A congenitally narrow cervical spinal canal has been established as an important risk factor for the development of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. However, few reports have described the mechanism underlying this risk. In this study, we investigate the relationship between cervical spinal canal narrowing and pathological changes in the cervical spine using positional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two hundred and ninety-five symptomatic patients underwent cervical MRI in the weight-bearing position with dynamic motion (flexion, neutral, and extension) of the cervical spine. The sagittal cervical spinal canal diameter and cervical segmental angular motion were measured and calculated. Each segment was assessed for the extent of intervertebral disc degeneration and cervical cord compression. Based on the sagittal canal diameter, the subjects were classified into three groups: A, subjects with a congenitally narrow canal, diameter of less than 13 mm; B, subjects with a normal canal, diameter of 13–15 mm; C, subjects with a wide canal, diameter of more than 15 mm. When compared with Groups A and B, the disc degeneration grades at the C3-4, C5-6, and C6-7 segments and the cervical cord compression scores at the C3-4 and C5-6 segments showed significant differences. Additionally, when compare with Groups A and C, the disc degeneration grades at all segments, except C2-3, and the cervical cord compression scores at all segments, except C2-3, showed significant differences. With respect to the cervical kinematics, few differences in the kinematics were observed between Groups B and C, however, the kinematics in Group A was different with other two groups. In Group A, the segmental mobility at the C4-5 and C6-7 segments were significantly higher than those observed in Group B, and the segmental mobility at the C3-4 segment was significantly lower than that observed in Groups B or C. We demonstrated the unique pathological and kinematic traits of cervical spine that exist in a congenitally narrow canal. We hypothesize that kinematic trait associated with a congenitally narrow canal may greatly contribute to pathological changes in the cervical spine. Our results suggest that cervical spinal canal diameter of less than 13 mm may be associated with an increased risk for development of pathological changes in cervical intervertebral discs. Subsequently, the presence of a congenitally narrow canal can expose individuals to a greater risk of developing cervical spinal stenosis.
Introduction
The size of the cervical spinal canal is clinically important in traumatic, degenerative, and inflammatory conditions. It is typically measured on plain radiographs as the developmental segmental sagittal diameter from the posterior surface of the vertebral body to the closest point on the spinolaminar line at the pedicle level. However, variations in magnification and the distance from the X-ray source to the film as well as from the subject to the film can confound these measurements. To avoid magnification variables with plain radiographs, Pavlov et al. [16] and Torg et al. [21] used the ratio of the sagittal diameter of the spinal canal to the sagittal diameter of the vertebral body obtained on plain radiographs. They found this method to be a reliable determinant of cervical spinal canal stenosis.
However, plain radiographs only have the ability to evaluate osseous structures, and soft-tissue abnormalities can also contribute to cervical spondylosis and cervical spinal canal stenosis. Compared with other radiological studies currently available to evaluate the spine, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides the greatest range of information. MRI is routinely used for the evaluation of spinal degenerative disease due to its ability to accurately delineate soft-tissue structures such as intervertebral discs, spinal ligaments, or neural elements, and osseous structures such as vertebral bodies, spinal canals, the facet joints, or uncovertebral joints. The ability of MRI to detect subtle abnormalities in both soft-tissue and bone makes it highly sensitive for the detection of any pathology [22]; therefore, the functional cervical spinal canal or cervical spinal cord can be accurately measured using MRI.
Anzeige
There are numerous studies regarding the relationship between cervical spinal canal size and spinal cord conditions [3, 5‐7, 9‐11, 14, 16, 17, 19‐21]. A congenitally narrow cervical spinal canal has been established as an important risk factor for the development of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) [3, 5, 6, 20]. However, to the best of our knowledge, few reports thus far have described the mechanism underlying the increased risk of CSM in patients with a narrow cervical spinal canal. In this study, utilizing data describing cervical kinematics evaluated by positional MRI with dynamic motion of the cervical spine, we investigate the relationship between cervical spinal canal narrowing and pathological changes in the cervical spine.
Materials and methods
From February 2006 to May 2007, 295 symptomatic patients (135 men and 160 women) with an average age of 43.8 years (range 17–93 years) were examined with cervical MRI. For this study, consecutive patients experiencing neck pain with or without neurogenic symptoms were included. None of the subjects had previously undergone any spinal surgery. An Institutional Review Board approved this study.
Positional MRI
All patients underwent cervical MRI using a 0.6 Tesla MRI scanner (Upright Multi-Position™; Fonar Corporation, NY) in the weight-bearing position with dynamic motions of the cervical spine, including flexion (−40°), neutral (0°), and extension (20°) postures. The imaging protocol included sagittal T1-weighted spin-echo sequences [repetition time (TR)/echo time (TE) 671/17 ms, slice thickness 3.0 mm, field of view 24 cm, matrix 256 × 200, and number of excitations (NEX) 2] and T2-weighted fast spin-echo sequences (TR/TE 3,432/160 ms, slice thickness 3.0 mm, field of view 24 cm, and NEX 2). All sequences were acquired without fat saturation.
The data obtained from the MR images were recorded on a computer for subsequent calculations, which were performed using an MRI analyzer. Sagittal MR images were analyzed in three positions—flexion, neutral, and extension. For digitization, 77 points were marked on the images by spine surgeons (C3-T1: six points on each vertebral body, two on each pedicle, and two on the spinal canal diameter at each intervertebral disc level, C2: one point on the tip of the odontoid process and six on the vertebral body, C1: four points on the anterior, superior, and inferior surfaces of the anterior tubercle and the lower end of the spinous process, and the occiput (Oc): two points on the anterior and posterior baselines) (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1
Seventy-seven points were marked for digitization on the sagittal images
×
Anzeige
The sagittal angular motion (°) at five cervical intervertebral disc levels (C2-3, C3-4, C4-5, C5-6, and C6-7), and the sagittal diameter of the cervical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) column (mm) at five pedicle levels (C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7) were calculated. Based on the results of previous studies [7, 14, 17], we established the sagittal diameter of the cervical CSF column at a given pedicle level to be the sagittal diameter of the cervical spinal canal at that level.
Cervical intervertebral discs
A comprehensive grading system for cervical intervertebral disc degeneration was obtained through modification of previously reported systems of classification [2, 8, 12, 13, 18]. Accordingly, neutral-position T2-weighted sagittal images of 1,475 cervical intervertebral discs corresponding to 295 subjects were classified into four grades (Table 1) by the primary author and were judged eligible for inclusion in the study.
Table 1
The grading system for cervical intervertebral disc degeneration
Grades
Nucleus signal intensity
Disc height
Structure of FSU
1
Hyperintense
Normal
Without disc herniation
2
Intermediate/hypointense
Normal/slight decrease
With/without disc herniation
3
Hypointense
Decreased
With disc herniation/osteophyte
4
Hypointense
Collapsed
With disc herniation/osteophyte
Cervical cord compression
The extent of cervical cord compression at each segment was estimated by examining the neutral-position T2-weighted sagittal images. Cervical cord compression was defined as the obliteration of the subarachnoid space resulting from compression due to disc herniation, osteophyte formation, or hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum. Cervical cord compression at each segment was evaluated using a 3-point scale (range 0–2). A score of 0 indicated no cervical cord compression, a score of 1 indicated anterior or posterior cervical cord compression not affecting cord alignment, and a score of 2 indicated anterior or posterior cervical cord compression affecting cord alignment.
Cervical mobility
Total sagittal angular mobility of the cervical spine was defined as the absolute total value of the individual sagittal angular motions (C2-3 + C3-4 + C4-5 + C5-6 + C6-7) measured in degrees. The contribution of each individual segment to the total angular mobility of the cervical spine between flexion and extension was expressed as follows: percent segmental mobility (%) = (sagittal angular motion of each segment in degrees)/(total sagittal angular motion in degrees) × 100.
Total sagittal angular mobility (°) and percent segmental mobility (%) were evaluated for each group.
Cervical spinal canal sagittal diameter
The average sagittal diameter of the cervical spinal canal was defined as the average of the sagittal canal diameters at the pedicle level from C3 to C7. For the 295 subjects, the average canal diameter was 13.73 ± 1.37 mm. The subjects were classified into three groups based on their average sagittal canal diameter; Group A: subjects with a congenitally narrow canal, canal diameter of less than 13.0 mm, Group B: subjects with a normal canal, canal diameter of 13.0–15.0 mm, Group C: subjects with a wide canal, canal diameter of more than 15.0 mm.
All 295 subjects corresponding to three groups were used to evaluate pathological changes in the functional spinal units (FSUs). In addition, 120 subjects of the original 295 subjects were used to evaluate kinematics of the cervical spine. We excluded the subjects with severe intervertebral disc degeneration (i.e., grades 3 and 4) and severe cervical cord compression (i.e., compression score, more than 2) for evaluating cervical kinematics based on the findings of our previous study [13] which demonstrated that severe intervertebral disc degeneration and severe cord compression greatly affect cervical kinematics.
Statistical analysis
Student t test was used for statistical analyses. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Anzeige
Results
Pathological changes in FSUs
All 295 subjects were classified into three groups based on the average sagittal cervical spinal canal diameter: Group A consisted of 89 subjects with an average age of 45.1 years; Group B, 153 subjects with an average age of 43.7 years; Group C, 53 subjects with an average age of 42.1 years. Subjects with narrower cervical spinal canal tended to be older, although no significant differences were observed among the groups.
Table 2 shows the grade of cervical intervertebral disc degeneration at all segments for each group. When the grades were compared between Groups A and B, the C3-4, C5-6, and C6-7 segments showed significant differences. When compared between Groups A and C, significant differences in the grades were observed at all segments except C2-3. In addition, when compared between Groups B and C, a significant difference in the grades was only observed at the C5-6 segment.
Table 2
The cervical intervertebral disc degeneration grades with each group
Groups
C2-3
C3-4
C4-5
C5-6
C6-7
A
1.33 ± 0.49
1.96 ± 0.71
2.16 ± 0.72
2.67 ± 0.89
2.25 ± 0.9
*
*
*
B
1.4 ± 0.52
1.78 ± 0.56
2.01 ± 0.71
2.41 ± 0.81
1.97 ± 0.85
*
C
1.38 ± 0.49
1.64 ± 0.59
1.85 ± 0.69
2.13 ± 0.83
1.77 ± 0.95
**
**
***
**
Compared with Groups A and B, B and C, and A and C * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001
Table 3 shows the score of cervical cord compression at all segments for each group. When the scores were compared between Groups A and B, the C3-4 and C5-6 segments showed significant differences. When compared between Groups A and C, significant differences in the scores were observed at all segments except C2-3. In addition, when compared between Groups B and C, significant differences in the scores were observed at the C4-5, C5-6, and C6-7 segments.
Table 3
The cervical cord compression scores with each group
Groups
C2-3
C3-4
C4-5
C5-6
C6-7
A
0.03 ± 0.18
0.58 ± 0.85
0.57 ± 0.85
1.09 ± 1.04
0.49 ± 0.77
***
***
B
0.33 ± 0.16
0.21 ± 0.55
0.43 ± 0.74
0.63 ± 0.74
0.35 ± 0.59
**
*
***
C
0
0.13 ± 0.34
0.17 ± 0.47
0.42 ± 0.69
0.11 ± 0.32
***
***
***
***
Compared with Groups A and B, B and C, and A and C * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001
Cervical kinematics
The 120 subjects were classified into three groups based on the average sagittal cervical spinal canal diameter: Group A consisted of 22 subjects with an average age of 37.6 years; Group B, 64 subjects with an average age of 38.6 years; and Group C, 34 subjects with an average age of 38.3 years. There were no significant differences in age among the groups.
Anzeige
Table 4 shows the sagittal cervical mobility at all segments for each group. The total angular mobility tended to be smaller with narrowing the sagittal cervical spinal canal diameter; however, no significant differences were observed among the groups.
Table 4
The sagittal mobility of the cervical spine with each group
Groups
Total (°)
Percent segmental mobility (%)
C2-3
C3-4
C4-5
C5-6
C6-7
A
45 ± 13.83
13.47 ± 7.39
13 ± 7.59
28.91 ± 11.92
21.88 ± 9.66
22.74 ± 11.53
**
*
*
B
46.58 ± 13.41
14.78 ± 9.85
20.74 ± 11.39
22.64 ± 11.88
23.69 ± 12.39
18.16 ± 10.11
C
48.41 ± 12.52
14.57 ± 11.32
18.34 ± 11.39
24.04 ± 11.31
24.33 ± 14.38
18.72 ± 11.1
*
Compared with Groups A and B, B and C, and A and C * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001
With respect to percent segmental mobility in Group A, the C4-5 segment had the highest value, followed by the C6-7 or C5-6 segment. In Groups B and C, the C5-6 segment had the highest value, followed by the C4-5 segment. When the percent segmental mobility were compared between Groups A and B, the C3-4, C4-5, and C5-6 segments showed significant differences. When compared with Groups A and C, a significant difference in the percent segmental mobility was observed at the C3-4 segment. Additionally, when compared between Groups B and C, no significant differences in the percent segmental mobility were observed at all segments.
Discussion
Using 469 cadaver specimens, Lee et al. [11] reported that the average sagittal cervical canal diameter (C3–C7) was 14.1 ± 1.6 mm, and that men had significantly larger diameters than women at all the levels. Direct measurements of skeletal specimens were used in their study in order to determine the spectrum of sagittal cervical spinal canal diameter. In the current study, we found the average sagittal canal diameter from C3 to C7 to be 13.73 ± 1.37 mm. Because our measurements were obtained using MRI, some soft-tissue structures might have influenced our results. We believe that our result regarding the sagittal diameter of the functional structure of the cervical spinal canal to be almost identical to that of Lee et al.
Edward et al. [3] retrospectively reviewed the plain radiographs of 63 patients and determined that patients with a sagittal cervical spinal canal diameter of less than 10 mm had myelopathy, and that those with a diameter of 10–13 mm had premyelopathic changes. Additionally, they found that patients with a diameter of 13–17 mm were less prone to myelopathy but was prone to symptomatic cervical spondylosis, and those with a diameter of greater than 17 mm were not prone to development of cervical spondylosis.
Anzeige
Moreover, the transverse area of the cord measured using MRI has been reported to have a strong correlation with the severity of myelopathy, postsurgical recovery of patients with cervical compressive myelopathy, and the pathological changes in the cord [4, 15]. Additionally, Kuwazawa et al. [9, 10] demonstrated the dynamic effects of postural changes on the cervical cord using positional MRI.
The sagittal diameter of the spinal cord is nearly constant in adults averaging approximately 8 mm from C3 to C7 [1]. Therefore, patients with a congenitally narrow canal may be more susceptible to spinal cord compression with less pathological changes in the FSUs, i.e., herniated discs, osteophytic spurs, and hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum or facet joints.
In our results, there were no significant differences among the groups with regards to age. When subjects with a normal and a wide canal were compared, the pathological changes in cervical intervertebral discs at all segments, except C5-6, were almost identical. However, when cervical cord compression was evaluated in subjects with a normal and a wide canal, the C4-5, C5-6, and C6-7 segments in subjects with a normal canal demonstrated significantly greater cervical cord compression than those observed in subjects with a wide canal. This may be due to the fact that subjects with a wide canal were able to better accommodate the cervical spinal cord, and therefore, the conditions of the spinal cords were less affected by the pathological changes in the FSUs. Additionally, when subjects with a congenitally narrow canal were compared with subjects with a wide canal, those with a congenitally narrow canal demonstrated significantly greater pathological changes in cervical intervertebral discs at all segments, except C2-3. Therefore, in subjects with a congenitally narrow canal, all segments, except C2-3, inevitably, demonstrated significantly greater cervical cord compression when compared to subjects with a wide canal. These results may affirm previous studies which stated that a congenitally narrow cervical spinal canal is an important risk factor for the development of cervical spinal canal stenosis [3, 5, 6, 20]. In addition, our results suggest that a cervical spinal canal diameter of less than 13 mm was associated with an increased risk for development of pathological changes in cervical intervertebral discs. Initially, patients with a congenitally narrow canal may be exposed to an increased risk for development of pathological changes in cervical intervertebral discs. These same individuals may be subsequently exposed to a greater risk for development of cervical cord compression.
In the present study, we found that a congenitally narrow cervical spinal canal have differing effects on cervical kinematics. Few differences were observed in regard to the distribution of cervical segmental mobility between subjects with a normal and a wide canal, with the majority of segmental mobility occurring at the C5-6 segment, followed by the C4-5 segment. However, the distribution of cervical segmental mobility in subjects with a congenitally narrow canal was different than the distribution observed in subjects with a normal or a wide canal. In subjects with a narrow canal, the C4-5 segment contributed the most to cervical mobility, followed by the C6-7 or C5-6 segment. The segmental mobility at the C4-5 and C6-7 segments in subjects with a congenitally narrow canal were significantly higher than those observed within subjects with a normal canal. Contrarily, the segmental mobility at the C3-4 segment in subjects with a congenitally narrow canal was significantly lower than that observed within subjects with a normal or a wide canal. In subjects with a normal or a wide canal, segmental mobility steadily increased from C2-3 to C5-6. However, in subjects with a congenitally narrow canal, the segmental mobility was almost identical at the C2-3 and C3-4 segments, and then dramatically increased from C3-4 to C4-5. Additionally, in subjects with a congenitally narrow canal, the segmental mobility at the lower cervical segments (C4-5 to C6-7) contributed the majority of cervical mobility. These results suggest that subjects with a congenitally narrow canal may be exposed to a large mechanical loading at the lower cervical segments than subjects with a normal or a wide canal. This large mechanical loading at the lower segments may lead to early development of pathological changes in the lower cervical FSUs. We hypothesize that these kinematic differences associated with a congenitally narrow canal may greatly contribute to pathological changes in the cervical spine.
We believe that our findings allow clinicians to have a better understanding of the pathology associated with a congenitally narrow canal. Nevertheless, the current study does leave some issues unanswered. We demonstrated the unique pathological and kinematic traits that exist within a congenitally narrow canal. However, this kinematic observation within a congenitally narrow canal may not definitively explain the exact mechanisms underlying the pathological changes in the cervical spine. Therefore, using the current investigation as a pilot study, further research using a larger patient population may help further clarify the findings of this study, and elucidate the details regarding the relationship between sagittal cervical spinal canal diameter and the risk of CSM.
Conclusions
We demonstrated the unique pathological and kinematic traits of the cervical spine that exist within a congenitally narrow canal. We hypothesize that kinematic trait of the cervical spine associated with a congenitally narrow canal may greatly contribute to pathological changes in the cervical spine. Our results suggest that a cervical spinal canal diameter of less than 13 mm may be associated with an increased risk for development of pathological changes in cervical intervertebral discs. Subsequently, the presence of a congenitally narrow canal can expose individuals to a greater risk of developing cervical spinal stenosis.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Open AccessThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Mit e.Med Orthopädie & Unfallchirurgie erhalten Sie Zugang zu CME-Fortbildungen der Fachgebiete, den Premium-Inhalten der dazugehörigen Fachzeitschriften, inklusive einer gedruckten Zeitschrift Ihrer Wahl.
