nach oben

Journal of Neural Transmission

Erschienen in:

01.09.2010 | Basic Neurosciences, Genetics and Immunology - Original Paper

Neuroprotective effect of Spirulina in cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats

verfasst von: Santhrani Thaakur, Ravi Sravanthi

Erschienen in: Journal of Neural Transmission | Ausgabe 9/2010

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Epidemiological studies indicate that the intake of Mediterranean-style diet is inversely associated with risk of stroke, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Spirulina is widely used nutritional supplement rich in proteins and antioxidants. Evidence demonstrates that the impaired energy metabolism and the excessive generation of reactive oxygen radicals contribute to the brain injury associated with cerebral ischemia. In the present study, the protective effect of Spirulina was investigated in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced focal cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats. Male albino rats were divided into six groups: control, sham-operated group, ischemic control group, and Spirulina-pretreated groups (45, 90 and 180 mg/kg/p.o.). Spirulina was administered once a day, for 7 days. The rats were subjected to a 2-h right MCAO via the intraluminal filament technique and 22 h of reperfusion. Pretreatment with Spirulina significantly reduced the histological changes and neurological deficits. Spirulina at a dose of 180 mg/kg significantly reversed the elevated brain malondialdehyde (MDA) content and restored the decreased activities of brain superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH) indicating that Spirulina has the protective potential against cerebral ischemia injury and its protective effects may be due to its antioxidant property.

Aebi H (1984) Catalase. Methods Enzymol 105:125–126

Bains JS, Shaw CA (1997) Neurodegenerative disorders in humans: the role of glutathione in oxidative stress-mediated neuronal death. Brain Res Rev 25:335–338CrossRefPubMed

Baker K, Marcus CB, Huffman K, Kruk H, Malfori B, Doctrow SR (1998) Synthetic combined superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetics are protective as a delayed treatment in a rat stroke model: a key role for reactive oxygen species in ischemic brain injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 284:215–221PubMed

Beckman JS, Beckman TW, Chen J, Marshall PA, Freeman BA (1992) Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:1620–1624CrossRef

Belayev L, Busto R, Zhao W, Ginsberg MD (1995) HU-211, a novel noncompetitive N-methyl-d aspartate antagonist, improves neurological deficit and reduces infarct volume after reperfusion injury in the rat. Stroke 26:2313–2320PubMed

Bhandari U, Ansari NM (2008) Protective effect of aqueous extract of Embelia ribes Burm fruits in mid cerebral ischemia in rats. Indian J Pharmacol 40:215–220CrossRefPubMed

Bhat VB, Madyastha KM (2000) C-phycocyanin: a potent peroxylradical scavenger in vivo and in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 275(1):20–25CrossRefPubMed

Bhat VB, Madyastha KM (2001) Scavenging of peroxynitrite by phycocyanin and phycocyanobilin from Spirulina plantensis: protection against oxidative damage to DNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 285:262–266CrossRefPubMed

Bickford PC, Gould T, Briederick L, Chadman K, Pollock A, Young D, Shukitt-Hale B, Joseph J (2000) Antioxidant-rich diets improve cerebellar physiology and motor learning in aged rats. Brain Res 866:211–217CrossRefPubMed

Bolokadze N, Lobjanidze I, Momtselidze N, Solomonia R, Shakarishvili R (2004) Blood rheological properties and lipid peroxidation in cerebral and systemic circulation of neurocritical patients. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 30:99–105PubMed

Cano CP, Bermudez VP, Atencio HE, Medina MT, Anilsa A (2003) Increased serum malondialdehyde and decreased nitric oxide within 24 hours of thrombotic stroke onset. Am J Ther 10:473–476CrossRefPubMed

Cao W, Carney JM, Duchon A, Floyd RA, Chevion M (1998) Oxygen free radical involvement in ischemia and reperfusion injury to brain. Neurosci Lett 88:233–238CrossRef

Careri M, Furlattini L, Mangia A, Musc M, Anklam E, Theobald A, Holst Von (2001) Supercritical fluid extraction for liquid chromatographic determination of carotenoids in spirulina pacifica algae: a chemometric approach. J Chromatogr A 912:61–71CrossRefPubMed

Clark WM, Rinker LG, Lessov NS, Lowery SL, Cipolla MJ (2001) Efficacy of antioxidant therapies in transient focal ischemia in mice. Stroke 32:1000–1004PubMed

Coyle JT, Puttfarcken P (1993) Oxidative stress, glutamate and neurodegenerative disorders. Science 262:689–695CrossRefPubMed

Cross CE, Halliwell B, Borish ET, Pryor WA, Ames BN, Saus RL (1987) Oxygen radicals and human disease. Ann Intern Med 107:526–545PubMed

Delanty LN, Dichter MA (1998) Oxidative injury in the nervous system. Arch Neurol Scand 98:145–153CrossRef

Donnan GA, Fisher M, Macleod M, Davis SM (2008) Stroke. Lancet 371

Duval C, Poelman M (1994) Scavenger effect of vitamin E and derivatives on free radicals generated by photo irradiated phenomelanin. J Pharm Sci 84:107–110CrossRef

Ellman GL (1959) Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys 82:70–77CrossRefPubMed

Farbiszewski R, Bielawski K, Bielawska A, Sobaniec W (1995) Spermine protects in vivo the anti-oxidant enzymes in transiently hypoperfused rat brain. Acta Neurobiol Expermentalis 55:253–258

Foote CF, Denny RW (1968) Chemistry of singlet oxygen. VII. Quenching by b-carotene. J Am Chem Soc 90:6233–6235CrossRef

Foote CF, Chang YC, Denny RW (1970) Chemistry of singlet oxygen. X. Carotenoids quenching parallels biological protection. J Am Chem Soc 92:5216–5219CrossRefPubMed

Fujimura M, Morita-Fujimura Y, Noshita N, Sugawara T, Kawase M, Chan PH (2000) The cytosolic antioxidant copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase prevents the early release of mitochondrial cytochrome c in ischemic brain after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice. J Neurosci 20:2817–2824PubMed

Gariballa SE, Hutchin TP, Sinclair AJ (2002) Antioxidant capacity after acute ischaemic stroke. QJM 95:685–690CrossRefPubMed

Gemma C, Mesches MH, Sepesi B, Choo K, Holmes DB, Bickford PC (2002) Diets enriched in foods with high antioxidant activity reverse age-induced decreases in cerebellar-adrenergic function and increases in proinflammatory cytokines. J Neurosci 22:6114–6120PubMed

Gerster H (1993) Anticarcinogenic effect of common carotenoids. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 63:93–121PubMed

Globus MY, Alonsa O, Dietrich WD, Busto R, Ginseberg MD (1995) Glutamate release and free radical production following brain injury: effect of posttraumatic hypothermia. J Neurochem 65:1704–1711CrossRefPubMed

Gringo JM (1997) Reperfusion injury. Transplant proc 29:59–61CrossRef

Gupta YK, Briyal S (2004) Animal models of cerebral ischemia for evaluation of drugs. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 48:379–394PubMed

Guptha R, Manjeet S, Ajay S (2003) Neuroprotective effect of antioxidants on ischemia-reperfusion induced cerebral injury. Pharmacol Res 48(2):209–215

Halliwell B (1991) Reactive oxygen species in living system, source, biochemistry and role in human disease. Am J Med 99:145–225

Henrikson R (1989) Earth food spirulina. Cited from Recolina Limited, Ronore Enterprises Inc., Launa Beach, CA, pp 27–65

Hirata T, Tanaki M, Ooiki M, Tsunomura T, Sagachuchi M (2000) Antioxidant activities of Phycocyanobilin prepared from Spirulina platensis. J Appl Phycol 12:435–439CrossRef

Hirvonen T, Virtamo J, Korhonen P, Albanes D, Pietinen P (2000) Intake of flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins C and E, and risk of stroke in male smokers. Stroke 31:2301–2306PubMed

Hosseinzadeh H, Parvadeh S, Nassiri M, Hamid R, Sadgnia Ziaee T (2007) Effect of Thymoquinone and Nigella Sativa Seed oil on lipid peroxidation level during global cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rat hippocampus. Phyto Med 14(9):621–627CrossRef

Hwang IK, Yoo K-Y, Kim DS, Jeong Y-K, Kim JD, Shin H-K, Lim SS, Yoo I-D, Kang T-C, Kim D-w, Moon W-K, Won MH (2004) Neuroprotective effects of grape seed extract on neuronal injury by inhibiting DNA damage in the gerbil hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia. Life Sci 75:1989–2001CrossRefPubMed

Jenner P (1994) Oxidative damage in neurodegenerating diseases. Lancet 344:796–798CrossRefPubMed

Krinsky NI, Denekem SM (1982) Interaction of oxygen and oxyradicals with carotenoids. J Natl Cancer Inst 69:205–210PubMed

Kulkarni AP, Byczkowski JZ (1994) Introduction to biochemical toxicology, 2nd edn. Appleton and Lange, Connecticut, pp 103–105

Leinonen JS, Ahonen JP, Lonnrot K, Jechonen M, Dastidar P, Molnar J, Alho H (2000) Low plasma antioxidant activity is associated with high lesion volume and neurological impairment in stroke. Stroke 31:33–39PubMed

Longa EZ, Weinstein PR, Carlson S, Cummins R (1989) Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats. Stroke 20:84–91PubMed

Luxia AS, Monica S, Ornella C, Plizzala B, Laura R, Livia B, Anio M, Ennio P (1996) Effect of b-carotene on cell cycle progression of human fibroblasts. Mutagen 17:2395–2401

Mathew WB, Sanakranarayana R, Nair P, Varghese C, Somanathan T, Amma P, Amma N, Nair M (1995) Evaluation of chemoprevention of oral cancer with Spirulina fusiformis. Nutr Cancer 24:197–202CrossRefPubMed

Miranda MS, Cintra RG, Barros SM, Macini-Fitho J (1998) Antioxidant activity of the microalgae Spirulina maxima. Braz J Med Biol Res 31:1075–1079CrossRefPubMed

Misra HP, Fridovich J (1972) The role of Superoxide anion in the auto oxidation of epinephrine and simple assay for superoxide dismutase. J Biol chem 247:3170–3175PubMed

Mitchell GV, Grundel E, Jenkins M, Blakely SR (1990) Effects of graded dietary levels of Spirulina maxima on vitamins A and E in male rats. J Nutr 120:1235–1240PubMed

Moreno JJ, Pryor WA (1992) Inactivation of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor by peroxynitrite. Chem Res Toxicol 5:425–431CrossRefPubMed

Morimoto T, Globus MY, Busto R, Martinez E, Ginsberg MD (1996) Simultaneous measurement of salicylate hydroxylation and glutamate release in the penumbral cortex following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 16:92–99CrossRefPubMed

Murray CJ, Lopez AD (1997) Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 349:1269–1276CrossRefPubMed

Nakashima M, Niwa M, Iwai T, Uematsu T (1999) Involvement of free radicals in cerebral vascular reperfusion injury evaluated in a transient focal cerebral ischemia model of rat. Free Radic Biol Med 26:722–729CrossRefPubMed

Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K (1979) Assay for lipid peroxides in animals and tissue by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 95:351–358CrossRefPubMed

Parikh V, Mohammad Khan M, Mahadik SP (2003) Differential effects of antipsychotics on expression of antioxidant enzymes and membrane lipid peroxidation in rat brain. J Psychiatr Res 37:43–51

Park SJ, Nam KW, Lee HJ, Cho EY, Koo U, Mar W (2009) Neuroprotective effects of an alkaloid free ethyl acetate extract from the root of Sophora flavescens Ait. Against focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Phytomedicine 16(11):1042–1051

Polidori MC, Cherubini A, Stahl W, Senin U, Sies H (2002) Plasma carotenoid and malondialdehyde levels in ischemic stroke patients: relationship to early outcome. Free Radic Res 36:265–268CrossRefPubMed

Premkumar K, Pachiappan A, Abraham SK, Santhiya ST, Gopinath PM, Ramesh A (2001) Effect of Spirulina fusiformis on cyclophosphamide and mitomycin-C induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in mice. Fitoterapia 72:906–911CrossRefPubMed

Prescott GW (1978) How to know the fresh water algae? 3rd edn. Wn.C., Brown Company Publishers, Iowa, p 182

Re G, Azzimondi G, Lanzarini C, Bassein L, Vaona I (1997) Plasma lipoperoxidative markers in ischaemic stroke suggest brain embolism. Eur J Emerg Med 4:5–9PubMed

Reddy CM, Bhat VB, Kiranmai G, Reddy MN, Reddanna P, Madyastha KM (2000) Selective inhibition of cyclooxygense-2 by C-phycocyanin, a biliprotein from Spirulina platensis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 277:599–603CrossRefPubMed

Romay C, Gonzalez R (2000) Phycocyanin is an antioxidant protector of human erythrocytes against lysis by peroxyl radicals. J Pharmacol 52:367–368CrossRef

Romay C, Armesto J, Remirez D, Gonzalez R, Ledon N, Garcia I (1998) Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of C-phycocyanin from blue-green algae. Inflamm Res 47:36–41CrossRefPubMed

Saybasili H, Yuksel M, Haklar G, Yalcin AS (2001) Effect of mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibitors on superoxide radical generation in rat hippocampal and striatal slices. Antioxid Redox signal 3:1099–1104CrossRefPubMed

Saybasili H, Yuksel M, Haklar G, Yalcin AS (2002) Depolarization induced superoxide formation in rat hippocampal slices. Neurochem Res 27:473–476CrossRefPubMed

Shah ZA, Gilani RA, Sharma P, Vohora SB (2005) Cerebroprotective effect of Korean ginseng tea against global and focal models of ischemia in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 101:299–307CrossRefPubMed

Sharpe PC, Mulholland C, Trinick T (1994) Ascorbate and malondialdehyde in stroke patients. Ir J Med Sci 163:488–491CrossRefPubMed

Sheshadri CV, Umesh BV, Manoharan R (1991) β-Carotene studies in spirulina. Bio resource Technol 38:111–113

Shimamatsu S (1989) Cited from RECON. Recon Limited, A rainbow of colorful pigments, Bangalore, pp 13–14

Shivakumar BR, Kolluri SV, Ravindranath V (1995) Glutathione and protein thiol homeostasis in brain during reperfusion after cerebral ischemia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 274:1167–1173PubMed

Shukla PK, Khanna VK, Ali MM, Mourya R, Khan MY, Srimal RC (2006) Neuroprotective effect of Acorus Calamus against middle cerebral artery occlusion induced ischemia in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 25:187–194CrossRefPubMed

Soska V, Olsovsky J, Zechmeister A, Lojek A, Bouda J, Garcia Escamilla RM (1997) Free oxygen radicals and lipoperoxides in type 2 diabetic patients. Revisions Mexicana Pathologists Clinicians 44:62–66

Spranger M, Krempien S, Schwab S, Donneberg S, Hacke W (1997) Superoxide dismutase activity in serum of patients with acute cerebral ischemic injury: correlation with clinical course and infarct size. Stroke 28:2425–2428PubMed

Takai Y, Hossayamada Y, Kato T (1991) Effect of water soluble and water insoluble fractions of Spirulina over serum lipids and glucose resistance of rats. J Jpn Soc Nutr Food Sci 44:273–277

Thaakur SR, Jyothi B (2007) Effect of Spirulina maxima on the haloperidol induced tardive dyskinesia and oxidative stress in rats. J Neural Transm 114:1217–1225CrossRefPubMed

Thaakur SR, Pushpa B (2008) Effect of Spirulina on Phynotoin induced selected behavioural abnormalities and regional brain lipid peroxidation in rats. Int J Neuro Degeneration Regeneration 4:263–272

Thiyagarajan M, Sharma SS (2004) Neuroprotective effect of Curcumin in middle cerebral artery occlusion induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Life Sci 74:969–985CrossRefPubMed

Upasani CD, Khera A, Balaraman R (2001) Effect of lead with vitamin E, C or Spirulina on malondialdehyde, conjugated dienes and hydroperoxides in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 39:70–74PubMed

Viglino P, Scara M, Rotilio G, Rigo A (1988) A kinectic study of the reactions between H₂O₂ and Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase, evidence for an electrostatic control of the reaction rate. Biochem Biophys Acta 952:77–82PubMed

Wang Y, Chang CF, Chou J, Chen HL, Deng X, Harvey BK, Cadet JL, Bickford PC (2005) Dietary supplementation with blue berries, spinach or spirulina reduces ischemic brain damage. Exp Neurol 193:75–84CrossRefPubMed

Yang GY, Pang L, Ge HL, Tan M, Ye W, Liu XH, Huang FP, Wu DC, Che XM, Song Y, Wen R, Sun Y (2001) Attenuation of ischemia-induced mouse brain injury by SAG, a redox-inducible antioxidant protein. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 21:722–733CrossRefPubMed

Yanpallewar SU, Rai S, Kumar M, Acharya SB (2004) Evaluation of antioxidant and neuroprotective effect of Ocimum sanctum on transient cerebral ischemia and long term cerebral hypoperfusion. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 79:155–164CrossRefPubMed

Yao JK, Reddy R, Elhinny LG, Vankammen DP (1998) Effects of haloperidol on antioxidant defense system enzymes in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 32:385–391CrossRefPubMed

Zang C, Yang J (2006) Protective effects of isoliquiritigenin in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Pharmacol Res 55:303–309

Titel: Neuroprotective effect of Spirulina in cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats
verfasst von: Santhrani Thaakur
Ravi Sravanthi
Publikationsdatum: 01.09.2010
Verlag: Springer Vienna
Erschienen in: Journal of Neural Transmission / Ausgabe 9/2010
Print ISSN: 0300-9564
Elektronische ISSN: 1435-1463
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-010-0440-5

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

25.04.2024 | Hypotonie | Nachrichten

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Neuroprotective effect of Spirulina in cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats

Abstract

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

Parkinson-Therapie im Wandel – aktuelle Leitlinie im Fokus

Auf diese Krankheiten bei Geflüchteten sollten Sie vorbereitet sein

Update Neurologie

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 9/2010

Chronic variable stress induces oxidative stress and decreases butyrylcholinesterase activity in blood of rats

Does the transcription factor AP-2β have an impact on the genetic and early environmental influence on ethanol consumption?

Behavioral sensitization to nicotine in female and male rats

Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 mRNA levels are reduced in platelets from patients with Parkinson’s disease

A subchronic application period of glucocorticoids leads to rat cognitive dysfunction whereas physostigmine induces a mild neuroprotection

Plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 2 in patients with major depressive disorders

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

Parkinson-Therapie im Wandel – aktuelle Leitlinie im Fokus

Auf diese Krankheiten bei Geflüchteten sollten Sie vorbereitet sein

Update Neurologie