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Erschienen in: Der Schmerz 5/2012

01.09.2012 | Schwerpunkt

Behandlung von Übelkeit und Erbrechen mit 5HT3-Antagonisten, Steroiden, Antihistaminika, Anticholinergika, Somatostatinanaloga, Benzodiazepinen und Cannabinoiden bei Palliativpatienten

Ein systematisches Review

verfasst von: Dr. G. Benze, A. Geyer, B. Alt-Epping, F. Nauck

Erschienen in: Der Schmerz | Ausgabe 5/2012

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Für die Behandlung von Übelkeit und Erbrechen in der Palliativmedizin existieren diverse Empfehlungen, jedoch behandeln nur wenige Studien und einzelne systematische Reviews das Thema Übelkeit und Erbrechen bei Palliativpatienten.

Ziele

Das systematische Review hat zum Ziel, die momentane Evidenz für die antiemetische Therapie mit 5HT3-Antagonisten, Steroiden, Antihistaminika, Anticholinergika, Somatostatinanaloga, Benzodiazepinen und Cannabinoiden bei Patienten mit fortgeschrittener Krebserkrankung ohne krebsspezifische Therapie sowie bei Patienten mit anderen schwerwiegenden fortgeschrittenen und weiter fortschreitenden Erkrankungen, wie „acquired immune deficiency syndrome“ (AIDS), chronisch obstruktiver Lungenerkrankung (COPD), fortgeschrittener Herzinsuffizienz, amyotropher Lateralsklerose (ALS) und multipler Sklerose (MS) zu untersuchen. Ergebnisse des Reviews zu Prokinetika und Neuroleptika werden gesondert publiziert.

Methoden

In den elektronischen Datenbanken PubMed und EmBase wurden systematisch Artikel über Studien gesucht (Veröffentlichungszeitraum 1966 bis 2011), die die antiemetische Therapie bei Palliativpatienten zum Thema hatten. Ergänzend erfolgte eine Handsuche. Ausgeschlossen wurden Studien mit Patienten unter Chemo- oder Strahlentherapie, Studien mit Kindern und Studien, die weder in Englisch noch in Deutsch publiziert wurden. Nach der umfassenden Suche, erfolgte für das vorliegende systematische Review die spezielle Betrachtung von 5HT3-Antagonisten, Steroiden, Antihistaminika, Anticholinergika, Somatostatinanaloga, Benzodiazepinen und Cannabinoiden.

Ergebnisse

In der allgemeinen Recherche bezüglich aller Antiemetika wurden 75 relevante Studien gefunden. Bezüglich der 5HT3-Antagonisten, Steroide, Antihistaminika, Anticholinergika, Somatostatinanaloga, Benzodiazepine und Cannabinoide gab es 36 Studien. Davon untersuchten 13 Studien 5HT3-Antagonisten, 10 Somatostatinanaloga, 9 Steroide, 4 Anticholinergika, 5 Cannabinoide und eine Studie Antihistaminika; Benzodiazepine fanden keine Beachtung. Darüber hinaus gibt es 6 systematische Reviews. Die Evidenzlage für jegliches als Antiemetikum verwendete Medikament ist jedoch sehr gering. Bezüglich 5HT3-Antagonisten reichen die Daten bei AIDS und MS aufgrund zu kleiner Patientenzahlen nicht für eine Empfehlung aus. Bei Krebspatienten gibt es widersprüchliche Studienergebnisse, wobei in den größeren Studien eine gute Wirkung von 5HT3-Antagonisten und sogar eine Überlegenheit gegenüber Metoclopramid, Dexamethason und Neuroleptika bei Palliativpatienten beschrieben wurde. Die Studienlage zu Steroiden ist heterogen und zeigt einen positiven Trend in Bezug auf Krebspatienten. Bei Antihistaminika reicht die Datenlage nicht aus. Studien belegen eine Wirksamkeit von Butylscopolamin bei Übelkeit und Erbrechen auf dem Boden maligner gastrointestinaler Obstruktion, wobei Octreotid diesbezüglich überlegen ist. Zu Benzodiazepinen existieren aktuell keine Studien in Hinblick auf die Symptomkontrolle von Übelkeit und Erbrechen bei Palliativpatienten. Cannabinoide sind wirksam in der Symptomkontrolle von Übelkeit und Erbrechen bei Patienten mit Krebs und AIDS, wobei die Nebenwirkungen beachtenswert waren und die Studien Cannabinoide lediglich mit älteren Antiemetika verglichen, nicht z. B. mit 5HT3-Antagonisten. In Bezug auf die Symptomkontrolle von Übelkeit und Erbrechen bei Patienten mit COPD, Herzinsuffizienz und ALS wurden keine Studien für Palliativpatienten gefunden.

Schlussfolgerungen

Bei Palliativpatienten mit Übelkeit und Erbrechen können 5HT3-Antagonisten eingesetzt werden, wenn diese nicht auf andere Antiemetika, wie Metoclopramid oder Neuroleptika ansprechen. Es gibt Hinweise dafür, dass Steroide in Kombination mit anderen Antiemetika eine Verbesserung bewirken können. Cannabinoide haben lediglich einen Stellenwert als Reservemittel. Bei durch gastrointestinale Obstruktion bedingte Übelkeit und Erbrechen ist Octreotid, in zweiter Linie auch Butylscopolamin effektiv. Zu der Wirkung von Antihistaminika und Benzodiazepinen gibt es keine ausreichenden Daten. Die Evidenzlage ist alles in allem gering. Es werden mehr qualitativ gute Studien benötigt, um eine evidenzbasierte antiemetische medikamentöse Therapie bei Palliativpatienten durchführen zu können.
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Metadaten
Titel
Behandlung von Übelkeit und Erbrechen mit 5HT3-Antagonisten, Steroiden, Antihistaminika, Anticholinergika, Somatostatinanaloga, Benzodiazepinen und Cannabinoiden bei Palliativpatienten
Ein systematisches Review
verfasst von
Dr. G. Benze
A. Geyer
B. Alt-Epping
F. Nauck
Publikationsdatum
01.09.2012
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Der Schmerz / Ausgabe 5/2012
Print ISSN: 0932-433X
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-2129
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00482-012-1235-4

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