J Am Diet Assoc93568571PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Odderson, IR, Keaton, JC, McKenna, BS 1990Swallow management in patients on an acute stroke pathway: Quality is cost effective.Arch Phy Med Rehabil7611301133 Odderson, IR, Keaton, JC, McKenna, BS 1990Swallow management in patients on an acute stroke pathway: Quality is cost effective.Arch Phy Med Rehabil7611301133
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Steele, CM 2002Emergency room assessment and intervention for dysphagia: A pilot project.J Speech Lang Pathol AudiolXXXXXXXX Steele, CM 2002Emergency room assessment and intervention for dysphagia: A pilot project.J Speech Lang Pathol AudiolXXXXXXXX
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Garon, BR, Engle, M, Ormiston, C 1996Silent aspiration: results of 1,000 videofluoroscopic swallow evaluations.J Neurol Rehabil10121126 Garon, BR, Engle, M, Ormiston, C 1996Silent aspiration: results of 1,000 videofluoroscopic swallow evaluations.J Neurol Rehabil10121126
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Finestone, HM, Foley, NC, Woodbury, MG, Greene–Finestone, L 2001Quantifying fluid intake in dysphagic stroke patients: A preliminary comparison of oral and nonoral strategies.Arch Phys Med Rehabil8217741746 Finestone, HM, Foley, NC, Woodbury, MG, Greene–Finestone, L 2001Quantifying fluid intake in dysphagic stroke patients: A preliminary comparison of oral and nonoral strategies.Arch Phys Med Rehabil8217741746
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Cichero, JAY, Jackson, O, Halley, PJ, Murdoch, BE 2000Which one of these is not like the others? An inter-hospital study of the viscosity of thickened fluids.J Speech Lang Hear Res43537547PubMed Cichero, JAY, Jackson, O, Halley, PJ, Murdoch, BE 2000Which one of these is not like the others? An inter-hospital study of the viscosity of thickened fluids.J Speech Lang Hear Res43537547PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Glassburn, DL, Deem, DF 1998Thickener viscosity in dysphagia management: Variability among speech-language pathologists.Dysphagia13218222PubMed Glassburn, DL, Deem, DF 1998Thickener viscosity in dysphagia management: Variability among speech-language pathologists.Dysphagia13218222PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Pelletier, CA 1997A comparison of consistency and taste of five commercial thickeners.Dysphagia127478PubMed Pelletier, CA 1997A comparison of consistency and taste of five commercial thickeners.Dysphagia127478PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Felt, P 1999The national dysphagia diet project: The science and practice.Nutr Clin Pract14S60S63 Felt, P 1999The national dysphagia diet project: The science and practice.Nutr Clin Pract14S60S63
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Mills, RH 1999Rheology overview: Control of liquid viscosities in dysphagia management.Nutr Clin Pract14S52S56 Mills, RH 1999Rheology overview: Control of liquid viscosities in dysphagia management.Nutr Clin Pract14S52S56
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith, CH, Logemann, JA, Burghardt, WR, Carrell, TD, Zecker, SG 1997Oral sensory discrimination of fluid viscosity.Dysphagia126873PubMed Smith, CH, Logemann, JA, Burghardt, WR, Carrell, TD, Zecker, SG 1997Oral sensory discrimination of fluid viscosity.Dysphagia126873PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Belvito L: Novartis Nutrition, Personal communication, February 2001 Belvito L: Novartis Nutrition, Personal communication, February 2001
29.
Zurück zum Zitat American Dietetic Association2000Diet for Dysphagia.Manual of Clinical Dietetics, 6th ed.AuthorChicago, IL668693 American Dietetic Association2000Diet for Dysphagia.Manual of Clinical Dietetics, 6th ed.AuthorChicago, IL668693
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Toronto Dysphagia Interest Group members: Personal communication, May 2001 Toronto Dysphagia Interest Group members: Personal communication, May 2001
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Bisch, EM, Logemann, JA, Rademaker, AW, Kahrilas, PJ, Lazarus, CL 1994Pharyngeal effects of bolus volume, viscosity, and temperature in patients with dysphagia resulting from neurologic impairment and in normal subjects.J Speech Hear Res3710411049PubMed Bisch, EM, Logemann, JA, Rademaker, AW, Kahrilas, PJ, Lazarus, CL 1994Pharyngeal effects of bolus volume, viscosity, and temperature in patients with dysphagia resulting from neurologic impairment and in normal subjects.J Speech Hear Res3710411049PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Dantas, RO, Kern, MK, Massey, BT, Dodds, WJ, Kahrilas, PJ, Brasseur, JG, Cook, IJ, Lang, IM 1990Effect of swallowed bolus variables on oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing.Am J Physiol258G675G681PubMed Dantas, RO, Kern, MK, Massey, BT, Dodds, WJ, Kahrilas, PJ, Brasseur, JG, Cook, IJ, Lang, IM 1990Effect of swallowed bolus variables on oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing.Am J Physiol258G675G681PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Lazarus, CL, Logemann, JA, Rademaker, AW, Kahrilas, PJ, Pajak, T, Lazar, R, Halper, A 1993Effects of bolus volume, viscosity, and repeated swallows in nonstroke subjects and stroke patients.Arch Phys Rehabil7410661070 Lazarus, CL, Logemann, JA, Rademaker, AW, Kahrilas, PJ, Pajak, T, Lazar, R, Halper, A 1993Effects of bolus volume, viscosity, and repeated swallows in nonstroke subjects and stroke patients.Arch Phys Rehabil7410661070
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Perlman, AL, Van Daele, DJ, Otterbacher, MS 1995Quantitative assessment of hyoid bone displacement from video images during swallowing.J Speech Hear Res38579585PubMed Perlman, AL, Van Daele, DJ, Otterbacher, MS 1995Quantitative assessment of hyoid bone displacement from video images during swallowing.J Speech Hear Res38579585PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Cichero, JAY, Hay, G, Murdoch, BE, Halley, PJ 1997Videofluroscopic fluids versus mealtime fluids: Differences in viscosity and density made clear.J Med Speech Lang Pathol5203215 Cichero, JAY, Hay, G, Murdoch, BE, Halley, PJ 1997Videofluroscopic fluids versus mealtime fluids: Differences in viscosity and density made clear.J Med Speech Lang Pathol5203215
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Dantas, RO, Dodds, WJ, Massey, BT, Kern, MK 1989The effect of high- vs. low-density barium preparations on the quantitative features of swallowing.Am J Roentgenol15311911195 Dantas, RO, Dodds, WJ, Massey, BT, Kern, MK 1989The effect of high- vs. low-density barium preparations on the quantitative features of swallowing.Am J Roentgenol15311911195
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller JL: The influence of volume and viscosity during oral stage swallowing. Masters thesis, McGill University, Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International, 1994 Miller JL: The influence of volume and viscosity during oral stage swallowing. Masters thesis, McGill University, Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International, 1994
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller, JL, Watkin, KL 1996The influence of bolus volume and viscosity on anterior lingual force during the oral stage of swallowing.Dysphagia11117124PubMed Miller, JL, Watkin, KL 1996The influence of bolus volume and viscosity on anterior lingual force during the oral stage of swallowing.Dysphagia11117124PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Perlman, AL, Schultz, JG, Van Daele, DJ 1993Effects of age, gender, bolus volume and bolus viscosity on oropharyngeal pressure during swallowing.J Appl Physiol743337 Perlman, AL, Schultz, JG, Van Daele, DJ 1993Effects of age, gender, bolus volume and bolus viscosity on oropharyngeal pressure during swallowing.J Appl Physiol743337
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Reimers–Neils, L, Logemann, J, Larson, C 1994Viscosity effects on EMG activity in normal swallowing.Dysphagia9101106PubMed Reimers–Neils, L, Logemann, J, Larson, C 1994Viscosity effects on EMG activity in normal swallowing.Dysphagia9101106PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Christensen, CM 1979Oral perception of solution viscosity.J Texture Studies10153164 Christensen, CM 1979Oral perception of solution viscosity.J Texture Studies10153164
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Moskowitz, HR 1972Scales of subjective viscosity and fluidity of gum solutions.J Texture Studies389100 Moskowitz, HR 1972Scales of subjective viscosity and fluidity of gum solutions.J Texture Studies389100
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Parkinson, C, Sherman, P 1971The influence of turbulent flow on the sensory assessment of viscosity in the mouth.J Texture Studies2451459 Parkinson, C, Sherman, P 1971The influence of turbulent flow on the sensory assessment of viscosity in the mouth.J Texture Studies2451459
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Sharma, F, Sherman, P 1973Identification of stimuli controlling the sensory evaluation of viscosity.J Texture Studies4111118 Sharma, F, Sherman, P 1973Identification of stimuli controlling the sensory evaluation of viscosity.J Texture Studies4111118
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Stevens, SS, Guirao, M 1964Scaling of apparent viscosity.Science14411571158PubMed Stevens, SS, Guirao, M 1964Scaling of apparent viscosity.Science14411571158PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Wood, FW 1968Psychophysical studies on the consistency of liquid foods.Wood, FW eds. Society of chemical industry monograph no. 27: Rheology and texture of foodstuffs. RochesterStaples printers limitedKent4049 Wood, FW 1968Psychophysical studies on the consistency of liquid foods.Wood, FW eds. Society of chemical industry monograph no. 27: Rheology and texture of foodstuffs. RochesterStaples printers limitedKent4049
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Li, M, Brasseur, JG, Kern, MK, Dodds, WJ 1992Viscosity measurements of barium sulfate mixtures for use in motility studies of the pharynx and esophagus.Dysphagia71730PubMed Li, M, Brasseur, JG, Kern, MK, Dodds, WJ 1992Viscosity measurements of barium sulfate mixtures for use in motility studies of the pharynx and esophagus.Dysphagia71730PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Hamlet, S, Choi, J, Zormeier, M, Shamsa, F, Stachler, R, Muz, J, Jones, L 1996Normal adult swallowing of liquid and viscous material: Scintigraphic data on bolus transit and oropharyngeal residues.Dysphagia114147PubMed Hamlet, S, Choi, J, Zormeier, M, Shamsa, F, Stachler, R, Muz, J, Jones, L 1996Normal adult swallowing of liquid and viscous material: Scintigraphic data on bolus transit and oropharyngeal residues.Dysphagia114147PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Robertson, HM, Patillo, MS 1993A strategy for providing food to the patient with neurologically based dysphagia.J Can Diet Assoc54198201 Robertson, HM, Patillo, MS 1993A strategy for providing food to the patient with neurologically based dysphagia.J Can Diet Assoc54198201
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Stanek, K, Hensley, C, Van Riper, C 1992Factors affecting use of food and commercial agents to thicken liquids for individuals with swallowing disorders.J Am Diet Assoc92488490PubMed Stanek, K, Hensley, C, Van Riper, C 1992Factors affecting use of food and commercial agents to thicken liquids for individuals with swallowing disorders.J Am Diet Assoc92488490PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Goff HD: Personal communication, April 2001 Goff HD: Personal communication, April 2001
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Logemann, JA, Pauloski, BR, Colangelo, L, Lazarus, C, Fujiu, M, Kahrilas, PJ 1995Effects of a sour bolus on oropharyngeal swallowing measures in patients with neurogenic dysphagia.J Speech Hear Res38556563PubMed Logemann, JA, Pauloski, BR, Colangelo, L, Lazarus, C, Fujiu, M, Kahrilas, PJ 1995Effects of a sour bolus on oropharyngeal swallowing measures in patients with neurogenic dysphagia.J Speech Hear Res38556563PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Newman, L, Armstrong, R, Rogers, T, Walsh, S, Keckley, C, Petersen, M 2002The effect of carbonation on sensory dysphagia in the pediatric population [abstract]. Abstracts of the 9th Annual Dysphagia Research Society Meeting, October 2000, Savannah, GA.Dysphagia16148149 Newman, L, Armstrong, R, Rogers, T, Walsh, S, Keckley, C, Petersen, M 2002The effect of carbonation on sensory dysphagia in the pediatric population [abstract]. Abstracts of the 9th Annual Dysphagia Research Society Meeting, October 2000, Savannah, GA.Dysphagia16148149
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Lazzara, G, Lazarus, C, Logemann, JA 1986Impact of thermal stimulation on the triggering of the swallowing reflex.Dysphagia17377 Lazzara, G, Lazarus, C, Logemann, JA 1986Impact of thermal stimulation on the triggering of the swallowing reflex.Dysphagia17377
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenbek, J, Robbins, J, Fishback, B, Levine, R 1991Effects of thermal application on dysphagia after stroke.J Speech Hear Res3412571268PubMed Rosenbek, J, Robbins, J, Fishback, B, Levine, R 1991Effects of thermal application on dysphagia after stroke.J Speech Hear Res3412571268PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenbek, J, Roecker, EB, Wood, JL, Robbins, J 1996Thermal application reduces the duration of stage transition in dysphagia after stroke.Dysphagia11225233PubMed Rosenbek, J, Roecker, EB, Wood, JL, Robbins, J 1996Thermal application reduces the duration of stage transition in dysphagia after stroke.Dysphagia11225233PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenbek, JC, Robbins, J, Willford, WO, Kirk, G, Schiltz, A, Sowell, TW, Deutsch, SE, Milanti, FJ, Ashford, J, Gramigna, GD, Fogarty, A, Dong, K, Rau, MT, Prescott, TE, Lloyd, AM, Sterkel, MT, Hansen, JE 1998Comparing treatment intensities of tactile-thermal application.Dysphagia1319PubMed Rosenbek, JC, Robbins, J, Willford, WO, Kirk, G, Schiltz, A, Sowell, TW, Deutsch, SE, Milanti, FJ, Ashford, J, Gramigna, GD, Fogarty, A, Dong, K, Rau, MT, Prescott, TE, Lloyd, AM, Sterkel, MT, Hansen, JE 1998Comparing treatment intensities of tactile-thermal application.Dysphagia1319PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Steele, CM, Van Lieshout, . 2002Kinematics of swallowing measured using electromagnetic midsagittal articulography [abstract]. Abstracts .of the 10th Annual Dysphagia Research Society Meeting, October 2001, Albuquerque, NM.Dysphagia17176 Steele, CM, Van Lieshout, . 2002Kinematics of swallowing measured using electromagnetic midsagittal articulography [abstract]. Abstracts .of the 10th Annual Dysphagia Research Society Meeting, October 2001, Albuquerque, NM.Dysphagia17176
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Logemann, JA, Pauloski, BR, Rademaker, AW, Colangelo, LA, Kahrilas, PJ, Smith, CH 2000Temporal and biomechanical characteristics of oropharyngeal swallow in younger and older men.J Speech Lang Hear Res4312641274PubMed Logemann, JA, Pauloski, BR, Rademaker, AW, Colangelo, LA, Kahrilas, PJ, Smith, CH 2000Temporal and biomechanical characteristics of oropharyngeal swallow in younger and older men.J Speech Lang Hear Res4312641274PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Nicosia, MA, Hind, JA, Roecker, EB, Carnes, M, Doyle, J, Dengel, GA, Robbins, J 2000Age effects on the temporal evolution of isometric and swallowing pressure.J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci55M634M640 Nicosia, MA, Hind, JA, Roecker, EB, Carnes, M, Doyle, J, Dengel, GA, Robbins, J 2000Age effects on the temporal evolution of isometric and swallowing pressure.J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci55M634M640
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Robbins, J 1999Old swallowing and dysphagia: Thoughts on intervention and prevention.Nutr Clin Pract14821826 Robbins, J 1999Old swallowing and dysphagia: Thoughts on intervention and prevention.Nutr Clin Pract14821826
Metadaten
Titel
The Rheology of Liquids: A Comparison of Clinicians’ Subjective Impressions and Objective Measurement
verfasst von
Catriona M. Steele, MHSc, SLP(C), CCC-SLP, Reg. CASLPO
Pascal H. H. M. Van Lieshout, PhD
Douglas H. Goff, PhD
Publikationsdatum
01.08.2003
Erschienen in
Dysphagia / Ausgabe 3/2003
Print ISSN: 0179-051X
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-0460
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-002-0104-1

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2003

Dysphagia 3/2003 Zur Ausgabe

Update HNO

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert – ganz bequem per eMail.