Reduction of pentavalent antimony by trypanothione and formation of a binary and ternary complex of antimony(III) and trypanothione

Abstract

Several pentavalent antimony compounds have been used for the treatment of leishmaniasis for decades. However, the mechanism of these antimony drugs still remains unclear. One of their targets is thought to be trypanothione, a major low molecular mass thiol inside the parasite. We show that pentavalent antimony (Sb^V) can be rapidly reduced to its trivalent state by trypanothione at mildly acidic conditions and 310 K (k=4.42 M⁻¹ min⁻¹ at pH 6.4), and that Sb^III can be bound to trypanothione to form an Sb^III-trypanothione complex. NMR data demonstrate that Sb^III binds to trypanothione at the two thiolates of the cysteine residues, and that the binding is pH dependent and is strongest at biological pH with a stability constant logK=23.6 at 298 K (0.1 M NaNO₃). The addition of low molecular monothiol ligands such as glutathione and cysteine to the Sb^III-trypanothione complex results in the formation of a ternary complex. Thiolates from both trypanothione and monothiol bind to the Sb^III center. The formation of the ternary complex is important, as the antileishmanial properties of the drugs are probably due to a complex between of Sb^III-trypanothione and enzymes. Although thermodynamically stable, the complex is kinetically labile and the free and bound forms of thiolates exchange on the ¹H NMR timescale. Such a facile exchange may be crucial for the transport of Sb^III within parasites.