Introduction
Behçet’s disease (BD) is a chronic relapsing disease with multiple organ system involvement characterized clinically by oral and genital aphthae, cutaneous lesions, and ophthalmological, neurological, or gastrointestinal manifestations [1, 2]. Approximately 3–16 % of patients with BD have gastrointestinal tract involvement. Gastrointestinal disease typically affects the ileocecal area, although involvement of the esophagus and small intestine has been reported [3]. The most common gastrointestinal symptoms are abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bleeding. Deep ulcers are responsible for the most common intestinal complications, such as severe bleeding and perforation [4]. Various drugs, such as 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), systemic corticosteroids, and immunosuppressive agents have been used anecdotally to treat intestinal BD. However, the clinical evidence regarding the management of intestinal BD is very limited. In 2007, the Japanese Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group, supported by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, proposed consensus statements for the management of intestinal BD for the first time [5]. In this consensus, infliximab (IFX) was described as an optional therapy for intestinal BD. In recent years, accumulating evidence on the efficacy of anti-TNFα agents for the management of Crohn’s disease and Behçet’s uveitis have encouraged the use of anti-TNFα agents for management of intestinal BD. Although clinical studies with high-quality evidence have not been available, several cases of intestinal BD successfully treated by anti-TNFα agents have been reported [6‐14]. These case reports mainly showed clinical efficacy in the short term, although some reports showed mid- and long-term efficacy and improved endoscopic findings [15, 16]. Furthermore, on May 16 2013, adalimumab (ADA) was approved as a therapeutic option for intestinal BD in Japan. Currently, the Research Committee for small bowel inflammation of unknown etiology operated by the Health Labour Sciences Research Grant, titled “Research on Measures for Intractable Diseases”, was concerned that the approval of anti-TNFα mAb could dramatically change the therapeutic strategy for intestinal BD. Furthermore, the first edition does not contain information regarding anti-TNFα mAbs and is, therefore, outdated. Therefore, consensus statements for the management of intestinal BD should be adjusted to the current clinical settings, especially regarding the indication of anti-TNFα agents (Table 1).
Table 1
Consensus statements for the diagnosis and management of intestinal Behçet’s disease (second edition), by Research Committee for small bowel inflammation of unknown etiology, and Behçet’s Disease Research Committee, Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, Japan
Concept of the second edition of consensus statements
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According to increased use of anti-TNFα mAb in inflammatory bowel disease, many cases of intestinal Behçet’s disease in which anti-TNFα mAb (infliximab, IFX) showed efficacy also have been reported in Japan. The same tendency was observed in foreign countries that have a high prevalence of Behçet’s disease, such as Korea. In 2013, adalimumab, humanized anti-TNFα mAb was approved for intestinal Behçet’s disease in Japan. In the second edition, statements have focused on where we should place anti-TNFα mAb for the treatment of intestinal Behçet’s disease based on relevant literature and expert panel discussion.a
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Diagnosis
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1. Diagnosis of intestinal Behçet’s disease can be made if |
A. There is a typical oval-shaped large ulcer in the terminal ileum, OR |
B. There are ulcerations or inflammation in the small or large intestine, and clinical findings meet the diagnostic criteria of Behçet’s disease.b
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2. Acute appendicitis, infectious enteritis, tuberculosis, Crohn’s disease, nonspecific colitis, drug-associated colitis and other diseases that mimic intestinal Behçet’s disease should be excluded by clinical findings, radiology, and endoscopy before diagnosis of intestinal Behçet’s disease is made. |
Assessment of severity
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Disease severity should be comprehensively assessed by systemic symptoms (e.g., fever, extra-intestinal manifestations), physical examinations of abdomen (e.g., pain, inflammatory mass, rebound tenderness), depth of ulcers and intestinal complications (e.g., bleeding, stricture, fistula), inflammatory mediators (e.g., CRP, WBC, ESR), and anemia. |
Treatment objectives
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In the treatment of intestinal Behçet’s disease, as well as the improvement of abdominal and extra-intestinal symptoms, the achievement of negative levels of CRP could be desirable. In the long-term prognosis, the prevention of progression to disability and poly-surgery is important. |
A. Standard treatment |
1. In patients with severe symptoms (i.e., abdominal pain, diarrhea, gastrointestinal bleeding) and complications with deep ulcers confirmed by radiology or endoscopy, corticosteroids should be considered for induction therapy. The initial dose of corticosteroids is 0.5–1 mg/kg per day of prednisolone for l–2 weeks. When clinical improvement is observed, prednisolone should be tapered by 5 mg every week and finally stopped. ADA (approved on May 16, 2013 in Japan) could be considered for induction therapy [160 mg at 0 w, 80 mg at 2 w, 40 mg at 4 w, sub-cutaneously (s.c.)]. In responders, scheduled maintenance therapy should be considered (40 mg s.c. every other week). IFX (not approved yet) could also be considered for induction therapy (5 mg/kg at week 0, 2, and 6). In responders, scheduled maintenance therapy every 8 weeks should be considered. In patients with mild to moderate activity, mesalasine (5-ASA) could be effective for induction therapy. In patients treated with corticosteroids, anti-TNFα mAbs and immunomodulators, infectious disease and neoplasm should be surveyed. After initiation of these therapies, the risk of infectious disease and neoplasm should be monitored continuously. |
2. In patients who are induced to clinical remission, 5-ASA and colchicine could be used for maintenance therapy. The optimal dose of 5-ASA for adult patients is 2.25–3 g/day. When sulfasalazine (SASP) is used, the optimal dose is 3–4 g/day. |
3. Immunosuppressive agents such as azathioprine (AZA)c are indicated when patients are corticosteroid-dependent, corticosteroid-resistant, or anti-TNFα mAb-resistant. The initial dose of AZA is 25–50 mg/day. In patients treated with AZA, adverse effects (e.g., neutropenia and liver dysfunction) should be monitored. |
4. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is indicated for patients with severe systemic symptoms such as fever and for patients with intestinal complications such as stenosis, fistula, bleeding, and impending perforation. TPN is also indicated for patients who cannot orally intake drugs due to severe oral or upper gastro intestinal lesions. It is usually used for a limited period of time considering the risk of catheter infection and thrombosis. After the patient’s condition is improved by TPN, enteral nutrition (EN) could be considered. |
5. EN using an elementary diet could be effective for induction therapy. It is indicated in particular for patients with refractory disease, severe activity, and disability such as stricture lesions. When EN is introduced, adherence and quality of life of the patients should be considered. |
6. Surgery is indicated for patients in whom improvement is not expected by medications. Patients with severe stricture lesions, perforations, large abscesses, and massive gastrointestinal bleedings have an absolute indication. Patients refractory to medications, and with a low quality of life due to intestinal complications such as fistula, have a relative indication of surgery. Minimum length of resection surgery should be considered. |
7. Risk of post-operative recurrence is high in patients with volcano shape deep ulcers and fistulas. Post-operative recurrence often occurs at anastomosis. Although a treatment strategy has not been established that can reduce the risk of post-operative recurrence, considering the high risk of post-operative recurrence and poly surgeries, medication by 5-ASA, immunomodulators, metronidazole, anti-TNFα mAb and EN could be considered for post-operative management. |
8. In patients with intestinal Behçet’s disease complicated with eye lesions, consultation with ophthalmologists is necessary for their management |
B. Optional treatment |
• Since there are some case reports showing that spraying of absolute ethanol via endoscope has efficacy for ulcers of intestinal Behçet’s, it could be considered in refractory patients. |
• Expecting the efficacy as an anti-rheumatoid arthritis drug, change from 5-ASA to SASP could be considered in patients with arthritis (especially peripheral arthritis). |
Methods
An overview of the study
The development of the second edition of consensus statements for the diagnosis and management of intestinal BD consisted of three phases. In brief, in the first phase, literature that reported the efficacy of anti-TNFα monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in intestinal BD were collected by survey using PubMed with the following key words: “intestine”, “Behçet’s disease”, “anti-TNF”, “infliximab” and “adalimumab”. In addition, results of a questionnaire-based investigation on the actual treatment situation of intestinal BD by infliximab performed by the Japanese Study Group for a project on Research on Measures for BD operated by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in 2012 were referred to. During the second phase, expert panelists discussed areas of disagreement and areas of uncertainty regarding improvements of statements from the first edition and revised some of the clinical statements. During the third phase, the revised clinical statements were rated. Ratings of appropriate methods were developed using a modified Delphi approach, where members of the expert panel rated each part of the statements using a nine-point scale from 9 to 1 (9, strongly agree; 1, strongly disagree). Consensus was defined as a median score of ≥7, if the difference between the highest score and lowest score was <4. For the present study, an expert panel composed of gastroenterologists (n = 6), gastrointestinal surgeons (n = 2), and rheumatologists (n = 2) was established. In addition to the expert panel, a moderator (Hisamatsu, T.) and a professional adviser (Ueno, F.) were involved in the study. The moderator organized discussion by the expert panel and moderated the modified Delphi approach. The moderator searched and reviewed the literature and collected clinical statements. The professional adviser surveyed the process of the modified Delphi approach. The second edition of consensus statements proposed by the expert panel was discussed and then recognized by the Research Committee for small bowel inflammation of unknown etiology operated by a Health Labour Sciences Research Grant, Research on Measures for Intractable Diseases, Japan.
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Results
Search for literature on intestinal BD and anti-TNFα mAbs
In the first phase, 15 relevant literature items were collected. This literature included 10 case reports, 3 retrospective analyses of more than one patient in a single institute, 1 letter to the editor, and 1 review article (“Appendix”). To date, no randomized controlled trials of anti-TNFα mAbs for the treatment of intestinal BD have been reported.
Development of the second edition of consensus statement
In the second phase, the expert panel discussed the place of anti-TNFα mAb for the treatment of intestinal BD. Based on the literature found, the clinical experience of experts and results of a questionnaire-based investigation, the expert panel agreed that anti-TNFα mAb treatment should be regarded as a standard therapy for intestinal BD, which was an optional treatment in the first edition. With the recognition of anti-TNFα mAb treatment as a standard therapy, the expert panel also discussed the therapeutic goal of intestinal BD. In the second edition, it was proposed that the achievement of negative levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, in addition to the improvement of clinical symptoms, could be desirable as an objective therapeutic goal. The expert panel also proposed that improvement of long-term prognosis such as reducing the risk of surgery should be set as a final goal in the treatment of intestinal BD. Corticosteroid and anti-TNFα mAb were placed as standard therapies, while the expert panel deemed colchicines, thalidomide, endoscopic therapy, and leukocytapheresis to be experimental therapies.
In the first round of the modified Delphi approach, there were no statements with a median score <7. Although median scores were ≥7, three parts of statements did not obtain consensus because the difference between the highest and lowest score was 4. After discussion by the expert panel, the second round was performed, and then consensus was obtained for all statements. Thus, after a two-round modified Delphi approach, the second edition of consensus statements was finalized.
The authors’ stated that limitations of the second edition included (1) most of the consensus statements are based on expert opinions, (2) the consensus statements have not been endorsed by any organizations, (3) the consensus statements need to be prospectively reevaluated, (4) the consensus statements do not cover histopathological diagnosis, and, (5) the consensus statements do not have any binding force.
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Discussion
BD involves multiple organs, including the eye, nervous system, skin, genitalia, and gastrointestinal tract. About 3–16 % of patients with BD have gastrointestinal tract involvement [3], while most clinical studies of BD published to date concern the management of mucocutaneous lesions and ophthalmological lesions. However, intestinal BD often causes severe gastrointestinal complications, such as massive bleeding and perforation; therefore, intestinal lesions should be considered a poor prognostic factor. Even in high-prevalence areas such as Japan, Korea, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean region, intestinal BD has been treated empirically because data from the literature regarding management of this condition are scant. The consensus of expert opinion in a high-prevalence area should, therefore, be extremely helpful in daily practice. With this background, the first edition of a consensus for the management of intestinal BD was proposed for the first time in 2007 [5]. However, even after its proposal, conventional therapies have been insufficient for the management of intestinal BD. In the current clinical setting, anti-TNFα mAbs have been used to treat patients with intestinal BD. Reports demonstrating the efficacy of anti-TNFα mAbs for the management of intestinal BD are increasing. Furthermore, ADA was approved for intestinal BD in 2013 after an open-label clinical trial in Japan. With this in mind, it was considered that the first edition of the consensus statement should be updated.
The first edition was established in 2007 by the Japanese Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group. In 2011, the Research Committee for small bowel inflammation of unknown etiology was established independently from the Japanese Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group. To avoid changes in expert panel members affecting the results, some members of the first edition joined the expert panel of the second edition, which also had discussions with the Behçet’s Disease Research Committee as well as the first edition expert panel. Finally, the second edition was evaluated and approved by the Research Committee for small bowel inflammation of unknown etiology composed of experts for gastrointestinal disorders including members of the first edition.
The modified Delphi approach used in the second edition also provided panelists with the opportunity to discuss their judgments between the rating rounds as well as in the first edition. Unfortunately, there is not much evidence for the management of intestinal BD. Therefore, the discussion by the expert panel must make practical consensus statements rather than be a simple rating method. In the process for improving the second edition of the consensus statement, several subjects were discussed. First, the expert panel discussed the validity of the efficacy of anti-TNFα mAb therapy in intestinal BD. To date, no clinical trial for anti-TNFα mAb therapy in intestinal BD with high-quality evidence such as a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial has been reported. Therefore, the expert panel relied on their clinical experience and clinical case reports. All members agreed that anti-TNFα mAb therapy is effective for intestinal BD. Second, the expert panel discussed where anti-TNFα mAb therapy should be placed in the treatment of intestinal BD. Although anti-TNFα mAb therapy was considered an option therapy in the first edition in 2007 [5], the expert panel recommended anti-TNFα mAb as a standard therapy in the second edition. Third, according to the recommendation of anti-TNFα mAb as a standard therapy, the expert panel discussed whether the goals for medication of intestinal BD should be addressed. The expert panel was concerned about the overuse of anti-TNFα mAb without any objective parameters. Unfortunately, practical clinical activity indexes for intestinal BD (e.g., Crohn’s disease activity index for Crohn’s disease) have not been established. Endoscopic mucosal healing was also discussed, but it was not agreed on because of the lack of evidence in the literature and an impractical setting. Although evidence that CRP is a practical biomarker to assess disease activity of intestinal BD is insufficient, several reports suggested that CRP could reflect disease activity and disease prognosis [17]. In addition, in Crohn’s disease, negative CRP levels are considered a therapeutic goal as well as endoscopic mucosal healing by biologics therapy. In this context, the expert panel proposed “treatment objectives” that were not in the first edition and recommended the monitoring of CRP.
The problems that now confront us are the safety monitoring of anti-TNFα mAb use and the determination of whether anti-TNFα mAb treatment can improve the long-term prognosis of intestinal BD by prospective observation.
Conclusions
The second edition of consensus statements for the diagnosis and management of intestinal BD was established. In the second edition, anti-TNFα mAb treatment was recognized and recommended as a standard therapy for the treatment of intestinal BD.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by grants from the project of Research Committee for small bowel inflammation of unknown etiology and Behçet’s Disease Research Committee, Health Labour Sciences Research Grant, Research on Measures for Intractable Diseases, Japan.
Conflict of interest
Tadakazu Hisamatsu received a research grant from Ajinomoto Pharmaceuticals CO., LTD. and received lecture fees from Abbvie.
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