Introduction
Materials and methods
Materials
Landmarks | Abbreviation | Definition | |
---|---|---|---|
Unilateral | |||
Sella | S | Center of the sella turcica (in this case the marker was placed in the center of the floor of sella turcica) | |
Nasion | N | Most anterior of the frontonasal suture in the median plane | |
Basion | Ba/MDFM | Middorsal point of the anterior margin of the foramen magnum | |
Point A | A | Point at the deepest midline concavity on the maxilla between the anterior nasal spine and prosthion | |
Pogonion | Pog | Most anterior point of the bony chin in the median plane | |
Menton | Me | Most inferior part of the bony chin in the median plane | |
Upper incisor contact | UIcontact
| Contact point of the two central upper incisor teeth | |
Lower incisor contact | LIcontact
| Contact point of the two central lower incisor teeth | |
Bilateral | |||
Orbitale | Or | Lowest point in the inferior margin of the orbit | |
Supraorbital foramena
| SOF | Midpoint of the supraorbital foramen | |
Medial zygomaticofrontal suturea
| MZF | Medial point on the orbital rim of the zygomaticofrontal suture | |
Frontonasomaxillarea
| FNM | Intersection of the nasomaxillary, frontomaxillary, and frontonasal sutures | |
Fontorbitomaxillarea
| FOM | Lateral point of the frontomaxillary suture on the medial margin of the orbit | |
Foramen spinosum | FSp | Center of the foramen spinosum | |
Porion | Po/SLEAM | Superior lateral point of the external auditory meatus | |
Jugulare | J | Intersection of the outline of the maxillary tuberosity and the zygomatic buttress | |
First upper molar | U6 | Tip of the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first permanent molar | |
First lower molar | L6 | Tip of the mesiobuccal cusp of the mandibular first permanent molar | |
Gonion | Go | Point at each mandibular angle defined by dropping a perpendicular from the intersection point of the tangent lines to the posterior margin of the ramus and the inferior margin of the mandibular body | |
Zygomatic arch point | Za | Most lateral border of the zygomatic arch | |
Anterior clinoid process | ACP | Tip of the anterior clinoid process | |
Lateral foramen magnum | LFM | Most lateral point of the foramen magnum | |
Generated by computer software | |||
Anterior clinoid midpoint | ACPmidpoint
| Midpoint between the left and right ACP | |
Foramen spinosum midpoint | ELSA | Midpoint between the left and right FSp | |
Foramen magnum midpoint | LFMmidpoint
| Midpoint between the left and right LFM | |
Porion midpoint | Pomidpoint
| Midpoint between the left and right Po | |
3D midsagittal planes through three midline structures | |||
1. | Plane passing through points S, N, and ANS | ||
2. | Plane passing through S, N, and Me | ||
3. | Plane passing through the midpoint between the most lateral points on the foramen magnum, the midpoint between the anterior clinoid processes and N | ||
3D midsagittal planes through two midline structures and perpendicular to a horizontal plane | |||
4. | Plane passing through points S, N, and perpendicular to the Frankfort horizontal plane (FH passing through the bilateral landmarks of Or and Pomidpoint) | ||
5. | Vertical plane passing through the superior point of the Cg, a midpoint between the two anterior clinoid processes and perpendicular to the FH plane | ||
6. | Plane passing through ELSA, MDFM, and perpendicular to an alternative horizontal plane (XY passing through the bilateral points of SLEAM and point ELSA) |
Morphometric method to determine the midsagittal plane
Comparison of the cephalometric midsagittal planes
Results
T1 | T2 | Method error | T1 vs. T2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Mean | SD (±) | Mean | SD (±) | SEM | SDD |
r
|
P
|
Asymmetric group (n = 5) | ||||||||
Maxillary rotation | 1.38 | 0.73 | 1.56 | 0.55 | 0.07 | 0.21 | 0.904 | 0.60 |
Maxillary dental rotation | 1.25 | 0.81 | 1.36 | 1.05 | 0.10 | 0.28 | 0.930 | 0.92 |
Facial width left | 60.87 | 2.32 | 61.00 | 1.96 | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0.991 | 0.92 |
Facial width right | 64.24 | 1.06 | 63.83 | 1.03 | 0.25 | 0.70 | 0.895 | 0.47 |
Maxilla width left | 34.69 | 1.22 | 34.80 | 1.20 | 0.06 | 0.18 | 0.975 | 0.75 |
Maxilla width right | 38.21 | 1.62 | 38.01 | 1.89 | 0.08 | 0.23 | 0.988 | 0.60 |
Maxilla dental width left | 28.26 | 1.52 | 28.42 | 1.65 | 0.25 | 0.71 | 0.938 | 0.60 |
Maxilla dental width right | 28.51 | 2.70 | 28.38 | 3.08 | 0.16 | 0.44 | 0.989 | 0.75 |
Mandibula rotation | 7.02 | 5.32 | 7.42 | 5.06 | 0.16 | 0.45 | 0.998 | 0.92 |
Mandibula dental rotation | 1.89 | 2.18 | 2.09 | 2.61 | 0.17 | 0.48 | 0.984 | 0.75 |
Mandibula width left | 44.05 | 3.20 | 44.08 | 3.03 | 0.22 | 0.63 | 0.985 | 0.92 |
Mandibula width right | 44.66 | 1.53 | 44.47 | 1.97 | 0.24 | 0.67 | 0.954 | 0.75 |
Nasion deviation | 0.27 | 0.15 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.845 | 0.25 |
Symmetric group (n = 9) | ||||||||
Maxillary rotation | 1.12 | 0.81 | 1.14 | 0.54 | 0.11 | 0.30 | 0.850 | 0.69 |
Maxillary dental rotation | 1.11 | 0.54 | 1.08 | 0.87 | 0.08 | 0.23 | 0.904 | 0.76 |
Facial width left | 58.12 | 4.09 | 58.08 | 3.85 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 0.998 | 0.90 |
Facial width right | 59.48 | 4.21 | 59.37 | 4.32 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.999 | 0.76 |
Maxilla width left | 35.50 | 2.55 | 35.31 | 2.49 | 0.11 | 0.30 | 0.984 | 0.97 |
Maxilla width right | 37.67 | 3.40 | 37.53 | 3.70 | 0.08 | 0.23 | 0.997 | 0.83 |
Maxilla dental width left | 25.72 | 2.00 | 25.73 | 1.86 | 0.12 | 0.32 | 0.982 | 0.97 |
Maxilla dental width right | 26.65 | 2.85 | 26.59 | 2.99 | 0.10 | 0.28 | 0.993 | 0.97 |
Mandibula rotation | 1.70 | 1.19 | 1.74 | 1.09 | 0.18 | 0.51 | 0.914 | 0.93 |
Mandibula dental rotation | 1.52 | 1.00 | 1.62 | 0.95 | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.934 | 0.76 |
Mandibula width left | 43.31 | 4.46 | 43.44 | 4.34 | 0.25 | 0.68 | 0.993 | 0.97 |
Mandibula width right | 45.07 | 3.80 | 44.79 | 4.05 | 0.29 | 0.79 | 0.991 | 0.90 |
Nasion deviation | 0.55 | 0.27 | 0.33 | 0.26 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.871 | 0.93 |
Morphometric midsagittal plane | Cephalometric midsagittal planes | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Three midline structures only | Two midline structures perpendicular to a horizontal plane | |||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |||||||||
Variable | Mean | SD (±) | Mean | SD (±) | Mean | SD (±) | Mean | SD (±) | Mean | SD (±) | Mean | SD (±) | Mean | SD (±) |
Asymmetric group (n = 5) | ||||||||||||||
Maxillary rotation | 1.47 | 0.62 | 0.76 | 0.31 | 4.84 | 2.38 | 3.41 | 0.62 | 1.33 | 0.85 | 1.81 | 1.17 | 1.03 | 0.59 |
Maxillary dental rotation | 1.31 | 0.91 | 1.86 | 0.75 | 5.63 | 3.10 | 3.92 | 1.34 | 1.20 | 0.42 | 1.74 | 0.87 | 2.21 | 0.41 |
Facial width left | 60.94 | 2.14 | 62.15 | 1.57 | 60.94 | 3.27 | 61.26 | 1.64 | 61.65 | 1.87 | 62.12 | 1.85 | 62.13 | 1.79 |
Facial width right | 64.04 | 0.99 | 62.84 | 1.53 | 63.56 | 1.41 | 63.62 | 1.39 | 63.37 | 1.22 | 62.85 | 1.33 | 62.89 | 1.92 |
Maxilla width left | 34.75 | 1.20 | 36.50 | 1.11 | 33.80 | 3.83 | 33.71 | 1.17 | 35.17 | 1.13 | 35.18 | 1.22 | 36.15 | 1.59 |
Maxilla width right | 38.11 | 1.75 | 36.35 | 2.22 | 38.86 | 2.67 | 39.11 | 1.72 | 37.73 | 1.22 | 37.71 | 0.97 | 36.72 | 2.34 |
Maxilla dental width left | 28.34 | 1.54 | 31.06 | 1.86 | 26.82 | 6.68 | 26.54 | 2.48 | 28.89 | 2.45 | 28.83 | 2.77 | 30.21 | 2.65 |
Maxilla dental width right | 28.45 | 2.88 | 25.73 | 3.81 | 30.19 | 5.21 | 30.45 | 2.95 | 28.06 | 2.28 | 28.14 | 2.03 | 26.63 | 4.05 |
Mandibula rotation | 7.22 | 5.18 | 10.04 | 5.55 | 0.52 | 0.62 | 6.65 | 6.54 | 6.44 | 4.64 | 5.97 | 4.57 | 9.23 | 6.13 |
Mandibula dental rotation | 1.99 | 2.39 | 4.24 | 0.77 | 3.67 | 3.39 | 3.04 | 3.52 | 1.52 | 1.68 | 1.58 | 1.52 | 3.61 | 1.76 |
Mandibula width left | 44.06 | 3.09 | 47.71 | 3.18 | 43.62 | 6.98 | 43.22 | 2.78 | 45.47 | 2.64 | 46.26 | 2.65 | 46.40 | 2.92 |
Mandibula width right | 44.57 | 1.72 | 40.92 | 2.27 | 45.30 | 5.84 | 45.36 | 2.17 | 43.31 | 1.71 | 42.48 | 1.38 | 42.22 | 2.84 |
Symmetric group (n = 9) | ||||||||||||||
Maxillary rotation | 1.13 | 0.67 | 0.47 | 0.34 | 1.34 | 1.09 | 1.98 | 1.51 | 1.02 | 0.62 | 1.37 | 1.08 | 1.01 | 0.69 |
Maxillary dental rotation | 1.10 | 0.70 | 1.65 | 0.73 | 0.89 | 1.00 | 2.20 | 1.85 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.82 | 0.78 | 1.47 | 1.15 |
Facial width left | 58.10 | 3.85 | 59.31 | 4.35 | 58.77 | 4.34 | 58.56 | 4.00 | 58.85 | 4.37 | 58.64 | 4.30 | 59.11 | 4.22 |
Facial width right | 59.43 | 4.14 | 57.90 | 3.69 | 58.50 | 3.80 | 58.69 | 4.02 | 58.69 | 4.28 | 58.86 | 3.71 | 58.13 | 3.82 |
Maxilla width left | 35.41 | 2.45 | 36.78 | 3.34 | 35.40 | 3.10 | 35.13 | 2.44 | 35.62 | 3.36 | 35.58 | 2.99 | 36.36 | 3.16 |
Maxilla width right | 37.60 | 3.45 | 36.18 | 2.61 | 37.57 | 2.87 | 37.82 | 3.50 | 37.39 | 2.67 | 37.46 | 3.24 | 36.64 | 2.70 |
Maxilla dental width left | 25.73 | 1.87 | 27.72 | 2.12 | 25.54 | 2.00 | 25.09 | 1.20 | 25.73 | 1.92 | 25.80 | 2.30 | 26.59 | 1.55 |
Maxilla dental width right | 26.62 | 2.83 | 24.62 | 2.88 | 26.87 | 2.64 | 27.28 | 4.27 | 26.34 | 2.78 | 26.39 | 2.76 | 25.80 | 3.32 |
Mandibula rotation | 1.72 | 1.11 | 2.75 | 1.81 | 0.74 | 0.57 | 2.76 | 1.89 | 2.00 | 1.16 | 2.10 | 1.24 | 2.31 | 2.13 |
Mandibula dental rotation | 1.57 | 0.95 | 1.53 | 1.04 | 1.15 | 0.90 | 2.51 | 1.80 | 1.51 | 1.03 | 1.54 | 1.31 | 1.64 | 1.39 |
Mandibula width left | 43.37 | 4.27 | 45.35 | 4.48 | 44.43 | 5.08 | 43.80 | 3.64 | 43.76 | 4.58 | 44.28 | 4.34 | 44.67 | 4.39 |
Mandibula width right | 44.93 | 3.82 | 42.81 | 5.24 | 43.76 | 3.40 | 44.36 | 4.51 | 44.49 | 3.90 | 43.98 | 4.23 | 43.60 | 3.82 |
Morphometric midsagittal plane vs. cephalometric midsagittal planes | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Three midline structures only | Two midline structures perpendicular to a horizontal plane | |||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |||||||
Variable | Mean | SD (±) | Mean | SD (±) | Mean | SD (±) | Mean | SD (±) | Mean | SD (±) | Mean | SD (±) |
Asymmetric group (n = 5) | ||||||||||||
Maxillary rotation | 0.82 | 0.39 | 3.37 | 1.94 | 1.94 | 0.90 | 0.40 | 0.36 | 0.71 | 0.46 | 0.89 | 0.16 |
Maxillary dental rotation | 0.98 | 0.62 | 4.33 | 2.99 | 2.62 | 1.07 | 0.53 | 0.59 | 1.02 | 0.45 | 1.18 | 0.45 |
Facial width left | 1.21 | 0.63 | 1.06 | 1.02 | 0.73 | 0.26 | 0.87 | 0.28 | 1.28 | 0.70 | 1.20 | 0.93 |
Facial width right | 1.20 | 0.60 | 0.87 | 1.35 | 0.62 | 0.24 | 0.73 | 0.38 | 1.19 | 0.72 | 1.15 | 1.03 |
Maxilla width left | 1.75 | 0.77 | 2.89 | 1.84 | 1.11 | 0.69 | 0.53 | 0.36 | 0.69 | 0.53 | 1.62 | 1.05 |
Maxilla width right | 1.76 | 0.87 | 2.85 | 1.85 | 1.07 | 0.70 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 0.66 | 0.61 | 1.70 | 1.01 |
Maxilla dental width left | 2.72 | 1.22 | 4.76 | 3.09 | 1.80 | 1.33 | 0.84 | 0.73 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 2.25 | 1.48 |
Maxilla dental width right | 2.72 | 1.39 | 4.97 | 3.25 | 2.00 | 1.07 | 0.58 | 0.67 | 0.70 | 0.84 | 2.20 | 1.48 |
Mandibula rotation | 3.85 | 1.62 | 6.70 | 5.38 | 2.44 | 1.06 | 0.85 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.14 | 3.03 | 1.80 |
Mandibula dental rotation | 2.76 | 1.39 | 3.36 | 3.47 | 1.38 | 1.22 | 0.54 | 0.69 | 0.62 | 0.72 | 2.42 | 1.55 |
Mandibula width left | 3.65 | 1.06 | 4.71 | 4.74 | 0.98 | 1.19 | 1.47 | 1.12 | 2.20 | 1.41 | 2.34 | 1.36 |
Mandibula width right | 3.65 | 1.17 | 4.63 | 4.19 | 0.83 | 1.06 | 1.31 | 1.07 | 2.09 | 1.36 | 2.34 | 1.47 |
Symmetric group (n = 9) | ||||||||||||
Maxillary rotation | 0.75 | 0.65 | 1.11 | 0.67 | 1.23 | 1.19 | 0.70 | 0.40 | 0.72 | 0.50 | 0.78 | 0.62 |
Maxillary dental rotation | 1.27 | 0.37 | 0.98 | 0.76 | 1.48 | 1.42 | 0.56 | 0.49 | 0.69 | 0.36 | 1.11 | 0.83 |
Facial width left | 1.38 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 0.89 | 0.69 | 0.68 | 0.99 | 0.90 | 0.96 | 0.88 | 1.41 | 1.21 |
Facial width right | 1.52 | 1.15 | 1.07 | 1.02 | 0.81 | 0.88 | 0.92 | 0.68 | 0.93 | 0.83 | 1.49 | 1.26 |
Maxilla width left | 1.52 | 0.81 | 0.95 | 0.55 | 1.00 | 0.73 | 0.85 | 0.69 | 0.78 | 0.60 | 1.13 | 0.94 |
Maxilla width right | 1.65 | 0.79 | 0.96 | 0.56 | 0.99 | 0.71 | 0.82 | 0.75 | 0.63 | 0.65 | 1.15 | 0.90 |
Maxilla dental width left | 2.17 | 1.03 | 1.22 | 0.73 | 1.64 | 1.13 | 0.80 | 0.71 | 0.72 | 0.32 | 1.21 | 0.85 |
Maxilla dental width right | 2.60 | 0.83 | 1.38 | 1.05 | 1.97 | 1.39 | 0.65 | 0.49 | 0.71 | 0.37 | 1.58 | 0.86 |
Mandibula rotation | 1.77 | 1.13 | 1.09 | 0.88 | 2.02 | 1.61 | 1.00 | 0.62 | 0.88 | 0.57 | 2.03 | 1.11 |
Mandibula dental rotation | 1.48 | 0.75 | 0.99 | 0.65 | 1.29 | 1.15 | 0.73 | 0.55 | 0.76 | 0.35 | 1.49 | 0.93 |
Mandibula width left | 2.42 | 1.17 | 1.88 | 1.48 | 1.32 | 0.97 | 0.91 | 0.50 | 1.24 | 0.82 | 1.30 | 0.91 |
Mandibula width right | 2.48 | 1.34 | 1.96 | 1.63 | 1.41 | 0.99 | 0.90 | 0.45 | 1.22 | 0.78 | 1.33 | 0.87 |