Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal of Neural Transmission 6/2009

01.06.2009 | Biological Psychiatry - Review Article

Physical activity, exercise, depression and anxiety disorders

verfasst von: Andreas Ströhle

Erschienen in: Journal of Neural Transmission | Ausgabe 6/2009

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

There is a general belief that physical activity and exercise have positive effects on mood and anxiety and a great number of studies describe an association of physical activity and general well-being, mood and anxiety. In line, intervention studies describe an anxiolytic and antidepressive activity of exercise in healthy subjects and patients. However, the majority of published studies have substantial methodological shortcomings. The aim of this paper is to critically review the currently available literature with respect to (1) the association of physical activity, exercise and the prevalence and incidence of depression and anxiety disorders and (2) the potential therapeutic activity of exercise training in patients with depression or anxiety disorders. Although the association of physical activity and the prevalence of mental disorders, including depression and anxiety disorders have been repeatedly described, only few studies examined the association of physical activity and mental disorders prospectively. Reduced incidence rates of depression and (some) anxiety disorders in exercising subjects raise the question whether exercise may be used in the prevention of some mental disorders. Besides case series and small uncontrolled studies, recent well controlled studies suggest that exercise training may be clinically effective, at least in major depression and panic disorder. Although, the evidence for positive effects of exercise and exercise training on depression and anxiety is growing, the clinical use, at least as an adjunct to established treatment approaches like psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy, is still at the beginning. Further studies on the clinical effects of exercise, interaction with standard treatment approaches and details on the optimal type, intensity, frequency and duration may further support the clinical administration in patients. Furthermore, there is a lack of knowledge on how to best deal with depression and anxiety related symptoms which hinder patients to participate and benefit from exercise training.
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Abu-Omar K, Rütten A, Lehtinen V (2004a) Mental health and physical activity in the European Union. Soz Praventivmed 49:301–309PubMed Abu-Omar K, Rütten A, Lehtinen V (2004a) Mental health and physical activity in the European Union. Soz Praventivmed 49:301–309PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Abu-Omar K, Rütten A, Robine J-M (2004b) Self-rated health and physical activity in the European Union. Soz Praventivmed 49:235–242PubMed Abu-Omar K, Rütten A, Robine J-M (2004b) Self-rated health and physical activity in the European Union. Soz Praventivmed 49:235–242PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat American College of Sports Medicine (1978) The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining fitness in healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 10:VII–X American College of Sports Medicine (1978) The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining fitness in healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 10:VII–X
Zurück zum Zitat American College of Sports Medicine (1990) Position stand: the recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 22:265–274 American College of Sports Medicine (1990) Position stand: the recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 22:265–274
Zurück zum Zitat Babyak M, Blumenthal JA, Herman S et al (2000) Exercise treatment for major depression: maintenance of therapeutic benefits at 10 months. Psychosom Med 62:633–638PubMed Babyak M, Blumenthal JA, Herman S et al (2000) Exercise treatment for major depression: maintenance of therapeutic benefits at 10 months. Psychosom Med 62:633–638PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Barlow DH, Craske MG (1994) Mastery of your anxiety and panic. Graywind Publications, Albany, NY Barlow DH, Craske MG (1994) Mastery of your anxiety and panic. Graywind Publications, Albany, NY
Zurück zum Zitat Bhui K, Fletcher A (2000) Common mood and anxiety states: gender differences in the protective effect of physical activity. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 35(1):28–35PubMedCrossRef Bhui K, Fletcher A (2000) Common mood and anxiety states: gender differences in the protective effect of physical activity. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 35(1):28–35PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Blumenthal JA, Emery CF, Madden DJ et al (1989) Cardiovascular and behavioral effects of aerobic exercise training in healthy older men and women. J Gerontol 44:M147–M157PubMed Blumenthal JA, Emery CF, Madden DJ et al (1989) Cardiovascular and behavioral effects of aerobic exercise training in healthy older men and women. J Gerontol 44:M147–M157PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Moore KA et al (1999) Effects of exercise training on patients with major depression. Arch Int Med 159:2349–2356CrossRef Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Moore KA et al (1999) Effects of exercise training on patients with major depression. Arch Int Med 159:2349–2356CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Blumenthal JA, Michael A, Babyak A et al (2007) Exercise and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Psychosom Med 69:587–596PubMedCrossRef Blumenthal JA, Michael A, Babyak A et al (2007) Exercise and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Psychosom Med 69:587–596PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Broocks A, Bandelow B, Pekrun G et al (1998) Comparison of aerobic exercise, clomipramine, and placebo in the treatment if panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 155:603–609PubMed Broocks A, Bandelow B, Pekrun G et al (1998) Comparison of aerobic exercise, clomipramine, and placebo in the treatment if panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 155:603–609PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Camacho TC, Roberts RE, Lazarus NB, Kaplan GA, Cohen RD (1991) Physical activity and depression: evidence from the Alamada County study. Am J Epidiomiol 134(2):220–231 Camacho TC, Roberts RE, Lazarus NB, Kaplan GA, Cohen RD (1991) Physical activity and depression: evidence from the Alamada County study. Am J Epidiomiol 134(2):220–231
Zurück zum Zitat CDC (1996) Physical activity and health: a report of the surgeon general. US Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Atlanta CDC (1996) Physical activity and health: a report of the surgeon general. US Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Atlanta
Zurück zum Zitat Charney DS (2004) Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability: Implications for successful adaptation to extreme stress. Am J Psychiatry 161:195–216PubMedCrossRef Charney DS (2004) Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability: Implications for successful adaptation to extreme stress. Am J Psychiatry 161:195–216PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen S, Rodriguez R (1995) Pathways linking affective disturbances and physical disorders. Health Psychol 15:374–380CrossRef Cohen S, Rodriguez R (1995) Pathways linking affective disturbances and physical disorders. Health Psychol 15:374–380CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cotman CW, Berchtold NC (2002) Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends Neurosci 25(6):295–301PubMedCrossRef Cotman CW, Berchtold NC (2002) Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends Neurosci 25(6):295–301PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Craft LL, Landers DM (1998) The effects of exercise on clinical depression resulting from mental illness: a meta-analysis. J Sport Exerc Psychol 20:339–357 Craft LL, Landers DM (1998) The effects of exercise on clinical depression resulting from mental illness: a meta-analysis. J Sport Exerc Psychol 20:339–357
Zurück zum Zitat Craft LL, Perna FM (2004) The benefits of exercise for the clinically depressed. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 6:104–111PubMed Craft LL, Perna FM (2004) The benefits of exercise for the clinically depressed. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 6:104–111PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Craig CI, Marshall AL, Sjostrom M, Baumann AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, Pratt M, Ekelund U, Yngve A, Sallis JF, Oja P (2003) International physical activity questionnaire: 12 country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35:1381–1395PubMedCrossRef Craig CI, Marshall AL, Sjostrom M, Baumann AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, Pratt M, Ekelund U, Yngve A, Sallis JF, Oja P (2003) International physical activity questionnaire: 12 country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35:1381–1395PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat DiLorenzo TM, Bargman EP, Stucky-Ropp R et al (1999) Long-term effects of aerobic exercise on psychological outcomes. Prev Med 28:75–85PubMedCrossRef DiLorenzo TM, Bargman EP, Stucky-Ropp R et al (1999) Long-term effects of aerobic exercise on psychological outcomes. Prev Med 28:75–85PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Dimeo F, Bauer M, Vahram I, Proest G, Halter U (2001) Benefits from aerobic exercise in patients with major depression: a pilot study. Br J Sports Med 35:114–117PubMedCrossRef Dimeo F, Bauer M, Vahram I, Proest G, Halter U (2001) Benefits from aerobic exercise in patients with major depression: a pilot study. Br J Sports Med 35:114–117PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Dishman RK, Buckwort J (1996) Increasing physical activity: a quantitative synthesis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 28:706–719PubMed Dishman RK, Buckwort J (1996) Increasing physical activity: a quantitative synthesis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 28:706–719PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Dishman RK, Renner KJ, Youngstedt SD et al (1997) Activity wheel running reduces escape latency and alters brain monoamine levels after footshock. Brain Res Bull 42:399–406PubMedCrossRef Dishman RK, Renner KJ, Youngstedt SD et al (1997) Activity wheel running reduces escape latency and alters brain monoamine levels after footshock. Brain Res Bull 42:399–406PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Doyne EJ, Ossip-Klein DJ, Bowman ED et al (1987) Running versus weight lifting in the treatment of depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 55:748–754PubMedCrossRef Doyne EJ, Ossip-Klein DJ, Bowman ED et al (1987) Running versus weight lifting in the treatment of depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 55:748–754PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Dractu L (2001) Physical exercise: an adjunctive treatment for panic disorder? Eur Psychiatry 16:372–374CrossRef Dractu L (2001) Physical exercise: an adjunctive treatment for panic disorder? Eur Psychiatry 16:372–374CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Droste SK, Gesing A, Ulbricht S et al (2003) Effects of long-term voluntary exercise on the mouse hypothalamic-pituary-adrenocortical axis. Endocrinology 114(7):3012–3023CrossRef Droste SK, Gesing A, Ulbricht S et al (2003) Effects of long-term voluntary exercise on the mouse hypothalamic-pituary-adrenocortical axis. Endocrinology 114(7):3012–3023CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Dunn AL, Garcia ME, Marcus BH et al (1998) Six month physical activity and fitness changes in project active, randomized trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30:1076–1083PubMedCrossRef Dunn AL, Garcia ME, Marcus BH et al (1998) Six month physical activity and fitness changes in project active, randomized trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30:1076–1083PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Dunn AL, Madhukar H, Trivedi MD et al (2005) Exercise treatment for depression Efficacy and dose response. Am J Prev Med 28(1):1–8PubMedCrossRef Dunn AL, Madhukar H, Trivedi MD et al (2005) Exercise treatment for depression Efficacy and dose response. Am J Prev Med 28(1):1–8PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Dunn AL, Trivedi MH, O’Neal HA (2001) Physical activity dose-response effects on outcome of depression and anxiety. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33:S587–S597PubMedCrossRef Dunn AL, Trivedi MH, O’Neal HA (2001) Physical activity dose-response effects on outcome of depression and anxiety. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33:S587–S597PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Esquivel G, Schruers K, Kuipers H, Griez E (2002) The effects of acute exercise and high lactate levels on 35% CO2 challenge in healthy volunteers. Acta Psychiatr Scand 106:394–397PubMedCrossRef Esquivel G, Schruers K, Kuipers H, Griez E (2002) The effects of acute exercise and high lactate levels on 35% CO2 challenge in healthy volunteers. Acta Psychiatr Scand 106:394–397PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Farmer ME, Locke BZ, Mosciki EK, Dannenberg AL, Larson DB, Radloff LS (1988) Physical activity and depressive symptoms: the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. Am J Epidemiol 128:1340–1351PubMed Farmer ME, Locke BZ, Mosciki EK, Dannenberg AL, Larson DB, Radloff LS (1988) Physical activity and depressive symptoms: the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. Am J Epidemiol 128:1340–1351PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Fremont J, Craighead LW (1987) Aerobic exercise and cognitive therapy in the treatment of dysphoric moods. Cognit Ther Res 11:241–251CrossRef Fremont J, Craighead LW (1987) Aerobic exercise and cognitive therapy in the treatment of dysphoric moods. Cognit Ther Res 11:241–251CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Goodwin RD (2003) Association between physical activity and mental disorders among adults in the United States. Prev Med 36:698–703PubMedCrossRef Goodwin RD (2003) Association between physical activity and mental disorders among adults in the United States. Prev Med 36:698–703PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Greist JH, Klein MH, Eischens RR et al (1979) Running as treatment for depression. Compr Psychiatry 20:41–54PubMedCrossRef Greist JH, Klein MH, Eischens RR et al (1979) Running as treatment for depression. Compr Psychiatry 20:41–54PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Guszkowska M (2004) Effects of exercise on anxiety, depression and mood. Psychiatr Pol 38(4):611–620PubMed Guszkowska M (2004) Effects of exercise on anxiety, depression and mood. Psychiatr Pol 38(4):611–620PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Haarasilta LM, Marttunen MJ, Kapiro JA, Aro HM (2004) Correlates of depression in a representative nationwide sample of adolescents (15–19 years) and young adults (20–24 years). Eur J Pub Health 14:280–285CrossRef Haarasilta LM, Marttunen MJ, Kapiro JA, Aro HM (2004) Correlates of depression in a representative nationwide sample of adolescents (15–19 years) and young adults (20–24 years). Eur J Pub Health 14:280–285CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat King AC, Haskell WL, Taylor CB, Kraemer HC, DeBusk RF (1991) Group- vs. home-based exercise training in healthy older men and women: a community-based trial. JAMA 266:1535–1542PubMedCrossRef King AC, Haskell WL, Taylor CB, Kraemer HC, DeBusk RF (1991) Group- vs. home-based exercise training in healthy older men and women: a community-based trial. JAMA 266:1535–1542PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat King AC, Taylor CB, Haskell WL (1993) Effects of differing intensities and formats of 12 months of exercise training on psychological outcomes in older adults. Health Psychol 12:292–300PubMedCrossRef King AC, Taylor CB, Haskell WL (1993) Effects of differing intensities and formats of 12 months of exercise training on psychological outcomes in older adults. Health Psychol 12:292–300PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Klein MH, Greist JH, Gurman AS, Neiberyer DP (1985) A comparative outcome study of group psychotherapy vs. exercise treatments for depression. Int J Mental Health 13:148–176 Klein MH, Greist JH, Gurman AS, Neiberyer DP (1985) A comparative outcome study of group psychotherapy vs. exercise treatments for depression. Int J Mental Health 13:148–176
Zurück zum Zitat Kodis J, Smith KM, Arthur HM, Daniels C, Suskin N, McKelvie RS (2001) Changes in exercise capacity and lipids after clinic versus home-based aerobic training in coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 21:31–36PubMedCrossRef Kodis J, Smith KM, Arthur HM, Daniels C, Suskin N, McKelvie RS (2001) Changes in exercise capacity and lipids after clinic versus home-based aerobic training in coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 21:31–36PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lampinen P, Heikkinen RL, Ruoppila I (2000) Changes in intensity of physical exercise as predictors of depressive symptoms among older adults: an eight year follow-up study. Prev Med 12:113–180 Lampinen P, Heikkinen RL, Ruoppila I (2000) Changes in intensity of physical exercise as predictors of depressive symptoms among older adults: an eight year follow-up study. Prev Med 12:113–180
Zurück zum Zitat Lawlor DA, Hopker SW (2001) The effectiveness of exercise as an intervention in the management of depression: systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 322:1–8CrossRef Lawlor DA, Hopker SW (2001) The effectiveness of exercise as an intervention in the management of depression: systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 322:1–8CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Long BC, van Stavel R (1995) Effects of exercise training on anxiety: a meta-analysis. J Appl Sport Psychol 7:167–189CrossRef Long BC, van Stavel R (1995) Effects of exercise training on anxiety: a meta-analysis. J Appl Sport Psychol 7:167–189CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Manger TA (2000) The effects of a community-based aerobic exercise program on posttraumatic stress disorder-related symptoms and concomitant anxiety and depression (dissertation). Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY Manger TA (2000) The effects of a community-based aerobic exercise program on posttraumatic stress disorder-related symptoms and concomitant anxiety and depression (dissertation). Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY
Zurück zum Zitat Manger TA, Motta RW (2005) The impact of an exercise program on posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression. Int J Emerg Ment Health 7:49–57PubMed Manger TA, Motta RW (2005) The impact of an exercise program on posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression. Int J Emerg Ment Health 7:49–57PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Marcus BH, Forsyth LH (1998) Tailoring interventions to promote physically active lifestyles in women. Womens Health Issues 8:104–111PubMedCrossRef Marcus BH, Forsyth LH (1998) Tailoring interventions to promote physically active lifestyles in women. Womens Health Issues 8:104–111PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Marcus BH, Bock BC, Pinto BM et al (1998) Efficacy of an individualized, motivationally-tailored physical activity intervention. Ann Behav Med 20:174–180PubMedCrossRef Marcus BH, Bock BC, Pinto BM et al (1998) Efficacy of an individualized, motivationally-tailored physical activity intervention. Ann Behav Med 20:174–180PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Marks I (1999) Treatment of panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 156:1129–1130PubMed Marks I (1999) Treatment of panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 156:1129–1130PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Martinsen EW, Medhus A, Sandvik L (1985) Effects of aerobic exercise on depression: a controlled study. BMJ 291:109PubMedCrossRef Martinsen EW, Medhus A, Sandvik L (1985) Effects of aerobic exercise on depression: a controlled study. BMJ 291:109PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Martinsen EW, Hoffart A, Solberg O (1989) Comparing aerobic with nonaerobic forms of exercise in the treatment of clinical depression: a randomized trial. Compr Psychiatry 30(4):324–331PubMedCrossRef Martinsen EW, Hoffart A, Solberg O (1989) Comparing aerobic with nonaerobic forms of exercise in the treatment of clinical depression: a randomized trial. Compr Psychiatry 30(4):324–331PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat McEntee DJ, Halgin RP (1999) Cognitive group therapy and aerobic exercise in the treatment of anxiety. J Coll Stud Psychother 13(3):39–58 McEntee DJ, Halgin RP (1999) Cognitive group therapy and aerobic exercise in the treatment of anxiety. J Coll Stud Psychother 13(3):39–58
Zurück zum Zitat McNeil JK, LeBlanc EM, Joyner M (1991) The effect of exercise on depressive symptoms in the moderately depressed elderly. Psychol Aging 6:487–488PubMedCrossRef McNeil JK, LeBlanc EM, Joyner M (1991) The effect of exercise on depressive symptoms in the moderately depressed elderly. Psychol Aging 6:487–488PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Meyer T, Broocks A (2000) Therapeutic impact of exercise on psychiatric diseases. Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Sports Med 30:269–279PubMedCrossRef Meyer T, Broocks A (2000) Therapeutic impact of exercise on psychiatric diseases. Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Sports Med 30:269–279PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mobily KE, Rubinstein LM, Lemke JH, O’Hara MW, Wallace RB (1996) Walking and depression in a cohort of older adults: The Iowa 65+ Rural Health Study. JAPA 4:119–135 Mobily KE, Rubinstein LM, Lemke JH, O’Hara MW, Wallace RB (1996) Walking and depression in a cohort of older adults: The Iowa 65+ Rural Health Study. JAPA 4:119–135
Zurück zum Zitat Morris M, Steinberg H, Sykes EA, Salmon P (1990) Effects of temporary withdrawal from regular running. J Psychosomat Res 33:47–61 Morris M, Steinberg H, Sykes EA, Salmon P (1990) Effects of temporary withdrawal from regular running. J Psychosomat Res 33:47–61
Zurück zum Zitat Motl RW, Birnbaum AS, Kubik MY, Dishman RK (2004) Naturally occurring changes in physical activity are inversely related to depressive symptoms during early adolescence. Psychosom Med 66:336–342PubMedCrossRef Motl RW, Birnbaum AS, Kubik MY, Dishman RK (2004) Naturally occurring changes in physical activity are inversely related to depressive symptoms during early adolescence. Psychosom Med 66:336–342PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Muller B, Armstrong HE (1975) A further note on the running treatment for anxiety. Psychother Theory Res Pract 12:385–387CrossRef Muller B, Armstrong HE (1975) A further note on the running treatment for anxiety. Psychother Theory Res Pract 12:385–387CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat North TC, McCullagh P, Tran ZV (1990) Effects of exercise on depression. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 18:379–415PubMedCrossRef North TC, McCullagh P, Tran ZV (1990) Effects of exercise on depression. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 18:379–415PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Orwin A (1974) Treatment of situational phobia—a case for running. Br J Psychiatry 125:95–98PubMedCrossRef Orwin A (1974) Treatment of situational phobia—a case for running. Br J Psychiatry 125:95–98PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Otto MW, Church TS, Craft LL et al (2007) Exercise for mood and anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 9:287–294 Otto MW, Church TS, Craft LL et al (2007) Exercise for mood and anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 9:287–294
Zurück zum Zitat Paffenbarger RS, Lee I-M, Leung R (1994) Physical activity and personal characteristics associated with depression and suicide in American college men. Acta Psychiatr Scan Suppl 377:16–22CrossRef Paffenbarger RS, Lee I-M, Leung R (1994) Physical activity and personal characteristics associated with depression and suicide in American college men. Acta Psychiatr Scan Suppl 377:16–22CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN et al (1995) Physical activity and public health: a recommendation from the centers for disease control and prevention and the American college of sports medicine. JAMA 273:402–407PubMedCrossRef Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN et al (1995) Physical activity and public health: a recommendation from the centers for disease control and prevention and the American college of sports medicine. JAMA 273:402–407PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Petruzzello SJ, Landers AC, Hatfield BD, Kubitz KA, Salazar W (1991) A meta-analysis on the anxiety-reducing effect of acute and chronic exercise: outcomes and mechanisms. Sports Med 11:143–182PubMedCrossRef Petruzzello SJ, Landers AC, Hatfield BD, Kubitz KA, Salazar W (1991) A meta-analysis on the anxiety-reducing effect of acute and chronic exercise: outcomes and mechanisms. Sports Med 11:143–182PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ransford CP (1982) A role for amines in the antidepressant effect of exercise: a review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 14:1–10PubMedCrossRef Ransford CP (1982) A role for amines in the antidepressant effect of exercise: a review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 14:1–10PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Roth DL, Holmes DS (1987) Influence of aerobic exercise training and relaxation training on physical and psychological health following stressful life events. Psychosom Med 49:355–365PubMed Roth DL, Holmes DS (1987) Influence of aerobic exercise training and relaxation training on physical and psychological health following stressful life events. Psychosom Med 49:355–365PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ruuskanen JM, Ruoppila I (1995) Physical activity and psychological well-being among people aged 65–84 years. Age Ageing 24:292–296PubMedCrossRef Ruuskanen JM, Ruoppila I (1995) Physical activity and psychological well-being among people aged 65–84 years. Age Ageing 24:292–296PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Segar M, Hankon J, Jayaratne T et al (2002) Fitting fitness into women’s lives: effects of a gender-tailored physical activity intervention. Womens Health Issue 12:338–347CrossRef Segar M, Hankon J, Jayaratne T et al (2002) Fitting fitness into women’s lives: effects of a gender-tailored physical activity intervention. Womens Health Issue 12:338–347CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sexton H, Maere Å, Dahl NH (1989) Exercise intensity and reduction in neurotic symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand 80:231–235PubMedCrossRef Sexton H, Maere Å, Dahl NH (1989) Exercise intensity and reduction in neurotic symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand 80:231–235PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Singh NA, Clements KM, Fiattarone MA (1997) A randomized controlled trial of progressive resistance training in depressed elders. J Gerontol 52:M27–M35 Singh NA, Clements KM, Fiattarone MA (1997) A randomized controlled trial of progressive resistance training in depressed elders. J Gerontol 52:M27–M35
Zurück zum Zitat Singh NA, Clements KM, Singh MA (2001) The efficacy of exercise as a long-term antidepressant in elderly subjects: a randomized, controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56:M497–M504PubMed Singh NA, Clements KM, Singh MA (2001) The efficacy of exercise as a long-term antidepressant in elderly subjects: a randomized, controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56:M497–M504PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Singh NA, Stavrinos TM, Scarbek Y, Galambos G, Liber C, Fiatarone Singh MA (2005) A randomized controlled trial of high versus low intensity weight training versus general practitioner care for clinical depression in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60:768–776PubMed Singh NA, Stavrinos TM, Scarbek Y, Galambos G, Liber C, Fiatarone Singh MA (2005) A randomized controlled trial of high versus low intensity weight training versus general practitioner care for clinical depression in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60:768–776PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Smith BJ, Bauman AE, Bull FC et al (2000) Promoting physical activity in general practice: a controlled trial of written advice and information materials. Br J Sports Med 34:262–267PubMedCrossRef Smith BJ, Bauman AE, Bull FC et al (2000) Promoting physical activity in general practice: a controlled trial of written advice and information materials. Br J Sports Med 34:262–267PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sothman MS, Ismail AH (1984) Relationship between urinary catecholamine metabolites, particularly MHPG, and selected personality and physical fitness characteristics in normal subjects. Psychosom Med 46:523 Sothman MS, Ismail AH (1984) Relationship between urinary catecholamine metabolites, particularly MHPG, and selected personality and physical fitness characteristics in normal subjects. Psychosom Med 46:523
Zurück zum Zitat Sothmann MS, Ismail AH (1985) Factor analytic deprivation of the MHPG/NM ratio: implications for studying the link between physical fitness and depression. Biol Psychiatry 20:570–583CrossRef Sothmann MS, Ismail AH (1985) Factor analytic deprivation of the MHPG/NM ratio: implications for studying the link between physical fitness and depression. Biol Psychiatry 20:570–583CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Stathopoulou G, Powers MB, Berry AC, Smits JAJ, Otto MW (2006) Exercise interventions for mental health: a quantitative and qualitative review. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 13:179–193CrossRef Stathopoulou G, Powers MB, Berry AC, Smits JAJ, Otto MW (2006) Exercise interventions for mental health: a quantitative and qualitative review. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 13:179–193CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Stephens T (1988) Physical activity and mental health in the United States and Canada: evidence from four popular surveys. Prev Med 17:35–47PubMedCrossRef Stephens T (1988) Physical activity and mental health in the United States and Canada: evidence from four popular surveys. Prev Med 17:35–47PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Steptoe A, Butler N (1996) Sports participation and emotional well-being in adolescents. Lancet 347:1789–1792PubMedCrossRef Steptoe A, Butler N (1996) Sports participation and emotional well-being in adolescents. Lancet 347:1789–1792PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Steptoe A, Edwards S, Moses J, Mathews A (1989) The effects of exercise training on mood and perceived coping ability in anxious adults from the general population. J Psychosom Res 33:537–547PubMedCrossRef Steptoe A, Edwards S, Moses J, Mathews A (1989) The effects of exercise training on mood and perceived coping ability in anxious adults from the general population. J Psychosom Res 33:537–547PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Steptoe A, Wardle J, Filler R et al (1997) Leisure-time physical exercise: prevalence, attitudinal correlates, and behavioral correlates among young Europeans from 21 countries. Prev Med 26:845–854PubMedCrossRef Steptoe A, Wardle J, Filler R et al (1997) Leisure-time physical exercise: prevalence, attitudinal correlates, and behavioral correlates among young Europeans from 21 countries. Prev Med 26:845–854PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Stich FA (1998) A meta-analysis of physical exercise as a treatment for symptoms of anxiety adults from the general population. J Psychosom Res 33:537–547 Stich FA (1998) A meta-analysis of physical exercise as a treatment for symptoms of anxiety adults from the general population. J Psychosom Res 33:537–547
Zurück zum Zitat Strawbridge WJ, Deleger S, Roberts RE et al (2002) Physical activity reduces the risk of subsequent depression for older adults. Am J Epidemiol 156:328–334PubMedCrossRef Strawbridge WJ, Deleger S, Roberts RE et al (2002) Physical activity reduces the risk of subsequent depression for older adults. Am J Epidemiol 156:328–334PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Strecher V, Wang C, Derry H (2002) Tailored interventions for multiple risk behaviours. Health Educ Res 17:619–626PubMedCrossRef Strecher V, Wang C, Derry H (2002) Tailored interventions for multiple risk behaviours. Health Educ Res 17:619–626PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ströhle A, Feller C, Onken M et al (2005) The acute antipanic activity of aerobic exercise. Am J Psychiatry 162:2376–2378PubMedCrossRef Ströhle A, Feller C, Onken M et al (2005) The acute antipanic activity of aerobic exercise. Am J Psychiatry 162:2376–2378PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ströhle A, Feller C, Strasburger C, Heinz A, Dimeo F (2006) Anxiety modulation by the heart? Aerobic exercise and atrial natriuretic peptide. Psychoneuroendocrinology 31:1127–1130PubMedCrossRef Ströhle A, Feller C, Strasburger C, Heinz A, Dimeo F (2006) Anxiety modulation by the heart? Aerobic exercise and atrial natriuretic peptide. Psychoneuroendocrinology 31:1127–1130PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ströhle A, Höfler M, Pfister H et al (2007) Physical activity and prevalence and incidence of mental disorders in adolescents and young adults. Psychol Med 37(11):1657–1666PubMedCrossRef Ströhle A, Höfler M, Pfister H et al (2007) Physical activity and prevalence and incidence of mental disorders in adolescents and young adults. Psychol Med 37(11):1657–1666PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ströhle A, Holsboer F (2003) Stress responsive neurohormones in depression and anxiety. Pharmacopsychiatry 36(suppl 3):207–214 Ströhle A, Holsboer F (2003) Stress responsive neurohormones in depression and anxiety. Pharmacopsychiatry 36(suppl 3):207–214
Zurück zum Zitat Swinburn BA, Walter LG, Arroll B et al (1998) The green prescription study: a randomised controlled trial of written exercise advice provided by general practitioners. Am J Public Health 88:288–291PubMedCrossRef Swinburn BA, Walter LG, Arroll B et al (1998) The green prescription study: a randomised controlled trial of written exercise advice provided by general practitioners. Am J Public Health 88:288–291PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas S, Reading I, Shephard RJ (1992) Revision of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q). Can J Sport Sci 17:338–345PubMed Thomas S, Reading I, Shephard RJ (1992) Revision of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q). Can J Sport Sci 17:338–345PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Thirlaway K, Benton D (1992) Participation in physical activity and cardiovascular fitness have different effects on mental health and mood. J Psychosom Res 36:657–665PubMedCrossRef Thirlaway K, Benton D (1992) Participation in physical activity and cardiovascular fitness have different effects on mental health and mood. J Psychosom Res 36:657–665PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Veale D, Le Fevre K, Pantelis C et al (1992) Aerobic exercise in the adjunctive treatment of depression: a randomized controlled trial. J R Soc Med 85:541–544PubMed Veale D, Le Fevre K, Pantelis C et al (1992) Aerobic exercise in the adjunctive treatment of depression: a randomized controlled trial. J R Soc Med 85:541–544PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Weyerer S (1992) Physical inactivity and depression in the community: evidence from the Upper Bavarian field study. Int J Sports Med 13:492–496PubMedCrossRef Weyerer S (1992) Physical inactivity and depression in the community: evidence from the Upper Bavarian field study. Int J Sports Med 13:492–496PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Physical activity, exercise, depression and anxiety disorders
verfasst von
Andreas Ströhle
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2009
Verlag
Springer Vienna
Erschienen in
Journal of Neural Transmission / Ausgabe 6/2009
Print ISSN: 0300-9564
Elektronische ISSN: 1435-1463
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-008-0092-x

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2009

Journal of Neural Transmission 6/2009 Zur Ausgabe

Basic Neurosciences, Genetics and Immunology - Short Communication

Blushing propensity in social anxiety disorder: influence of serotonin transporter gene variation

Basic Neurosciences, Genetics and Immunology - Original Article

Attention and amygdala activity: an fMRI study with spider pictures in spider phobia

Basic Neurosciences, Genetics and Immunology - Original Article

Toward and away from spiders: eye-movements in spider-fearful participants

Basic Neurosciences, Genetics and Immunology - Review Article

Pharmacogenetics of anxiolytic drugs

Basic Neurosciences, Genetics and Immunology - Original Article

The GABA transporter 1 (SLC6A1): a novel candidate gene for anxiety disorders

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.