Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Pediatric Nephrology 9/2010

01.09.2010 | Review

Vitamin D insufficiency: implications for the immune system

verfasst von: Femke Baeke, Conny Gysemans, Hannelie Korf, Chantal Mathieu

Erschienen in: Pediatric Nephrology | Ausgabe 9/2010

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by a loss of kidney function and dysregulation of vitamin D metabolism. Well known are the defects in final activation of vitamin D to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], resulting in renal osteodystrophy. However, in recent years, 1,25(OH)2D3 has been identified as having effects far beyond calcium and bone metabolism. In this review, specific attention is given to the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the immune system and the implications of vitamin D deficiency, a feature of many patients with CKD, on immune function.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat National Kidney Foundation (2003) K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 42:S1–S201 National Kidney Foundation (2003) K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 42:S1–S201
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP, Holick MF, Lips P, Meunier PJ, Vieth R (2005) Estimates of optimal vitamin D status. Osteoporos Int 16:713–716CrossRefPubMed Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP, Holick MF, Lips P, Meunier PJ, Vieth R (2005) Estimates of optimal vitamin D status. Osteoporos Int 16:713–716CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Hollis BW (2005) Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels indicative of vitamin D sufficiency: implications for establishing a new effective dietary intake recommendation for vitamin D. J Nutr 135:317–322PubMed Hollis BW (2005) Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels indicative of vitamin D sufficiency: implications for establishing a new effective dietary intake recommendation for vitamin D. J Nutr 135:317–322PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Janssen HC, Samson MM, Verhaar HJ (2002) Vitamin D deficiency, muscle function, and falls in elderly people. Am J Clin Nutr 75:611–615PubMed Janssen HC, Samson MM, Verhaar HJ (2002) Vitamin D deficiency, muscle function, and falls in elderly people. Am J Clin Nutr 75:611–615PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouillon R, Bischoff-Ferrari H, Willett W (2008) Vitamin D and health: perspectives from mice and man. J Bone Miner Res 23:974–979CrossRefPubMed Bouillon R, Bischoff-Ferrari H, Willett W (2008) Vitamin D and health: perspectives from mice and man. J Bone Miner Res 23:974–979CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Holick MF (1997) Photobiology of vitamin D. In: Feldman D, Glorieux FH, Pike J (eds) Vitamin D. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 33–39 Holick MF (1997) Photobiology of vitamin D. In: Feldman D, Glorieux FH, Pike J (eds) Vitamin D. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 33–39
7.
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Marcinkowska E (2001) A run for a membrane vitamin D receptor. Biol Signals Recept 10:341–349CrossRefPubMed Marcinkowska E (2001) A run for a membrane vitamin D receptor. Biol Signals Recept 10:341–349CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Townsend K, Evans KN, Campbell MJ, Colston KW, Adams JS, Hewison M (2005) Biological actions of extra-renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase and implications for chemoprevention and treatment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 97:103–109CrossRefPubMed Townsend K, Evans KN, Campbell MJ, Colston KW, Adams JS, Hewison M (2005) Biological actions of extra-renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase and implications for chemoprevention and treatment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 97:103–109CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Provvedini DM, Tsoukas CD, Deftos LJ, Manolagas SC (1983) 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in human leukocytes. Science 221:1181–1183CrossRefPubMed Provvedini DM, Tsoukas CD, Deftos LJ, Manolagas SC (1983) 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in human leukocytes. Science 221:1181–1183CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Veldman CM, Cantorna MT, DeLuca HF (2000) Expression of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) receptor in the immune system. Arch Biochem Biophys 374:334–338CrossRefPubMed Veldman CM, Cantorna MT, DeLuca HF (2000) Expression of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) receptor in the immune system. Arch Biochem Biophys 374:334–338CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Takahashi K, Nakayama Y, Horiuchi H, Ohta T, Komoriya K, Ohmori H, Kamimura T (2002) Human neutrophils express messenger RNA of vitamin D receptor and respond to 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 24:335–347CrossRefPubMed Takahashi K, Nakayama Y, Horiuchi H, Ohta T, Komoriya K, Ohmori H, Kamimura T (2002) Human neutrophils express messenger RNA of vitamin D receptor and respond to 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 24:335–347CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Monkawa T, Yoshida T, Hayashi M, Saruta T (2000) Identification of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1alpha-hydroxylase gene expression in macrophages. Kidney Int 58:559–568CrossRefPubMed Monkawa T, Yoshida T, Hayashi M, Saruta T (2000) Identification of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1alpha-hydroxylase gene expression in macrophages. Kidney Int 58:559–568CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Overbergh L, Decallonne B, Valckx D, Verstuyf A, Depovere J, Laureys J, Rutgeerts O, Saint-Arnaud R, Bouillon R, Mathieu C (2000) Identification and immune regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-alpha-hydroxylase in murine macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 120:139–146CrossRefPubMed Overbergh L, Decallonne B, Valckx D, Verstuyf A, Depovere J, Laureys J, Rutgeerts O, Saint-Arnaud R, Bouillon R, Mathieu C (2000) Identification and immune regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-alpha-hydroxylase in murine macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 120:139–146CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Hewison M, Freeman L, Hughes SV, Evans KN, Bland R, Eliopoulos AG, Kilby MD, Moss PA, Chakraverty R (2003) Differential regulation of vitamin D receptor and its ligand in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Immunol 170:5382–5390PubMed Hewison M, Freeman L, Hughes SV, Evans KN, Bland R, Eliopoulos AG, Kilby MD, Moss PA, Chakraverty R (2003) Differential regulation of vitamin D receptor and its ligand in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Immunol 170:5382–5390PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen S, Sims GP, Chen XX, Gu YY, Chen S, Lipsky PE (2007) Modulatory effects of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on human B cell differentiation. J Immunol 179:1634–1647PubMed Chen S, Sims GP, Chen XX, Gu YY, Chen S, Lipsky PE (2007) Modulatory effects of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on human B cell differentiation. J Immunol 179:1634–1647PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Sigmundsdottir H, Pan J, Debes GF, Alt C, Habtezion A, Soler D, Butcher EC (2007) DCs metabolize sunlight-induced vitamin D3 to ‘program’ T cell attraction to the epidermal chemokine CCL27. Nat Immunol 8:285–293CrossRefPubMed Sigmundsdottir H, Pan J, Debes GF, Alt C, Habtezion A, Soler D, Butcher EC (2007) DCs metabolize sunlight-induced vitamin D3 to ‘program’ T cell attraction to the epidermal chemokine CCL27. Nat Immunol 8:285–293CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat van Etten E, Stoffels K, Gysemans C, Mathieu C, Overbergh L (2008) Regulation of vitamin D homeostasis: implications for the immune system. Nutr Rev 66:S125–S134CrossRefPubMed van Etten E, Stoffels K, Gysemans C, Mathieu C, Overbergh L (2008) Regulation of vitamin D homeostasis: implications for the immune system. Nutr Rev 66:S125–S134CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Kreutz M, Andreesen R, Krause SW, Szabo A, Ritz E, Reichel H (1993) 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production and vitamin D3 receptor expression are developmentally regulated during differentiation of human monocytes into macrophages. Blood 82:1300–1307PubMed Kreutz M, Andreesen R, Krause SW, Szabo A, Ritz E, Reichel H (1993) 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production and vitamin D3 receptor expression are developmentally regulated during differentiation of human monocytes into macrophages. Blood 82:1300–1307PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik SR, Ochoa MT, Schauber J, Wu K, Meinken C, Kamen DL, Wagner M, Bals R, Steinmeyer A, Zugel U, Gallo RL, Eisenberg D, Hewison M, Hollis BW, Adams JS, Bloom BR, Modlin RL (2006) Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science 311:1770–1773CrossRefPubMed Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik SR, Ochoa MT, Schauber J, Wu K, Meinken C, Kamen DL, Wagner M, Bals R, Steinmeyer A, Zugel U, Gallo RL, Eisenberg D, Hewison M, Hollis BW, Adams JS, Bloom BR, Modlin RL (2006) Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science 311:1770–1773CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan TY (2000) Vitamin D deficiency and susceptibility to tuberculosis. Calcif Tissue Int 66:476–478CrossRefPubMed Chan TY (2000) Vitamin D deficiency and susceptibility to tuberculosis. Calcif Tissue Int 66:476–478CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Kankova M, Luini W, Pedrazzoni M, Riganti F, Sironi M, Bottazzi B, Mantovani A, Vecchi A (1991) Impairment of cytokine production in mice fed a vitamin D3-deficient diet. Immunology 73:466–471PubMed Kankova M, Luini W, Pedrazzoni M, Riganti F, Sironi M, Bottazzi B, Mantovani A, Vecchi A (1991) Impairment of cytokine production in mice fed a vitamin D3-deficient diet. Immunology 73:466–471PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Giulietti A, Gysemans C, Stoffels K, van Etten E, Decallonne B, Overbergh L, Bouillon R, Mathieu C (2004) Vitamin D deficiency in early life accelerates Type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Diabetologia 47:451–462CrossRefPubMed Giulietti A, Gysemans C, Stoffels K, van Etten E, Decallonne B, Overbergh L, Bouillon R, Mathieu C (2004) Vitamin D deficiency in early life accelerates Type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Diabetologia 47:451–462CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Griffin MD, Xing N, Kumar R (2003) Vitamin D and its analogs as regulators of immune activation and antigen presentation. Annu Rev Nutr 23:117–145CrossRefPubMed Griffin MD, Xing N, Kumar R (2003) Vitamin D and its analogs as regulators of immune activation and antigen presentation. Annu Rev Nutr 23:117–145CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Xu H, Soruri A, Gieseler RK, Peters JH (1993) 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 exerts opposing effects to IL-4 on MHC class-II antigen expression, accessory activity, and phagocytosis of human monocytes. Scand J Immunol 38:535–540CrossRefPubMed Xu H, Soruri A, Gieseler RK, Peters JH (1993) 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 exerts opposing effects to IL-4 on MHC class-II antigen expression, accessory activity, and phagocytosis of human monocytes. Scand J Immunol 38:535–540CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Rook GA, Steele J, Fraher L, Barker S, Karmali R, O’Riordan J, Stanford J (1986) Vitamin D3, gamma interferon, and control of proliferation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by human monocytes. Immunology 57:159–163PubMed Rook GA, Steele J, Fraher L, Barker S, Karmali R, O’Riordan J, Stanford J (1986) Vitamin D3, gamma interferon, and control of proliferation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by human monocytes. Immunology 57:159–163PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang TT, Nestel FP, Bourdeau V, Nagai Y, Wang Q, Liao J, Tavera-Mendoza L, Lin R, Hanrahan JW, Mader S, White JH (2004) Cutting edge: 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a direct inducer of antimicrobial peptide gene expression. J Immunol 173:2909–2912PubMed Wang TT, Nestel FP, Bourdeau V, Nagai Y, Wang Q, Liao J, Tavera-Mendoza L, Lin R, Hanrahan JW, Mader S, White JH (2004) Cutting edge: 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a direct inducer of antimicrobial peptide gene expression. J Immunol 173:2909–2912PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Yim S, Dhawan P, Ragunath C, Christakos S, Diamond G (2007) Induction of cathelicidin in normal and CF bronchial epithelial cells by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). J Cyst Fibros 6:403–410CrossRefPubMed Yim S, Dhawan P, Ragunath C, Christakos S, Diamond G (2007) Induction of cathelicidin in normal and CF bronchial epithelial cells by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). J Cyst Fibros 6:403–410CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Gombart AF, O’Kelly J, Saito T, Koeffler HP (2007) Regulation of the CAMP gene by 1, 25(OH)2D3 in various tissues. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 103:552–557CrossRefPubMed Gombart AF, O’Kelly J, Saito T, Koeffler HP (2007) Regulation of the CAMP gene by 1, 25(OH)2D3 in various tissues. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 103:552–557CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Krutzik SR, Hewison M, Liu PT, Robles JA, Stenger S, Adams JS, Modlin RL (2008) IL-15 links TLR2/1-induced macrophage differentiation to the vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial pathway. J Immunol 181:7115–7120PubMed Krutzik SR, Hewison M, Liu PT, Robles JA, Stenger S, Adams JS, Modlin RL (2008) IL-15 links TLR2/1-induced macrophage differentiation to the vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial pathway. J Immunol 181:7115–7120PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu PT, Schenk M, Walker VP, Dempsey PW, Kanchanapoomi M, Wheelwright M, Vazirnia A, Zhang X, Steinmeyer A, Zugel U, Hollis BW, Cheng G, Modlin RL (2009) Convergence of IL-1beta and VDR activation pathways in human TLR2/1-induced antimicrobial responses. PLoS One 4:e5810CrossRefPubMed Liu PT, Schenk M, Walker VP, Dempsey PW, Kanchanapoomi M, Wheelwright M, Vazirnia A, Zhang X, Steinmeyer A, Zugel U, Hollis BW, Cheng G, Modlin RL (2009) Convergence of IL-1beta and VDR activation pathways in human TLR2/1-induced antimicrobial responses. PLoS One 4:e5810CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Sly LM, Lopez M, Nauseef WM, Reiner NE (2001) 1alpha, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced monocyte antimycobacterial activity is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mediated by the NADPH-dependent phagocyte oxidase. J Biol Chem 276:35482–35493CrossRefPubMed Sly LM, Lopez M, Nauseef WM, Reiner NE (2001) 1alpha, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced monocyte antimycobacterial activity is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mediated by the NADPH-dependent phagocyte oxidase. J Biol Chem 276:35482–35493CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Rockett KA, Brookes R, Udalova I, Vidal V, Hill AV, Kwiatkowski D (1998) 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces nitric oxide synthase and suppresses growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a human macrophage-like cell line. Infect Immun 66:5314–5321PubMed Rockett KA, Brookes R, Udalova I, Vidal V, Hill AV, Kwiatkowski D (1998) 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces nitric oxide synthase and suppresses growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a human macrophage-like cell line. Infect Immun 66:5314–5321PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Chang JM, Kuo MC, Kuo HT, Hwang SJ, Tsai JC, Chen HC, Lai YH (2004) 1-alpha, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates inducible nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA expression and nitric oxide release in macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells. J Lab Clin Med 143:14–22CrossRefPubMed Chang JM, Kuo MC, Kuo HT, Hwang SJ, Tsai JC, Chen HC, Lai YH (2004) 1-alpha, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates inducible nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA expression and nitric oxide release in macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells. J Lab Clin Med 143:14–22CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Sadeghi K, Wessner B, Laggner U, Ploder M, Tamandl D, Friedl J, Zugel U, Steinmeyer A, Pollak A, Roth E, Boltz-Nitulescu G, Spittler A (2006) Vitamin D3 down-regulates monocyte TLR expression and triggers hyporesponsiveness to pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Eur J Immunol 36:361–370CrossRefPubMed Sadeghi K, Wessner B, Laggner U, Ploder M, Tamandl D, Friedl J, Zugel U, Steinmeyer A, Pollak A, Roth E, Boltz-Nitulescu G, Spittler A (2006) Vitamin D3 down-regulates monocyte TLR expression and triggers hyporesponsiveness to pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Eur J Immunol 36:361–370CrossRefPubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Cantorna MT, Mahon BD (2004) Mounting evidence for vitamin D as an environmental factor affecting autoimmune disease prevalence. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 229:1136–1142 Cantorna MT, Mahon BD (2004) Mounting evidence for vitamin D as an environmental factor affecting autoimmune disease prevalence. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 229:1136–1142
38.
Zurück zum Zitat van Etten E, Mathieu C (2005) Immunoregulation by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: basic concepts. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 97:93–101CrossRefPubMed van Etten E, Mathieu C (2005) Immunoregulation by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: basic concepts. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 97:93–101CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Baeke F, van Etten E, Overbergh L, Mathieu C (2007) Vitamin D3 and the immune system: maintaining the balance in health and disease. Nutr Res Rev 20:106–118CrossRefPubMed Baeke F, van Etten E, Overbergh L, Mathieu C (2007) Vitamin D3 and the immune system: maintaining the balance in health and disease. Nutr Res Rev 20:106–118CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Penna G, Adorini L (2000) 1 Alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits differentiation, maturation, activation, and survival of dendritic cells leading to impaired alloreactive T cell activation. J Immunol 164:2405–2411PubMed Penna G, Adorini L (2000) 1 Alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits differentiation, maturation, activation, and survival of dendritic cells leading to impaired alloreactive T cell activation. J Immunol 164:2405–2411PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat van Halteren AG, van Etten E, de Jong EC, Bouillon R, Roep BO, Mathieu C (2002) Redirection of human autoreactive T-cells Upon interaction with dendritic cells modulated by TX527, an analog of 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Diabetes 51:2119–2125CrossRefPubMed van Halteren AG, van Etten E, de Jong EC, Bouillon R, Roep BO, Mathieu C (2002) Redirection of human autoreactive T-cells Upon interaction with dendritic cells modulated by TX527, an analog of 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Diabetes 51:2119–2125CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Gauzzi MC, Purificato C, Donato K, Jin Y, Wang L, Daniel KC, Maghazachi AA, Belardelli F, Adorini L, Gessani S (2005) Suppressive effect of 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on type I IFN-mediated monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells: impairment of functional activities and chemotaxis. J Immunol 174:270–276PubMed Gauzzi MC, Purificato C, Donato K, Jin Y, Wang L, Daniel KC, Maghazachi AA, Belardelli F, Adorini L, Gessani S (2005) Suppressive effect of 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on type I IFN-mediated monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells: impairment of functional activities and chemotaxis. J Immunol 174:270–276PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Pedersen AW, Holmstrom K, Jensen SS, Fuchs D, Rasmussen S, Kvistborg P, Claesson MH, Zocca MB (2009) Phenotypic and functional markers for 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)-modified regulatory dendritic cells. Clin Exp Immunol 157:48–59CrossRefPubMed Pedersen AW, Holmstrom K, Jensen SS, Fuchs D, Rasmussen S, Kvistborg P, Claesson MH, Zocca MB (2009) Phenotypic and functional markers for 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)-modified regulatory dendritic cells. Clin Exp Immunol 157:48–59CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Penna G, Amuchastegui S, Giarratana N, Daniel KC, Vulcano M, Sozzani S, Adorini L (2007) 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 selectively modulates tolerogenic properties in myeloid but not plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Immunol 178:145–153PubMed Penna G, Amuchastegui S, Giarratana N, Daniel KC, Vulcano M, Sozzani S, Adorini L (2007) 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 selectively modulates tolerogenic properties in myeloid but not plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Immunol 178:145–153PubMed
45.
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Mosser DM, Zhang X (2008) Interleukin-10: new perspectives on an old cytokine. Immunol Rev 226:205–218CrossRefPubMed Mosser DM, Zhang X (2008) Interleukin-10: new perspectives on an old cytokine. Immunol Rev 226:205–218CrossRefPubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat D’Ambrosio D (2006) Regulatory T cells: how do they find their space in the immunological arena? Semin Cancer Biol 16:91–97CrossRefPubMed D’Ambrosio D (2006) Regulatory T cells: how do they find their space in the immunological arena? Semin Cancer Biol 16:91–97CrossRefPubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferreira GB, van Etten E, Lage K, Hansen DA, Moreau Y, Workman CT, Waer M, Verstuyf A, Waelkens E, Overbergh L, Mathieu C (2009) Proteome analysis demonstrates profound alterations in human dendritic cell nature by TX527, an analogue of vitamin D. Proteomics 9:3752–3764CrossRefPubMed Ferreira GB, van Etten E, Lage K, Hansen DA, Moreau Y, Workman CT, Waer M, Verstuyf A, Waelkens E, Overbergh L, Mathieu C (2009) Proteome analysis demonstrates profound alterations in human dendritic cell nature by TX527, an analogue of vitamin D. Proteomics 9:3752–3764CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Almerighi C, Sinistro A, Cavazza A, Ciaprini C, Rocchi G, Bergamini A (2009) 1Alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits CD40L-induced pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity in human monocytes. Cytokine 45:190–197CrossRefPubMed Almerighi C, Sinistro A, Cavazza A, Ciaprini C, Rocchi G, Bergamini A (2009) 1Alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits CD40L-induced pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity in human monocytes. Cytokine 45:190–197CrossRefPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat D’Ambrosio D, Cippitelli M, Cocciolo MG, Mazzeo D, Di Lucia P, Lang R, Sinigaglia F, Panina-Bordignon P (1998) Inhibition of IL-12 production by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Involvement of NF-kappaB downregulation in transcriptional repression of the p40 gene. J Clin Invest 101:252–262CrossRefPubMed D’Ambrosio D, Cippitelli M, Cocciolo MG, Mazzeo D, Di Lucia P, Lang R, Sinigaglia F, Panina-Bordignon P (1998) Inhibition of IL-12 production by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Involvement of NF-kappaB downregulation in transcriptional repression of the p40 gene. J Clin Invest 101:252–262CrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Giulietti A, van Etten E, Overbergh L, Stoffels K, Bouillon R, Mathieu C (2007) Monocytes from type 2 diabetic patients have a pro-inflammatory profile. 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) works as anti-inflammatory. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 77:47–57CrossRefPubMed Giulietti A, van Etten E, Overbergh L, Stoffels K, Bouillon R, Mathieu C (2007) Monocytes from type 2 diabetic patients have a pro-inflammatory profile. 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) works as anti-inflammatory. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 77:47–57CrossRefPubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat van Halteren AG, Tysma OM, van Etten E, Mathieu C, Roep BO (2004) 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or analogue treated dendritic cells modulate human autoreactive T cells via the selective induction of apoptosis. J Autoimmun 23:233–239CrossRefPubMed van Halteren AG, Tysma OM, van Etten E, Mathieu C, Roep BO (2004) 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or analogue treated dendritic cells modulate human autoreactive T cells via the selective induction of apoptosis. J Autoimmun 23:233–239CrossRefPubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Tang J, Zhou R, Luger D, Zhu W, Silver PB, Grajewski RS, Su SB, Chan CC, Adorini L, Caspi RR (2009) Calcitriol suppresses antiretinal autoimmunity through inhibitory effects on the Th17 effector response. J Immunol 182:4624–4632CrossRefPubMed Tang J, Zhou R, Luger D, Zhu W, Silver PB, Grajewski RS, Su SB, Chan CC, Adorini L, Caspi RR (2009) Calcitriol suppresses antiretinal autoimmunity through inhibitory effects on the Th17 effector response. J Immunol 182:4624–4632CrossRefPubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Penna G, Roncari A, Amuchastegui S, Daniel KC, Berti E, Colonna M, Adorini L (2005) Expression of the inhibitory receptor ILT3 on dendritic cells is dispensable for induction of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Blood 106:3490–3497CrossRefPubMed Penna G, Roncari A, Amuchastegui S, Daniel KC, Berti E, Colonna M, Adorini L (2005) Expression of the inhibitory receptor ILT3 on dendritic cells is dispensable for induction of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Blood 106:3490–3497CrossRefPubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Ghoreishi M, Bach P, Obst J, Komba M, Fleet JC, Dutz JP (2009) Expansion of antigen-specific regulatory T cells with the topical vitamin d analog calcipotriol. J Immunol 182:6071–6078CrossRefPubMed Ghoreishi M, Bach P, Obst J, Komba M, Fleet JC, Dutz JP (2009) Expansion of antigen-specific regulatory T cells with the topical vitamin d analog calcipotriol. J Immunol 182:6071–6078CrossRefPubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Gregori S, Giarratana N, Smiroldo S, Uskokovic M, Adorini L (2002) A 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analog enhances regulatory T-cells and arrests autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes 51:1367–1374CrossRefPubMed Gregori S, Giarratana N, Smiroldo S, Uskokovic M, Adorini L (2002) A 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analog enhances regulatory T-cells and arrests autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes 51:1367–1374CrossRefPubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Daniel C, Sartory NA, Zahn N, Radeke HH, Stein JM (2008) Immune modulatory treatment of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis with calcitriol is associated with a change of a T helper (Th) 1/Th17 to a Th2 and regulatory T cell profile. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 324:23–33CrossRefPubMed Daniel C, Sartory NA, Zahn N, Radeke HH, Stein JM (2008) Immune modulatory treatment of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis with calcitriol is associated with a change of a T helper (Th) 1/Th17 to a Th2 and regulatory T cell profile. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 324:23–33CrossRefPubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Gorman S, Kuritzky LA, Judge MA, Dixon KM, McGlade JP, Mason RS, Finlay-Jones JJ, Hart PH (2007) Topically applied 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhances the suppressive activity of CD4+CD25+ cells in the draining lymph nodes. J Immunol 179:6273–6283PubMed Gorman S, Kuritzky LA, Judge MA, Dixon KM, McGlade JP, Mason RS, Finlay-Jones JJ, Hart PH (2007) Topically applied 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhances the suppressive activity of CD4+CD25+ cells in the draining lymph nodes. J Immunol 179:6273–6283PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Szeles L, Keresztes G, Torocsik D, Balajthy Z, Krenacs L, Poliska S, Steinmeyer A, Zuegel U, Pruenster M, Rot A, Nagy L (2009) 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is an autonomous regulator of the transcriptional changes leading to a tolerogenic dendritic cell phenotype. J Immunol 182:2074–2083CrossRefPubMed Szeles L, Keresztes G, Torocsik D, Balajthy Z, Krenacs L, Poliska S, Steinmeyer A, Zuegel U, Pruenster M, Rot A, Nagy L (2009) 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is an autonomous regulator of the transcriptional changes leading to a tolerogenic dendritic cell phenotype. J Immunol 182:2074–2083CrossRefPubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhalla AK, Amento EP, Serog B, Glimcher LH (1984) 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits antigen-induced T cell activation. J Immunol 133:1748–1754PubMed Bhalla AK, Amento EP, Serog B, Glimcher LH (1984) 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits antigen-induced T cell activation. J Immunol 133:1748–1754PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Rigby WF, Stacy T, Fanger MW (1984) Inhibition of T lymphocyte mitogenesis by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol). J Clin Invest 74:1451–1455CrossRefPubMed Rigby WF, Stacy T, Fanger MW (1984) Inhibition of T lymphocyte mitogenesis by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol). J Clin Invest 74:1451–1455CrossRefPubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Boonstra A, Barrat FJ, Crain C, Heath VL, Savelkoul HF, O’Garra A (2001) 1alpha, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin d3 has a direct effect on naive CD4(+) T cells to enhance the development of Th2 cells. J Immunol 167:4974–4980PubMed Boonstra A, Barrat FJ, Crain C, Heath VL, Savelkoul HF, O’Garra A (2001) 1alpha, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin d3 has a direct effect on naive CD4(+) T cells to enhance the development of Th2 cells. J Immunol 167:4974–4980PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Borgogni E, Sarchielli E, Sottili M, Santarlasci V, Cosmi L, Gelmini S, Lombardi A, Cantini G, Perigli G, Luconi M, Vannelli GB, Annunziato F, Adorini L, Serio M, Crescioli C (2008) Elocalcitol inhibits inflammatory responses in human thyroid cells and T cells. Endocrinology 149:3626–3634CrossRefPubMed Borgogni E, Sarchielli E, Sottili M, Santarlasci V, Cosmi L, Gelmini S, Lombardi A, Cantini G, Perigli G, Luconi M, Vannelli GB, Annunziato F, Adorini L, Serio M, Crescioli C (2008) Elocalcitol inhibits inflammatory responses in human thyroid cells and T cells. Endocrinology 149:3626–3634CrossRefPubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Barrat FJ, Cua DJ, Boonstra A, Richards DF, Crain C, Savelkoul HF, de Waal-Malefyt R, Coffman RL, Hawrylowicz CM, O’Garra A (2002) In vitro generation of interleukin 10-producing regulatory CD4(+) T cells is induced by immunosuppressive drugs and inhibited by T helper type 1 (Th1)- and Th2-inducing cytokines. J Exp Med 195:603–616CrossRefPubMed Barrat FJ, Cua DJ, Boonstra A, Richards DF, Crain C, Savelkoul HF, de Waal-Malefyt R, Coffman RL, Hawrylowicz CM, O’Garra A (2002) In vitro generation of interleukin 10-producing regulatory CD4(+) T cells is induced by immunosuppressive drugs and inhibited by T helper type 1 (Th1)- and Th2-inducing cytokines. J Exp Med 195:603–616CrossRefPubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Urry Z, Xystrakis E, Richards DF, McDonald J, Sattar Z, Cousins DJ, Corrigan CJ, Hickman E, Brown Z, Hawrylowicz CM (2009) Ligation of TLR9 induced on human IL-10-secreting Tregs by 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 abrogates regulatory function. J Clin Invest 119:387–398PubMed Urry Z, Xystrakis E, Richards DF, McDonald J, Sattar Z, Cousins DJ, Corrigan CJ, Hickman E, Brown Z, Hawrylowicz CM (2009) Ligation of TLR9 induced on human IL-10-secreting Tregs by 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 abrogates regulatory function. J Clin Invest 119:387–398PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Shirakawa AK, Nagakubo D, Hieshima K, Nakayama T, Jin Z, Yoshie O (2008) 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces CCR10 expression in terminally differentiating human B cells. J Immunol 180:2786–2795PubMed Shirakawa AK, Nagakubo D, Hieshima K, Nakayama T, Jin Z, Yoshie O (2008) 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces CCR10 expression in terminally differentiating human B cells. J Immunol 180:2786–2795PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Levin A, Bakris GL, Molitch M, Smulders M, Tian J, Williams LA, Andress DL (2007) Prevalence of abnormal serum vitamin D, PTH, calcium, and phosphorus in patients with chronic kidney disease: results of the study to evaluate early kidney disease. Kidney Int 71:31–38CrossRefPubMed Levin A, Bakris GL, Molitch M, Smulders M, Tian J, Williams LA, Andress DL (2007) Prevalence of abnormal serum vitamin D, PTH, calcium, and phosphorus in patients with chronic kidney disease: results of the study to evaluate early kidney disease. Kidney Int 71:31–38CrossRefPubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Ishimura E, Nishizawa Y, Inaba M, Matsumoto N, Emoto M, Kawagishi T, Shoji S, Okuno S, Kim M, Miki T, Morii H (1999) Serum levels of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 24, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in nondialyzed patients with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 55:1019–1027CrossRefPubMed Ishimura E, Nishizawa Y, Inaba M, Matsumoto N, Emoto M, Kawagishi T, Shoji S, Okuno S, Kim M, Miki T, Morii H (1999) Serum levels of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 24, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in nondialyzed patients with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 55:1019–1027CrossRefPubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Cozzolino M, Gallieni M, Brancaccio D, Arcidiacono T, Bianchi G, Vezzoli G (2006) Vitamin D retains an important role in the pathogenesis and management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. J Nephrol 19:566–577PubMed Cozzolino M, Gallieni M, Brancaccio D, Arcidiacono T, Bianchi G, Vezzoli G (2006) Vitamin D retains an important role in the pathogenesis and management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. J Nephrol 19:566–577PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat LaClair RE, Hellman RN, Karp SL, Kraus M, Ofner S, Li Q, Graves KL, Moe SM (2005) Prevalence of calcidiol deficiency in CKD: a cross-sectional study across latitudes in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis 45:1026–1033CrossRefPubMed LaClair RE, Hellman RN, Karp SL, Kraus M, Ofner S, Li Q, Graves KL, Moe SM (2005) Prevalence of calcidiol deficiency in CKD: a cross-sectional study across latitudes in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis 45:1026–1033CrossRefPubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Shah N, Bernardini J, Piraino B (2005) Prevalence and correction of 25(OH) vitamin D deficiency in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 25:362–366PubMed Shah N, Bernardini J, Piraino B (2005) Prevalence and correction of 25(OH) vitamin D deficiency in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 25:362–366PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Gonzalez EA, Sachdeva A, Oliver DA, Martin KJ (2004) Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in chronic kidney disease. A single center observational study. Am J Nephrol 24:503–510CrossRefPubMed Gonzalez EA, Sachdeva A, Oliver DA, Martin KJ (2004) Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in chronic kidney disease. A single center observational study. Am J Nephrol 24:503–510CrossRefPubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Del Valle E, Negri AL, Aguirre C, Fradinger E, Zanchetta JR (2007) Prevalence of 25(OH) vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in chronic kidney disease stage 5 patients on hemodialysis. Hemodial Int 11:315–321CrossRefPubMed Del Valle E, Negri AL, Aguirre C, Fradinger E, Zanchetta JR (2007) Prevalence of 25(OH) vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in chronic kidney disease stage 5 patients on hemodialysis. Hemodial Int 11:315–321CrossRefPubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Menon S, Valentini RP, Hidalgo G, Peschansky L, Mattoo TK (2008) Vitamin D insufficiency and hyperparathyroidism in children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 23:1831–1836CrossRefPubMed Menon S, Valentini RP, Hidalgo G, Peschansky L, Mattoo TK (2008) Vitamin D insufficiency and hyperparathyroidism in children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 23:1831–1836CrossRefPubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Belostotsky V, Mughal MZ, Berry JL, Webb NJ (2008) Vitamin D deficiency in children with renal disease. Arch Dis Child 93:959–962CrossRefPubMed Belostotsky V, Mughal MZ, Berry JL, Webb NJ (2008) Vitamin D deficiency in children with renal disease. Arch Dis Child 93:959–962CrossRefPubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Seeherunvong W, Abitbol CL, Chandar J, Zilleruelo G, Freundlich M (2009) Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in children with early chronic kidney disease. J Pediatr 154:906–911CrossRefPubMed Seeherunvong W, Abitbol CL, Chandar J, Zilleruelo G, Freundlich M (2009) Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in children with early chronic kidney disease. J Pediatr 154:906–911CrossRefPubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Ali FN, Arguelles LM, Langman CB, Price HE (2009) Vitamin D deficiency in children with chronic kidney disease: uncovering an epidemic. Pediatrics 123:791–796CrossRefPubMed Ali FN, Arguelles LM, Langman CB, Price HE (2009) Vitamin D deficiency in children with chronic kidney disease: uncovering an epidemic. Pediatrics 123:791–796CrossRefPubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolf M, Shah A, Gutierrez O, Ankers E, Monroy M, Tamez H, Steele D, Chang Y, Camargo CA Jr, Tonelli M, Thadhani R (2007) Vitamin D levels and early mortality among incident hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 72:1004–1013CrossRefPubMed Wolf M, Shah A, Gutierrez O, Ankers E, Monroy M, Tamez H, Steele D, Chang Y, Camargo CA Jr, Tonelli M, Thadhani R (2007) Vitamin D levels and early mortality among incident hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 72:1004–1013CrossRefPubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Inaguma D, Nagaya H, Hara K, Tatematsu M, Shinjo H, Suzuki S, Mishima T, Kurata K (2008) Relationship between serum 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D and mortality in patients with pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease. Clin Exp Nephrol 12:126–131CrossRefPubMed Inaguma D, Nagaya H, Hara K, Tatematsu M, Shinjo H, Suzuki S, Mishima T, Kurata K (2008) Relationship between serum 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D and mortality in patients with pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease. Clin Exp Nephrol 12:126–131CrossRefPubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Teng M, Wolf M, Ofsthun MN, Lazarus JM, Hernan MA, Camargo CA Jr, Thadhani R (2005) Activated injectable vitamin D and hemodialysis survival: a historical cohort study. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:1115–1125CrossRefPubMed Teng M, Wolf M, Ofsthun MN, Lazarus JM, Hernan MA, Camargo CA Jr, Thadhani R (2005) Activated injectable vitamin D and hemodialysis survival: a historical cohort study. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:1115–1125CrossRefPubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Tentori F, Hunt WC, Stidley CA, Rohrscheib MR, Bedrick EJ, Meyer KB, Johnson HK, Zager PG (2006) Mortality risk among hemodialysis patients receiving different vitamin D analogs. Kidney Int 70:1858–1865CrossRefPubMed Tentori F, Hunt WC, Stidley CA, Rohrscheib MR, Bedrick EJ, Meyer KB, Johnson HK, Zager PG (2006) Mortality risk among hemodialysis patients receiving different vitamin D analogs. Kidney Int 70:1858–1865CrossRefPubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolf M, Betancourt J, Chang Y, Shah A, Teng M, Tamez H, Gutierrez O, Camargo CA Jr, Melamed M, Norris K, Stampfer MJ, Powe NR, Thadhani R (2008) Impact of activated vitamin D and race on survival among hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 19:1379–1388CrossRefPubMed Wolf M, Betancourt J, Chang Y, Shah A, Teng M, Tamez H, Gutierrez O, Camargo CA Jr, Melamed M, Norris K, Stampfer MJ, Powe NR, Thadhani R (2008) Impact of activated vitamin D and race on survival among hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 19:1379–1388CrossRefPubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Palmer SC, McGregor DO, Macaskill P, Craig JC, Elder GJ, Strippoli GF (2007) Meta-analysis: vitamin D compounds in chronic kidney disease. Ann Intern Med 147:840–853PubMed Palmer SC, McGregor DO, Macaskill P, Craig JC, Elder GJ, Strippoli GF (2007) Meta-analysis: vitamin D compounds in chronic kidney disease. Ann Intern Med 147:840–853PubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Stenvinkel P (2006) Inflammation in end-stage renal disease: the hidden enemy. Nephrology (Carlton) 11:36–41CrossRef Stenvinkel P (2006) Inflammation in end-stage renal disease: the hidden enemy. Nephrology (Carlton) 11:36–41CrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Levin A, Li YC (2005) Vitamin D and its analogues: do they protect against cardiovascular disease in patients with kidney disease? Kidney Int 68:1973–1981CrossRefPubMed Levin A, Li YC (2005) Vitamin D and its analogues: do they protect against cardiovascular disease in patients with kidney disease? Kidney Int 68:1973–1981CrossRefPubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Zehnder D, Quinkler M, Eardley KS, Bland R, Lepenies J, Hughes SV, Raymond NT, Howie AJ, Cockwell P, Stewart PM, Hewison M (2008) Reduction of the vitamin D hormonal system in kidney disease is associated with increased renal inflammation. Kidney Int 74:1343–1353CrossRefPubMed Zehnder D, Quinkler M, Eardley KS, Bland R, Lepenies J, Hughes SV, Raymond NT, Howie AJ, Cockwell P, Stewart PM, Hewison M (2008) Reduction of the vitamin D hormonal system in kidney disease is associated with increased renal inflammation. Kidney Int 74:1343–1353CrossRefPubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Tan X, Wen X, Liu Y (2008) Paricalcitol inhibits renal inflammation by promoting vitamin D receptor-mediated sequestration of NF-kappaB signaling. J Am Soc Nephrol 19:1741–1752CrossRefPubMed Tan X, Wen X, Liu Y (2008) Paricalcitol inhibits renal inflammation by promoting vitamin D receptor-mediated sequestration of NF-kappaB signaling. J Am Soc Nephrol 19:1741–1752CrossRefPubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Gombart AF, Bhan I, Borregaard N, Tamez H, Camargo CA Jr, Koeffler HP, Thadhani R (2009) Low plasma level of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (hCAP18) predicts increased infectious disease mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin Infect Dis 48:418–424CrossRefPubMed Gombart AF, Bhan I, Borregaard N, Tamez H, Camargo CA Jr, Koeffler HP, Thadhani R (2009) Low plasma level of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (hCAP18) predicts increased infectious disease mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin Infect Dis 48:418–424CrossRefPubMed
89.
Zurück zum Zitat National Kidney Foundation (2005) K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in children with chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 46:S1–S121 National Kidney Foundation (2005) K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in children with chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 46:S1–S121
Metadaten
Titel
Vitamin D insufficiency: implications for the immune system
verfasst von
Femke Baeke
Conny Gysemans
Hannelie Korf
Chantal Mathieu
Publikationsdatum
01.09.2010
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Pediatric Nephrology / Ausgabe 9/2010
Print ISSN: 0931-041X
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-198X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-010-1452-y

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 9/2010

Pediatric Nephrology 9/2010 Zur Ausgabe

Update Pädiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.