Materials and methods
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Search methodology
Data collection and analysis
Study selection
Dealing with duplicate publications
Data extraction
Risk of bias assessment
Data synthesis and statistical methods
Results
Search results
Description of included studies
References | Procedure | Design | No. of patients, n
| Robot | Perioperative outcomes addresseda
| Power | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | R | C | Effect size | |||||||
Large | Medium | Small | ||||||||
Bertani et al. [16]b
| Rectal resection | PRO | 86 | 52 | 34 | dVSS | BL, LOS, C | 0.948 | 0.611 | 0.146 |
Kim et al. [68] | Rectal resection | PRO | 200 | 100 | 100 | dVSS | BT, LOS, C | 1.000 | 0.940 | 0.291 |
Bertani et al. [16]b
| Colectomy | PRO | 79 | 34 | 45 | dVSS | BL, LOS, C | 0.935 | 0.584 | 0.140 |
Lee et al. [47] | Thyroidectomy | PRO | 84 | 41 | 43 | dVSS | BL, OT, LOS, C | 0.952 | 0.619 | 0.148 |
Kim et al. [48] | Thyroidectomy | PRO | 37 | 19 | 18 | dVSS | BL | 0.657 | 0.315 | 0.091 |
Ryu et al. [96] | Thyroidectomy | PRO | 90 | 45 | 45 | dVSS | LOS, C | 0.964 | 0.738 | 0.180 |
Menon et al. [34] | Prostatectomy | PRO | 60 | 30 | 30 | dVSS | BL, BT, OT, LOS, C | 0.861 | 0.478 | 0.119 |
Tewari et al. [36] | Prostatectomy | PRO | 300 | 200 | 100 | dVSS | BL, BT, OT, LOS, C | 1.000 | 0.983 | 0.370 |
Farnham et al. [31] | Prostatectomy | PRO | 279 | 176 | 103 | dVSS | BL, BT | 1.000 | 0.980 | 0.362 |
Wood et al. [35] | Prostatectomy | PRO | 206 | 117 | 89 | dVSS | BL, BT, LOS, C | 1.000 | 0.943 | 0.293 |
Nelson et al. [95] | Prostatectomy | PRO | 1003 | 629 | 374 | dVSS | LOS, C | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.864 |
Ham et al. [37] | Prostatectomy | PRO | 298 | 188 | 110 | dVSS | BL, LOS, C | 1.000 | 0.986 | 0.383 |
Ficarra et al. [32] | Prostatectomy | PRO | 208 | 103 | 105 | dVSS | BL, BT, LOS, C | 1.000 | 0.948 | 0.300 |
Carlsson et al. [111] | Prostatectomy | PRO | 1738 | 1253 | 485 | dVSS | C | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.962 |
Hong et al. [38] | Prostatectomy | PRO | 51 | 26 | 25 | dVSS | BL, BT | 0.799 | 0.417 | 0.108 |
Doumerc et al. [69] | Prostatectomy | PRO | 714 | 212 | 502 | dVSS | BT, LOS, C | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.684 |
Kordan et al. [33] | Prostatectomy | PRO | 1244 | 830 | 414 | dVSS | BL, BT | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.913 |
Di Pierro et al. [70] | Prostatectomy | PRO | 150 | 75 | 75 | dVSS | BT, C | 0.998 | 0.860 | 0.229 |
Kim et al. [112] | Prostatectomy | PRO | 763 | 528 | 235 | dVSS | C | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.721 |
Ludovico et al. [39] | Prostatectomy | PRO | 130 | 82 | 48 | dVSS | BL, LOS, C | 0.992 | 0.780 | 0.194 |
Rhee et al. [42] | Cystectomy | PRO | 30 | 7 | 23 | dVSS | BL, BT, OT, LOS | 0.432 | 0.201 | 0.073 |
Nix et al. [25] | Cystectomy | RCT | 41 | 21 | 20 | dVSS | BL, LOS, C | 0.704 | 0.345 | 0.096 |
Ng et al. [41] | Cystectomy | PRO | 187 | 83 | 104 | dVSS | BL, OT, LOS, Cc
| 1.000 | 0.922 | 0.272 |
Martin et al. [40] | Cystectomy | PRO | 33 | 19 | 14 | dVSS | BL, LOS | 0.595 | 0.280 | 0.085 |
Khan et al. [17]b
| Cystectomy | PRO | 100 | 48 | 52 | dVSS | BL, BT, OT, LOS, C | 0.977 | 0.696 | 0.167 |
Parekh et al. [26] | Cystectomy | RCT | 40 | 20 | 20 | dVSS | BL, BT, OT, LOS, C | 0.693 | 0.338 | 0.095 |
Masson-Lecomte et al. [49] | Nephrectomy | PRO | 100 | 42 | 58 | dVSS | BL, BT, OT, LOS, C | 0.974 | 0.686 | 0.165 |
Parekattil et al. [23]b
| Vasovasostomy | PRO | 94 | 66 | 28 | dVSS | OT | 0.939 | 0.592 | 0.142 |
Parekattil et al. [23]b
| Vasoepididymostomy | PRO | 61 | 44 | 17 | dVSS | OT | 0.787 | 0.406 | 0.106 |
Bucerius et al. [18]b
| CABG | PRO | 117 | 24 | 93 | dVSS | LOS | 0.934 | 0.581 | 0.139 |
Kiaii et al. [94] | CABG | PRO | 100 | 50 | 50 | ZRSS | LOS, C | 0.977 | 0.697 | 0.168 |
Poston et al. [43] | CABG | PRO | 200 | 100 | 100 | dVSS | BL, LOS, C | 1.000 | 0.940 | 0.291 |
Bachinsky et al. [71] | CABG | PRO | 52 | 25 | 27 | dVSS | BT, LOS | 0.807 | 0.424 | 0.109 |
Balduyck et al. [110] | Anterior mediastinal mass resection | PRO | 36 | 14 | 22 | dVSS | C | 0.623 | 0.295 | 0.088 |
Hoekstra et al. [20]b
| Endometrial cancer staging | PRO | 58 | 32 | 26 | dVSS | BL, OT, LOS, C | 0.846 | 0.461 | 0.116 |
Göçmen et al. [45] | Endometrial cancer staging | PRO | 22 | 10 | 12 | dVSS | BL, BT, OT, LOS, C | 0.428 | 0.199 | 0.073 |
Jung et al. [19]b
| Endometrial cancer staging | PRO | 84 | 28 | 56 | dVSS | BT, OT, LOS, C | 0.927 | 0.569 | 0.137 |
Lowe et al. [46] | Hysterectomy—cervical cancer | PRO | 14 | 7 | 7 | dVSS | BL, OT, LOS, C | 0.281 | 0.139 | 0.064 |
Collins et al. [44] | Sacrocolpopexy | PRO | 48 | 30 | 18 | dVSS | BL | 0.748 | 0.375 | 0.101 |
Bargar et al. [28] | Total hip arthroplasty | RCT | 136 | 70 | 66 | ROBODOC | BL, LOS, C | 0.996 | 0.825 | 0.212 |
Bach et al. [109] | Total hip arthroplasty | PRO | 50 | 25 | 25 | ROBODOC | C | 0.791 | 0.410 | 0.107 |
Honl et al. [76] | Total hip arthroplasty | RCT | 141 | 61 | 80 | ROBODOC | OT, C | 0.997 | 0.832 | 0.215 |
Siebel et al. [113] | Total hip arthroplasty | PRO | 71 | 36 | 35 | CASPAR | C | 0.914 | 0.547 | 0.132 |
Nishihara et al. [27] | Total hip arthroplasty | RCT | 156 | 78 | 78 | ROBODOC | BL, BT | 0.999 | 0.873 | 0.237 |
Nakamura et al. [107] | Total hip arthroplasty | RCT | 146 | 75 | 71 | ROBODOC | C | 0.998 | 0.851 | 0.224 |
Cobb et al. [106] | Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty | RCT | 28 | 13 | 15 | Acrobot | C | 0.529 | 0.246 | 0.080 |
Park et al. [108] | Total knee arthroplasty | RCT | 62 | 32 | 30 | ROBODOC | C | 0.872 | 0.490 | 0.121 |
Song et al. [29] | Total knee arthroplasty | RCT | 60 | 30 | 30 | ROBODOC | BL, C | 0.861 | 0.478 | 0.119 |
Song et al. [30] | Total knee arthroplasty | RCT | 100 | 50 | 50 | ROBODOC | BL, C | 0.977 | 0.697 | 0.168 |
Ringel et al. [77] | Spinal pedicle screw insertion | RCT | 60 | 30 | 30 | SpineAssist | OT, LOS | 0.861 | 0.478 | 0.119 |
Total | 10,147 | 5910 | 4237 |
References | Procedure | Design | No. of patients, n
| Robot | Perioperative outcomes addresseda
| Power | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | R | C | Effect size | |||||||
Large | Medium | Small | ||||||||
Pigazzi et al. [56] | Rectal resection | PRO | 12 | 6 | 6 | dVSS | BL, LOS, C | 0.241 | 0.123 | 0.061 |
Patriti et al. [55] | Rectal resection | PRO | 66 | 29 | 37 | dVSS | BL, BT, LOS, C | 0.888 | 0.510 | 0.125 |
Baik et al. [89] | Rectal resection | PRO | 113 | 56 | 57 | dVSS | OT, LOS, C | 0.984 | 0.726 | 0.176 |
Kim et al. [75] | Rectal resection | PRO | 209 | 62 | 147 | dVSS | BT, OT, LOS, C | 1.000 | 0.908 | 0.260 |
Bertani et al. [16]b
| Colectomy | PRO | 64 | 34 | 30 | dVSS | BL, LOS, C | 0.882 | 0.502 | 0.123 |
Park et al. [51] | Colectomy | RCT | 70 | 35 | 35 | dVSS | BL, BT, LOS, C | 0.910 | 0.541 | 0.131 |
Jiménez Rodríguez et al. [74] | Colorectal resection | RCT | 56 | 28 | 28 | dVSS | BT, LOS, C | 0.836 | 0.451 | 0.114 |
Heemskerk et al. [102] | Rectopexy | PRO | 33 | 14 | 19 | dVSS | LOS | 0.595 | 0.280 | 0.085 |
Wong et al. [57] | Rectopexy | PRO | 63 | 23 | 40 | dVSS | BL, LOS, C | 0.853 | 0.468 | 0.117 |
Cadière et al. [97] | Fundoplication | RCT | 21 | 10 | 11 | Mona | LOS, C | 0.412 | 0.193 | 0.072 |
Melvin et al. [84] | Fundoplication | PRO | 40 | 20 | 20 | dVSS | OT, C | 0.693 | 0.338 | 0.095 |
Draaisma et al. [50] | Fundoplication | RCT | 50 | 25 | 25 | dVSS | BL, OT, LOS, C | 0.791 | 0.410 | 0.107 |
Morino et al. [78] | Fundoplication | RCT | 50 | 25 | 25 | dVSS | OT, LOS, C | 0.791 | 0.410 | 0.107 |
Nakadi et al. [99] | Fundoplication | RCT | 20 | 9 | 11 | dVSS | LOS, C | 0.392 | 0.184 | 0.071 |
Lehnert et al. [15] | Fundoplication | PRO | 20 | 10 | 10 | dVSS | OT, C | 0.395 | 0.185 | 0.071 |
Müller-Stitch et al. [98] | Fundoplication | RCT | 40 | 20 | 20 | dVSS | LOS, C | 0.693 | 0.338 | 0.095 |
Hartmann et al. [101] | Fundoplication | PRO | 80 | 18 | 62 | dVSS | LOS, C | 0.839 | 0.454 | 0.114 |
Sanchez et al. [100] | RYGB | RCT | 50 | 25 | 25 | dVSS | LOS, C | 0.791 | 0.410 | 0.107 |
Benizri et al. [85] | RYGB | PRO | 200 | 100 | 100 | dVSS | OT, LOS, C | 1.000 | 0.940 | 0.291 |
Mühlmann et al. [104] | Various bariatricc
| PRO | 20 | 10 | 10 | dVSS | LOS, C | 0.395 | 0.185 | 0.071 |
Park et al. [91] | Gastrectomy | PRO | 150 | 30 | 120 | dVSS | OT, LOS, C | 0.973 | 0.682 | 0.164 |
Ruurda et al. [79] | Cholecystectomy | RCT | 20 | 10 | 10 | dVSS | OT | 0.395 | 0.185 | 0.071 |
Nio et al. [105] | Cholecystectomy | PRO | 20 | 10 | 10 | ZRSS | LOS, C | 0.395 | 0.185 | 0.071 |
Zhou et al. [52] | Cholecystectomy | RCT | 40 | 20 | 20 | ZRSS | BL, LOS, C | 0.693 | 0.338 | 0.095 |
Kornprat et al. [90] | Cholecystectomy | PRO | 46 | 20 | 26 | ZRSS | OT | 0.749 | 0.376 | 0.101 |
Berber et al. [58] | Liver resection | PRO | 32 | 9 | 23 | dVSS | BL, OT, C | 0.504 | 0.234 | 0.078 |
Brunaud et al. [93] | Adrenalectomy | PRO | 28 | 14 | 14 | dVSS | OT, LOS, C | 0.531 | 0.247 | 0.080 |
Morino et al. [81] | Adrenalectomy | RCT | 20 | 10 | 10 | dVSS | OT, LOS, C | 0.395 | 0.185 | 0.071 |
Wu et al. [66] | Adrenalectomy | PRO | 12 | 5 | 7 | ZRSS | BL, LOS, C | 0.236 | 0.121 | 0.061 |
Ploussard et al. [59] | Prostatectomy | PRO | 288 | 83 | 205 | dVSS | BL, BT, LOS, C | 1.000 | 0.969 | 0.335 |
Gosseine et al. [67] | Prostatectomy | PRO | 247 | 122 | 125 | dVSS | BL, BT, LOS, C | 1.000 | 0.975 | 0.347 |
Asimakopoulos et al. [72] | Prostatectomy | RCT | 112 | 52 | 60 | dVSS | BT, C | 0.987 | 0.744 | 0.182 |
Porpiglia et al. [53] | Prostatectomy | RCT | 120 | 60 | 60 | dVSS | BL, OT, LOS, C | 0.991 | 0.775 | 0.192 |
Khan et al. [17]b
| Cystectomy | PRO | 106 | 48 | 58 | dVSS | BL, BT, OT, LOS, C | 0.982 | 0.719 | 0.174 |
Caruso et al. [63] | Nephrectomy | PRO | 20 | 10 | 10 | dVSS | BL, BT, LOS, C | 0.395 | 0.185 | 0.071 |
Hemal et al. [60] | Nephrectomy | PRO | 30 | 15 | 15 | dVSS | BL, BT, LOS, C | 0.562 | 0.262 | 0.083 |
Kural et al. [62] | Nephrectomy | PRO | 31 | 11 | 20 | dVSS | BL, BT, LOS, C | 0.540 | 0.251 | 0.081 |
Masson-Lecomte et al. [61] | Nephrectomy | PRO | 265 | 220 | 45 | dVSS | BL, BT, LOS, C | 0.998 | 0.861 | 0.230 |
Bucerius et al. [18]b
| CABG | PRO | 97 | 24 | 73 | dVSS | LOS | 0.920 | 0.557 | 0.134 |
Mierdl et al. [92] | CABG | PRO | 46 | 30 | 16 | dVSS | OT, C | 0.715 | 0.352 | 0.097 |
Sarlos et al. [54] | Hysterectomy—benign disease | RCT | 95 | 47 | 48 | dVSS | BL, OT, LOS, C | 0.971 | 0.674 | 0.162 |
Paraiso et al. [73] | Hysterectomy—benign disease | RCT | 52 | 26 | 26 | dVSS | BT, OT | 0.807 | 0.424 | 0.109 |
Hoekstra et al. [20]b
| Endometrial cancer staging | PRO | 39 | 32 | 7 | dVSS | BL, OT, LOS, C | 0.463 | 0.215 | 0.075 |
Jung et al. [19]b
| Endometrial cancer staging | PRO | 53 | 28 | 25 | dVSS | BT, OT, LOS, C | 0.814 | 0.430 | 0.110 |
Paraiso et al. [80] | Sacrocolpopexy | RCT | 68 | 35 | 33 | dVSS | OT, LOS, C | 0.901 | 0.528 | 0.128 |
Seror et al. [64] | Sacrocolpopexy | PRO | 67 | 20 | 47 | dVSS | BL, LOS, C | 0.839 | 0.454 | 0.114 |
Anger et al. [14] | Sacrocolpopexy | RCT | 78 | 40 | 38 | dVSS | BL, C | 0.937 | 0.587 | 0.141 |
El Hachem et al. [65] | Various gynaecological—unspecified | PRO | 91 | 39 | 52 | dVSS | BL, LOS, C | 0.962 | 0.646 | 0.154 |
Kolvenbach et al. [103] | AAA repair | PRO | 39 | 8 | 31 | ZRSS | LOS | 0.502 | 0.233 | 0.078 |
Malcolme-Lawes et al. [21]b
| AF ablation—robot 30 s | RCT | 20 | 10 | 10 | Sensei | BT, OT, C | 0.395 | 0.185 | 0.071 |
Malcolme-Lawes et al. [21]b
| AF ablation—robot 60 s | RCTd
| 20 | 10 | 10 | Sensei | BT, OT, C | 0.395 | 0.185 | 0.071 |
Steven et al. [83] | AF ablation | RCT | 50 | 25 | 25 | Sensei | OT, C | 0.791 | 0.410 | 0.107 |
Kautzner et al. [87] | AF ablation | PRO | 38 | 22 | 16 | Sensei | OT, C | 0.659 | 0.316 | 0.091 |
Di Biase et al. [86] | AF ablation | PRO | 390 | 193 | 197 | Sensei | OT, C | 1.000 | 0.998 | 0.504 |
Steven et al. [82] | AF ablation | RCT | 60 | 30 | 30 | Sensei | OT | 0.861 | 0.478 | 0.119 |
Tilz et al. [22]b
| AF ablation—robot 30W | PRO | 29 | 4 | 25 | Sensei | OT | 0.299 | 0.146 | 0.065 |
Tilz et al. [22]b
| AF ablation—robot 20W | PRO | 35 | 10 | 25 | Sensei | OT | 0.546 | 0.254 | 0.081 |
Rillig et al. [88] | AF ablation | PRO | 70 | 50 | 20 | Sensei | OT | 0.846 | 0.461 | 0.116 |
Total | 4301 | 1991 | 2310 |
Robotic versus OS
Robotic versus MIS
Risk of bias assessment
References | Selection | Comparability | Outcome | Total score | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Representativeness of robotic cohort | Selection of control cohort | Ascertainment of exposure | Absence of outcome at start of study | Assessment of outcome | Duration of follow-up | Adequacy of follow-up | ||||
Menon et al. [34] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
Bucerius et al. [18]a
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
Bach et al. [109] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
Tewari et al. [36] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Siebel et al. [113] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
Farnham et al. [31] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Rhee et al. [42] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | Lower |
Kiaii et al. [94] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Wood et al. [35] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Nelson et al. [95] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
Ham et al. [37] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Poston et al. [43] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Ficarra et al. [32] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Hoekstra et al. [20]a
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
Lowe et al. [46] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
Göçmen et al. [45] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
Jung et al. [19]a
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Carlsson et al. [111] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
Hong et al. [38] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | Lower |
Doumerc et al. [69] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | Lower |
Kordan et al. [33] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
Lee et al. [47] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | Higher |
Ng et al. [41] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Bertani et al. [16]a
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | Higher |
Di Pierro et al. [70] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Kim et al. [112] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
Martin et al. [40] | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Lower |
Balduyck et al. [110] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
Kim et al. [68] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Khan et al. [17]a
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | Lower |
Parekattil et al. [23]a
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
Bachinsky et al. [71] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
Collins et al. [44] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Kim et al. [48] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | Higher |
Ryu et al. [96] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
Ludovico et al. [39] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
Masson-Lecomte et al. [49] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
References | Selection | Comparability | Outcome | Total score | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Representativeness of robotic cohort | Selection of control cohort | Ascertainment of exposure | Absence of outcome at start of study | Assessment of outcome | Duration of follow-up | Adequacy of follow-up | ||||
Melvin et al. [84] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | Lower |
Bucerius et al. [18]a
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
Mühlmann et al. [104] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | Lower |
Brunaud et al. [93] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Nio et al. [105] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | Higher |
Kolvenbach et al. [103] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 | Lower |
Mierdl et al. [92] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 | Lower |
Pigazzi et al. [56] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | Lower |
Lehnert et al. [15] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
Kornprat et al. [90] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Caruso et al. [63] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Heemskerk et al. [104] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
Wu et al. [68] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Patriti et al. [57] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 | Lower |
Baik et al. [91] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 8 | Higher |
Hartmann et al. [102] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | Higher |
Ploussard et al. [59] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Gosseine et al. [67] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | Higher |
Hemal et al. [60] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | Higher |
Kural et al. [62] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Hoekstra et al. [20]a
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
Kautzner et al. [87] | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Lower |
Di Biase et al. [86] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | Higher |
Berber et al. [58] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Jung et al. [19]a
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Tilz et al. [22]a
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | Lower |
Bertani et al. [16]a
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | Higher |
Wong et al. [57] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Kim et al. [75] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
Park et al. [91] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Khan et al. [17]a
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | Lower |
Seror et al. [64] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Rillig et al. [88] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Benizri et al. [85] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
Masson-Lecomte et al. [61] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
El Hachem et al. [65] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
Meta-analyses of perioperative surgical outcomes
Robotic versus OS
Robotic versus MIS
Robotic versus OS
Robotic versus MIS
Robotic versus OS
Robotic versus MIS
Robotic versus OS
Robotic versus MIS
Robotic versus OS
Robotic versus MIS
Post hoc power analyses
Study | Procedure | Design | Primary outcome | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OT | LOS | C | Onc | Func | Cost | Other | |||
Robot versus MIS
| |||||||||
Draaisma et al. [50] | Fundoplication | RCT | ✔ Barium swallow, manometry, ph study | ||||||
Morino et al. [78] | Fundoplication | RCT | ✔ | ||||||
Steven et al. [83] | AF ablation | RCT | ✔ Radiofrequency duration | ||||||
Steven et al. [82] | AF ablation | RCT | ✔ | ||||||
Asimakopoulos et al. [72] | Prostatectomy | RCT | ✔ | ||||||
Paraiso et al. [80] | Sacrocolpopexy | RCT | ✔ | ||||||
Park et al. [51] | Colectomy | RCT | ✔ | ||||||
Sarlos et al. [54] | Hysterectomy—benign disease | RCT | ✔ | ||||||
Porpiglia et al. [53] | Prostatectomy | RCT | ✔ | ||||||
Paraiso et al. [73] | Hysterectomy—benign disease | RCT | ✔ | ||||||
Benizri et al. [85] | Roux-en-Y gastric bypass | PRO | ✔ | ||||||
El Hachem et al. [65] | Various gynae—unspecified | PRO | ✔ Pain | ||||||
Anger et al. [14] | Sacrocolpopexy | RCT | ✔ | ||||||
Robot versus OS
| |||||||||
Cobb et al. [106] | Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty | RCT | ✔ Leg alignment | ||||||
Wood et al. [35] | Prostatectomy | PRO | ✔ Quality of life | ||||||
Nix et al. [25] | Cystectomy | RCT | ✔ | ||||||
Hong et al. [38] | Prostatectomy | PRO | ✔ Venous gas embolism | ||||||
Song et al. [29] | Total knee arthroplasty | RCT | ✔ Leg alignment | ||||||
Ringel et al. [77] | Spinal pedicle screw insertion | RCT | ✔ Implant position | ||||||
Collins et al. [44] | Sacrocolpopexy | PRO | ✔ Return to baseline activity (accelerometer) | ||||||
Song et al. [30] | Total knee arthroplasty | RCT | ✔ Leg alignment | ||||||
Kim et al. [48] | Thyroidectomy | PRO | ✔ Intraocular pressure |