Introduction
With regard to your health condition during the last week, please circle the item number of the answer for the following questions that best applies. If your condition varies depending on the day or time, circle the item number when your condition is at its worst. |
Q1-1. To alleviate low back pain, you often change your posture. |
1) Yes |
2) No |
Q1-2. Because of low back pain, you do not do any routine housework these days. |
1) No |
2) Yes |
Q1-3. Because of low back pain, you lie down more often than usual. |
1) Yes |
2) No |
Q1-4. Because of low back pain, you sometimes ask someone to help you when you do something. |
1) Yes |
2) No |
Q1-5. Because of low back pain, you refrain from bending forward or kneeling down. |
1) Yes |
2) No |
Q1-6. Because of low back pain, you have diffi culty standing up from a chair. |
1) Yes |
2) No |
Q1-7. Your lower back aches most of the time. |
1) Yes |
2) No |
Q1-8. Because of low back pain, turning over in bed is diffi cult. |
1) Yes |
2) No |
Q1-9. Because of low back pain, you have diffi culty putting on socks or stockings. |
1) Yes |
2) No |
Q1-10. Because of low back pain, you walk only short distances. |
1) Yes |
2) No |
Q1-11. Because of low back pain, you cannot sleep well. (If you take sleeping pills because of the pain, select “No.”) |
1) No |
2) Yes |
Q1-12. Because of low back pain, you stay seated most of the day. |
1) Yes |
2) No |
Q1-13. Because of low back pain, you become irritated or angry at other persons more often than usual. |
1) Yes |
2) No |
Q1-14. Because of low back pain, you go up stairs more slowly than usual. |
1) Yes |
2) No |
Q2-1. How is your present health condition? |
1) Excellent |
2) Very good |
3) Good |
4) Fair |
5) Poor |
Q2-2. Do you have diffi culty in climbing stairs? |
1) I have great diffi culty. |
2) I have some diffi culty. |
3) I have no diffi culty. |
Q2-3. Do you have diffi culty in any one of the following motions: bending forward, kneeling, or stooping? |
1) I have great diffi culty. |
2) I have some diffi culty. |
3) I have no diffi culty. |
Q2-4. Do you have diffi culty walking more than 15 minutes? |
1) I have great diffi culty. |
2) I have some diffi culty. |
3) I have no diffi culty. |
Q2-5. Have you been unable to do your work or ordinary activities as well as you would like? |
1) I have not been able to do them at all. |
2) I have been unable to do them most of the time. |
3) I have sometimes been unable to do them. |
4) I have been able to do them most of the time. |
5) I have always been able to do them. |
Q2-6. Has your work routine been hindered because of the pain? |
1) Greatly |
2) Moderately |
3) Slightly (somewhat) |
4) Little (minimally) |
5) Not at all |
Q2-7. Have you been discouraged or depressed? |
1) Always |
2) Frequently |
3) Sometimes |
4) Rarely |
5) Never |
Q2-8. Do you feel exhausted? |
1) Always |
2) Frequently |
3) Sometimes |
4) Rarely |
5) Never |
Q2-9. Do you feel happy? |
1) Always |
2) Almost always |
3) Sometimes |
4) Rarely |
5) Never |
Q2-10. Do you think you are in reasonable health? |
1) Yes (I am healthy.) |
2) Fairly (my health is better than average) |
3) Not (very much)/particularly (my health is average) |
4) Barely (my health is poor) |
5) Not at all (my health is very poor) |
Q2-11. Do you feel your health will get worse? |
1) Very much so |
2) A little at a time |
3) Sometimes yes and sometimes no |
4) Not very much |
5) Not at all |
Materials and methods
Recruitment of patients
Testing the questionnaire
Results
Patient characteristics
No. of patients, by severity of symptoms | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | Mild | Moderate | Severe | Total |
Men | ||||
20– | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7 |
30– | 4 | 4 | 1 | 9 |
40– | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
50– | 7 | 9 | 1 | 17 |
60– | 13 | 8 | 3 | 24 |
70– | 6 | 18 | 0 | 24 |
80– | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Total | 34 | 43 | 9 | 86 |
Women | ||||
20– | 2 | 3 | 0 | 5 |
30– | 4 | 5 | 0 | 9 |
40– | 6 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
50– | 9 | 4 | 1 | 14 |
60– | 7 | 11 | 1 | 19 |
70– | 8 | 9 | 1 | 18 |
80– | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Total | 37 | 34 | 4 | 75 |
Total no. | 71 | 77 | 13 | 161 |
Parameter | No. |
---|---|
SLR test | |
Normal | 124 |
30°–70° | 35 |
<30° | 2 |
Motor function | |
Normal | 113 |
Slight weakness (MMT: good) | 38 |
Severe weakness (MMT: less than good) | 10 |
Sensory function | |
Normal | 80 |
Slight disturbance | 59 |
Severe disturbance | 22 |
Bladder function | |
Normal | 147 |
Mild dysuria | 12 |
Severe dysuria | 2 |
Finger to floor distance (cm) | |
∼-15 | 1 |
-14∼-5 | 17 |
-4∼-4 | 41 |
5∼14 | 40 |
15∼24 | 32 |
25∼34 | 9 |
35∼44 | 7 |
45∼54 | 7 |
55∼64 | 4 |
65∼74 | 1 |
Immeasurable | 2 |
Total no. | 161 |
Face validity
Choices for answer | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | No answer |
Q1-1 | 117 | 43 | 1 | |||
72.7% | 26.7% | 0.6% | ||||
Q1-2 | 32 | 127 | 2 | |||
19.9% | 78.9% | 1.2% | ||||
Q1-3 | 76 | 83 | 2 | |||
47.2% | 51.6% | 1.2% | ||||
Q1-4 | 42 | 119 | ||||
26.1% | 73.9% | |||||
Q1-5 | 77 | 84 | ||||
47.8% | 52.2% | |||||
Q1-6 | 31 | 130 | ||||
19.3% | 80.7% | |||||
Q1-7 | 68 | 93 | ||||
42.2% | 57.8% | |||||
Q1-8 | 65 | 95 | 1 | |||
40.4% | 59.0% | 0.6% | ||||
Q1-9 | 72 | 89 | ||||
44.7% | 55.3% | |||||
Q1-10 | 87 | 74 | ||||
54.0% | 46.0% | |||||
Q1-11 | 35 | 122 | 4 | |||
21.7% | 75.8% | 2.5% | ||||
Q1-12 | 41 | 119 | 1 | |||
25.5% | 73.9% | 0.6% | ||||
Q1-13 | 36 | 125 | ||||
22.4% | 77.6% | |||||
Q1-14 | 115 | 45 | 1 | |||
71.4% | 28.0% | 0.6% | ||||
Q2-1 | 18 | 59 | 66 | 16 | 2 | |
11.2% | 36.6% | 41.0% | 9.9% | 1.2% | ||
Q2-2 | 15 | 92 | 52 | 2 | ||
9.3% | 57.1% | 32.3% | 1.2% | |||
Q2-3 | 25 | 93 | 38 | 5 | ||
15.5% | 57.8% | 23.6% | 3.1% | |||
Q2-4 | 35 | 70 | 55 | 1 | ||
21.7% | 43.5% | 34.2% | 0.6% | |||
Q2-5 | 15 | 12 | 85 | 35 | 13 | 1 |
9.3% | 7.5% | 52.8% | 21.7% | 8.1% | 0.6% | |
Q2-6 | 13 | 36 | 66 | 32 | 11 | 3 |
8.1% | 22.4% | 41.0% | 19.9% | 6.8% | 1.9% | |
Q2-7 | 12 | 8 | 79 | 39 | 22 | 1 |
7.5% | 5.0% | 49.1% | 24.2% | 13.7% | 0.6% | |
Q2-8 | 8 | 27 | 88 | 24 | 12 | 2 |
5.0% | 16.8% | 54.7% | 14.9% | 7.5% | 1.2% | |
Q2-9 | 8 | 42 | 74 | 31 | 5 | 1 |
5.0% | 26.1% | 46.0% | 19.3% | 3.1% | 0.6% | |
Q2-10 | 13 | 59 | 42 | 34 | 12 | 1 |
8.1% | 36.6% | 26.1% | 21.1% | 7.5% | 0.6% | |
Q2-11 | 17 | 48 | 56 | 28 | 11 | 1 |
10.6% | 29.8% | 34.8% | 17.4% | 6.8% | 0.6% |
Reliability
Item | κ | 95% CI |
---|---|---|
Q1-1 | 0.69 | 0.60–0.77 |
Q1-2 | 0.62 | 0.51–0.73 |
Q1-3 | 0.67 | 0.60–0.75 |
Q1-4 | 0.65 | 0.56–0.75 |
Q1-5 | 0.48 | 0.39–0.57 |
Q1-6 | 0.55 | 0.43–0.66 |
Q1-7 | 0.65 | 0.57–0.73 |
Q1-8 | 0.55 | 0.47–0.64 |
Q1-9 | 0.71 | 0.64–0.78 |
Q1-10 | 0.63 | 0.55–0.72 |
Q1-11 | 0.50 | 0.39–0.61 |
Q1-12 | 0.56 | 0.46–0.65 |
Q1-13 | 0.65 | 0.55–0.74 |
Q1-14 | 0.72 | 0.64–0.80 |
Item | Weighted κ | 95% CI |
---|---|---|
Q2-1 | 0.51 | 0.43–0.57 |
Q2-2 | 0.61 | 0.52–0.68 |
Q2-3 | 0.57 | 0.49–0.64 |
Q2-4 | 0.73 | 0.68–0.78 |
Q2-5 | 0.54 | 0.47–0.60 |
Q2-6 | 0.61 | 0.55–0.67 |
Q2-7 | 0.53 | 0.46–0.59 |
Q2-8 | 0.55 | 0.48–0.61 |
Q2-9 | 0.54 | 0.46–0.60 |
Q2-10 | 0.54 | 0.47–0.61 |
Q2-11 | 0.53 | 0.46–0.60 |