Introduction
IgA nephropathy (IgA-N) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. It was initially considered to be a benign disease with a favorable prognosis, but data from long-term follow-up studies subsequently revealed that the disease progressed to renal failure in 20–50% of adult patients [
1,
2]. Although there has been a prevailing belief that the prognosis of IgA-N is more benign in children, the results of more recent studies do not support this [
3]. At the beginning of the 1990s, a strict policy of treatment for IgA-N was adopted by the majority of physicians [
4]; this consisted of the extensive use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) as an almost universally used therapy for IgA-N, and other therapies, including corticosteroids, for more severe IgA-N [
4]. This approach has also been adopted in Japan since the beginning of the 1990s, with ACEIs generally prescribed for children with mild IgA-N showing focal mesangial proliferation and steroids prescribed for children with severe IgA-N showing diffuse mesangial proliferation. Combined therapy with prednisolone, azathioprine, heparin–warfarin and dipyridamole for 2 years in patients with severe IgA-N showing diffuse mesangial proliferation was started at the Kobe University and Wakayama Medical University hospitals in 1990 [
5,
6]. At present, the effect of this therapy on long-term renal survival in children with IgA-N remains unknown as there have been few studies on outcome in sufficiently large cohorts of pediatric patients [
4].
In the study reported here, we investigated data from 500 children with IgA-N to determine whether the long-term outcome has improved in Japanese children with IgA-N.
Discussion
Although this was a retrospective study, the data seem to provide unique and valuable information about IgA-N in children for several reasons. First, the study subjects were a complete non-selected cohort of patients with IgA-N from among all children who underwent first renal biopsy examinations at Kobe University and Wakayama Medical University hospitals between 1976 and 2004. Five hundred children with IgA-N participated in our study, which to our knowledge is the largest series used to investigate the outcome of IgA-N in children to date. Furthermore, these patients were diagnosed histologically by a single investigator (N.Y.) based on the same criteria during the whole study period. Renal biopsy criteria were also unchanged during the whole study period. Therefore, the cohort in the present study is considered to have been rigidly homogeneous in terms of the analysis of the disease outcome.
One of the conditions that facilitated our study was the school screening program, which was started by the Japanese government in 1974. In Japan, all children between the ages of 6 and 18 years are screened annually, and those found to have urinary abnormalities are referred for further investigation. Thus, in general, treatment for IgA-N is started early in the course of disease because the duration of disease before treatment is short as a result of this school screening program [
12]. Therefore, in this study we were able to observe the disease courses of patients during the initial renal biopsy period, 1976–2004, who underwent initial treatments for IgA-N at a relatively homogeneous stage of the disease. Accumulated experience indicates that long-term corticosteroid and/or immunosuppressive treatment during the severely progressive stage of the disease does not confer any benefit in adult patients [
2]. In contrast, it is known that centers in countries with active urine screening programs are more likely to diagnose mild disease with a good prognosis, thus favorably influencing the overall outcome of the cohort [
13].
Another favorable parameter of this study was the enforcement of consecutive systemic nationwide clinical trials of IgA-N. After a pilot study period, the first RCT for treatment of children with severe IgA-N showing diffuse mesangial proliferation was started by the JPIGANTS in 1990 [
5]. To date, two RCTs of treatment for children with severe IgA-N showing diffuse mesangial proliferation by the JPIGANTS have been completed [
5,
6], and the third RCT of treatment for children with severe IgA-N showing diffuse mesangial proliferation is currently being conducted by the same group. For the treatment of children with mild IgA-N and focal mesangial proliferation, a RCT was also started by the JPIGANTS in 1990. After completion of the RCT, we have conducted prospective clinical trials of treatment for children with mild IgA-N and focal mesangial proliferation. These prospective trials have enabled for us to clarify the optimum treatment for IgA-N and to collect precise information on patients with IgA-N.
Because of the variable rate of progression to renal failure and the probable multifactorial pathogenesis of IgA-N, it is desirable to evaluate the effectiveness of any treatment by a prospective controlled trial. However, although the ultimate endpoint in any clinical trial of progressive IgA-N is the development of chronic renal insufficiency, most pediatric patients do not develop it during the study period [
14]. Therefore, data from a properly analyzed long-term retrospective study may also be important to evaluate disease outcome and treatment effectiveness [
4,
9‐
11]. Retrospective studies with accurate statistical evaluation using life-time analysis and multivariate survivorship analysis according to the Cox regression model are thought to work effectively together with well-designed RCTs.
The primary purpose of this study was to clarify whether long-term outcome was improved in Japanese children with IgA-N retrospectively using adequate statistical methods. Although it seemed that there were no clinically significant differences in the baseline characteristics of the groups, there were some statistically significant differences in the baseline characteristics of the groups between the two periods when initial renal biopsies were performed. These different baseline characteristics may influence the final outcomes reported in this study. To compensate for this limitation, we used a multivariate survivorship analysis according to the Cox regression model. Since we have to adjust for differences of baseline characteristics, which were thought to be important prognostic factors [
15], mesangial proliferation degree, proteinuria at diagnosis, estimate of creatinine clearance at diagnosis and the initial renal biopsy (diagnosis) year were included as factors for analyses. This multivariate analysis indicated that the initial renal biopsy year was a significant factor for ESRD-free survival after adjustment of these baseline characteristics. These data support an improvement of renal survival in Japanese children with IgA-N.
There was a notable lack of the usual dominance of males over females in our study and, in addition, there was a difference between the 1976–1989 and the 1990–2004 periods, with more females being recruited in the second period. Although this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.08), we decided that it be worthwhile discussing possible reasons for the differences in gender representation between the two periods. Therefore, we analyzed males and females separately. However, there was no gender-based factor in the results (data not shown).
At the beginning of the 1990s, a strict policy of treatment was adopted by the majority of physicians in Japan. It is likely that therapeutic intervention early after the onset of clinically apparent disease will provide the best opportunity for improving the outcome of patients with IgA-N, thus reducing the number of patients who develop ESRD [
5,
6]. This study showed a clear change in the treatment of IgA-N between the early and late groups (Table
3). In particular, the use of ACEIs for focal mesangial proliferation and combination therapies for diffuse mesangial proliferation increased dramatically in the late group.
Corticosteroids have been widely used to treat moderate to severe IgA-N, particularly in pediatric patients. Some evidence has been obtained recently pertaining to the role of corticosteroids in the treatment of IgA-N [
2,
13,
14,
16‐
18]. With regard to children and based on the results of two multicenter RCTs, we reported previously that the treatment of childhood IgA-N with diffuse mesangial proliferation using prednisolone, azathioprine, warfarin and dipyridamole for 2 years early in the course of disease reduced the severity of immunologic renal injury and prevented any increase in the percentage of sclerosed glomeruli [
5,
6]. In contrast, in the first RCT, heparin–warfarin and dipyridamole treatments for 2 years did not reduce urinary protein excretion, serum IgA concentration and mesangial IgA deposition, and they did not prevent any increase of sclerosed glomeruli [
5]. The results of the second RCT showed that the treatment of children with severe IgA-N using prednisolone alone for 2 years reduced the severity of immunologic renal injury, but did not prevent any further increase of glomerular sclerosis [
6]. Therefore, treatment with the combination therapy using prednisolone and immunosuppressant, such as azathioprine, may be better than the prednisolone monotherapy for patients with severe IgA-N.
We found an improvement of long-term renal survival in Japanese children with IgA-N (Table
4, Figs.
1 and
2). Renal survival in 1990–2004 was significantly better than in 1976–1989 (Fig.
1), and a marked improvement of renal survival in IgA-N showing diffuse mesangial proliferation was observed over time (Fig.
2). This improvement may be related to the 2-year therapy, including corticosteroids, for all patients with IgA-N showing diffuse mesangial proliferation as a treatment policy, although in principle the effectiveness of any treatment can only be evaluated properly by a controlled trial. It is conceivable that the outcome in the period 1976–1989 may have reflected the natural course of disease, whereas that in 1990–2004 may have reflected modification of the disease course by the treatments.
The median follow-up period of the patients overall was 5.9 years (range 1.3–20.5 years). Although this is a considerably long period, it may not be sufficiently long for the follow-up of IgA-N, which has a slow progressive course. Since the elapsed time from apparent disease onset to ESRD was used to evaluate the disease outcome, chronic renal insufficiency before ESRD was not considered in our study. Thus, we do not know whether the observed improvement of outcome means a complete cure of the disease or merely a delay of the disease course. Further follow-up of the cohort for a long period is therefore important.
One aspect which we should consider in our study is the possibility that at least some of the differences in outcome between the early and late groups may be due to general changes in care that have occurred over time. Such changes are frequently not recognized, such as a gradually greater awareness of managing marginally raised blood pressure, among others.
In conclusion, this study has demonstrated a substantial improvement of long-term renal survival in Japanese children with IgA-N. On the basis of the results of this study we were unable to provide the reason for this improved outcome directly; however, it is likely that adequate management using a strict policy of treatment may have been responsible.