Introduction
Material and methods
Criteria
Search
Study selection
Critical appraisal
Data extraction
Results
Search results
Study characteristics
Author(s), year, country | Design | Living environment | Participants with dementia (= N) | Mean age years (SD) | Controls (= N) | Mean age years (SD) | Dementia assessment | Method to measure oral hygiene and oral health |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adam et al. 2006 UK [36] | Cross-sectional | Nursing homes | 81 MoD-SeD | 80.8 (7.6) | 54 ND or MiD | 85.5 (7.6) | AMT | Debris Index by Greene and Vermillion |
Chalmers et al. 2002 Australia [37] | Cohort | Community | 116 | < 79 years: 91 80 + years: 25 | 116 | < 79 years: 91 80 + years: 25 | MMSE | Plaque Index by Silness and Loe |
Chalmers et al. 2003 Australia [38] | Cohort | Community | 103 | < 79 years: 82 80 + years: 21 | 113 | < 79 years: 88 80 + years: 25 | MMSE | Plaque Index by Silness and Loe, mucosal pathology |
Chapman et al. 1991 Australia [39] | Cross-sectional | Non-institutionalized | 85 AD | 74.9 | 0 | – | Not described | Presence of deposits |
Chen et al. 2010 USA [40] | Cohort | Community and nursing homes | 119 | 81.5 (9.2) | 372 | 73.8 (10.7) | Chart | Presence of calculus/plaque/gingival bleeding |
Chen et al. 2013a USA [41] | Cross-sectional | Community | 51 community | 79.3 (8.0) | 0 | – | Chart | Presence of calculus/plaque/gingival bleeding, assistance need oral care |
Assisted living | 18 assisted living | 80.9 (12.6) | ||||||
Nursing homes | 501 NHR | 82.6 (9.6) | ||||||
Chen et al. 2013b USA [42] | Cross-sectional | Nursing homes | 501 | 82.6 (9.6) | 199 | 76.1 (13.9) | Chart | Presence of calculus/plaque/gingival bleeding |
Chen et al. 2013c USA [43] | Cross-sectional | Community | 46 | 79.3 | 138 | 71.6 | Chart | Assistance need oral care |
Chu et al. 2014 China [44] | Case-control | Community | 59 MiD AD | 79.8 (7.4) | 59 | 79.8 (7.4) | Chart | Community Periodontal Index, Salivary flow |
Cohen-Mansfield et al. 2002 USA [45] | Cross-sectional | Nursing homes | 21 | 88.0 | 0 | – | MMSE, MDS-COGS | Presence of gingivitis and periodontal disease |
De Souza Rolim et al. 2014a Brazil [46] | Case-control | Community | 29 mild AD | 75.2 (6.7) | 30 | 61.2 (11.2) | NINCDS-ADRDA for AD, MMSE | Gingival Bleeding Index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, Plaque Index O’Leary |
De Souza Rolim et al. 2014b Brazil [47] | Cohort | Community | 29 mild AD | 75.2 (6.7) | 0 | – | NINCDS-ADRDA for AD, MMSE | Gingival Bleeding Index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, Plaque Index O’Leary, |
Elsig et al. 2013 Switzerland [48] | Cross-sectional | Acute bed geriatric hospital | 29 | 82.5 (6.3) | 22 | 81.9 (6.5) | NPT, MMSE, CERAD, CDR | presence of visible dental plaque |
Fjeld et al. 2014 Norway [49] | RCT | Nursing homes | 159 | 85.5 (7.7) | 43 | 88.5 (6.6) | Evaluated by physician | Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) of Greene and Vermillion, mouth dryness |
Gil-Montoya et al. 2016a [50] | Case-control | Community | 133 MoD-SeD | 80.0 (7.5) | 324 | 79.8 (8.3) | DSM-IVR, NINCDS-ADRDA | Plaque Index by Silness and Loe, Bleeding Index by Ainamo and Bay |
Gil-Montoya et al. 2016b [51] | Cross sectional | Community | 73 MiD 66 MoD 36 SeD | 76.4 (7.5) 77.6 (7.3) 80.4 (6.5) | 156 | 77.4 (6.9) | NINCDS–ADRDA | Drug-induced xerostomia |
Hatipoglu et al. 2011 Turkey [52] | Prospective cohort | Nursing homes | 31 AD | 67.6 (9.1) | 47 | 65.3 (7.0) | MMSE | Oral hygiene status, mucosal pathology |
Hoben et al. 2016 Canada [53] | Cohort | Nursing homes | 1606 | 85.0 (7.5) | 1105 | 83.4 (10.5) | Chart | Presence of debris, presence of inflamed, swollen or bleeding gums, daily oral health care by staff |
Hoeksema et al. 2016 Netherlands [54] | Case-control | Nursing homes | 479 | 84.0 (7.0) | 246 somatic | 81.1 (8.0) | MMSE | Visual plaque according to the score of Mombelli |
Ide et al. 2016 [55] | Cohort | Community | 59 MiD-MoD | 77.6 (8.6) | 0 | – | NINCDS–ADRDA | Presence of visible plaque, bleeding on probing, pocket depth, presence of moderate and severe periodontitis CDC/AAP criteria |
Kossioni et al. 2012 Greece [56] | Case-control | Psychiatric hospital | 27 | 76.5 (6.8) | 0 | DSM-IV | Presence of plaque or calculus, mucosal pathology | |
Kossioni et al. 2013 Greece [57] | Cross-sectional | Psychiatric hospital | 23 | 76.3 (7.1) | 0 | – | Mentally ill, including dementia | Mucosal complaints |
Leal et al. 2010 Brazil [58] | Case-control | Community | 20 MiD with medication | 69.6 (5.9) | 20 | 68.3 (8.3) | NPT, CDR, MMSE | Mucosal pathology, salivary flow |
Lee et al. 2013 USA [59] | Cross-sectional | Community | 19 MiD | 83.9 (7.9) | 169 | 77.4 (5.8) | MCI, MiD: DSM-IV | Periodontal pocket depth, plaque Index (unspecified) |
Philip et al. 2012 Australia [060] | Cross-sectional | Institutionalized | 84 | 85.7 (9.6) | 102 | 84.3 (9.9) | Chart, ADLOH | Degree of gingival inflammation, Plaque Index by O’Leary |
Ribeiro et al. 2012 Brazil [61] | Cross-sectional | Community | 30 | 79.1 (5.6) | 30 | 67.8 (5.5) | ICD-10, DSM-IV, MMSE, CDR | Oral Health Index by Greene and Vermillion |
Ship et al. 1990 USA [62] | Case-control | Community | 28 | 68.0 (10.0) | 35 | 70.0 (10.0) | NINCDS-ADRDA, CT, MRI, PET, NPT | Salivary flow |
Ship et al. 1994 USA [63] | Cohort | Community | 21 | 64.0 (9.0) | 21 | 65.0 (12.0) | NINCDS-ADRDA, CT, MRI, PET, PT | Change in gingival status, periodontal pocket depth, and salivary flow, but no seperate baseline data (Ship et al.1990) |
Srisilapanan et al. 2013 Thailand [64] | Cross-sectional | Community–memory clinic | 69 | 75.5 (7.0) | 0 | – | Chart, MMSE | Community Periodontal Index (CPI), Assistance need oral care |
Sumi et al. 2012 Japan [65] | Cohort | Community–neurology clinic | 10 AD | 77.7 (5.9) | 0 | – | NINCDS-ADRDA, MMSE | Gingival Index Loe-Silness, Plaque Index by Quigley-Hein modified by Turesky |
Syrjala et al. 2012 Finland [66] | Cross-sectional | Community | 49 AD | 84.8 (5.6) | 278 | 81.4 (4.6) | DSM-III-R, DSM-IV, McKeith | Number of teeth with periodontal pockets ≥4 mm, presence of poor oral hygiene |
16 VaD | 82.2 (4.7) | |||||||
11 OD | 85.3 (4.8) | |||||||
Warren 1997 USA [67] | Case-control | Community–geriatric assessment clinic | 45 AD | 81.6 (6.9) | 133 | 80.3 (6.8) | MMSE, Chart, NT, Scans | Modification of Gingival Index by Silness and Loe, modification of Debris Index by Greene and Vermillion, mucosal pathology, xerostomia |
52 OD | 81.4 (7.3) | |||||||
Zenthöfer et al. 2014 Germany [68] | Cohort | Long-term care homes | 57 | 83.1 (10.6) | 36 | 82.6 (9.0) | Chart | Periodontitis, Gingival Bleeding Index, CPITN, Dental Hygiene Index, Plaque Control Record by O’Leary |
Zenthöfer et al. 2015 Germany [69] | Cohort | Long-term care homes | 33 | 81.7 (9.0) | 60 | 83.4(10.4) | chart | Gingival Bleeding Index, CPITN, Plaque Control Record by O’Leary, mucosal pathology |
Zenthöfer etl al. 2016a Germany [70] | Case-control | Nursing homes | 136 | 84.6 (8.1) | 83 | 80.7 (9.8) | MMSE | Gingival Bleeding Index, community index of periodontal treatment needs |
Zenthöfer etl al. 2016b Germany [71] | Controlled trial | Nursing homes | 136 | 84.6 (8.1) | 83 | 80.7 (9.8) | MMSE | Gingival Bleeding Index, community index of periodontal treatment needs |
Critical appraisal
Individual outcome variables
Gingival and periodontal disease
Study | Dementia Number of participants Mean age (SD) | No dementia Number of participants Mean age (SD) | Gingival health outcome measure | Dementia Prevalence % (SD) | No Dementia Prevalence % (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chen et al. 2010 | 119 | 372 | No calculus/plaque/gingival bleeding | 0.9% | 1.2% |
81.5 (9.2) | 73.8 (10.7) | Mild to moderate calculus/plaque/gingival bleeding | 67.9% | 85.5% | |
High calculus/plaque/gingival bleeding | 31.3% | 13.3% | |||
Chen et al. 2013a | 570 82.3 | 0 | No calculus/plaque/gingival bleeding | Community 0% Assisted 8.3% NHR 0.3% | – |
Small to medium calculus/ plaque/gingival bleeding | Community 65.8% Assisted 66.7% NHR 59.2% | – | |||
High calculus/plaque/gingival bleeding | Community 34.2% Assisted 25.0% NHR 40.5% | – | |||
Chen et al. 2013b | 501 | 199 | No calculus/plaque/gingival bleeding | 0.3% | 0.0% |
82.6 (9.6) | 76.1 (13.9) | Mild to moderate calculus/plaque/gingival bleeding | 59.2% Overall** | 73.8% | |
High calculus/plaque/gingival bleeding | 40.4% | 26.2% | |||
Chu et al. 2014 | 59 MiD AD 79.8 (7.4) | 59 79.8 (7.4) | Community Periodontal Index; pockets ≥ 3 mm | 78.0% | 74.0% |
Cohen-Mansfield et al. 2002 | 21 88.0 | 0 | Periodontal disease Gingivitis | 44.4% 38.9% | – |
De Souza Rolim et al. 2014a/b | 29 mild AD | 30 61.2 (11.2) | Gingivitis | 31.0% | 10.0% |
75.2 (6.7) | Moderate periodontitis | 6.9% | 10.0% | ||
Severe periodontitis | 20.7% | 6.7% | |||
Periodontal infection | 58.6%** | 26.7% | |||
Gingival Bleeding Index, mean % (SD) | 46.0% (30.0) | – | |||
Hoben et al. 2016 | 1606 85.0 (7.5) | 1105 83.4 (10.5) | Presence of inflamed, swollen or bleeding gums (RAI-MDS 2.0) | 0.8% | 1.2% |
Gil-Montoya et al. 2016a | 133 MoD-SeD 80.0 (7.5) | 324 79.8 (8.3) | Bleeding Index by Ainamo and Bay, mean % (SD) | 67.5 (32.6)*** | 50.6 (34.2) |
Hopcraft et al. 2012 | 105 | 170 | Periodontal pocket depth 4 mm + periodontal pocket depth 6 mm+ | 36.0% | 35.0% |
13.5% | 7.0% | ||||
Ide et al. 2016 | 59 MiD-MoD 77.6 (8.6) | 0 | Probing sites deeper than 3 mm Bleeding on probing Periodontitis according to CDC/AAP criteria: -moderate periodontitis -severe periodontitis | 6.7% 13.6% 37.3% 25.4% 11.9% | – |
Philip et al.2012 | 84 85.7 (9.6) | 102 84.3 (9.9) | Gingival inflammation (% of teeth with erythema): Minimal (0–10%) Light (20–40%) Moderate (50–70%) Heavy (80–100%) | 13.0% 21.0% 56.5% 13.0% | 22.5% 36.3% 32.5% 6.8% |
Srisilapanan et al. 2013 | 69 75.5 (7.0) | 0 | Community Periodontal Index (CPI), highest score: Normal Bleeding Calculus Pocket depth 4-5 mm Pocket depth ≥ 6 mm | 9.4% 1.9% 34.0% 30.2% 24.5% | – – – – – |
Zenthöfer et al. 2014 | 57 83.1 (10.6) | 36 82.6 (10.6) | Periodontitis Gingival Bleeding Index, mean % (SD) | 100.0%*** 43.8% (23.7) | 73.9% 40.9% (25.1) |
Zenthöfer et al. 2015 | 33 81.7 (9.0) | 60 83.4 (10.4) | Gingival Bleeding Index, mean % (SD) | 52.1% (29.1)* | 38.1% (20.1) |
Zenthofer et al. 2016 a | 136 84.6 (8.1) | 83 80.7 (9.8) | Gingival Bleeding Index | 53.8% (27.6) | 48.8 (28.9) |
Study | Dementia Number of participants Mean age (SD) | No dementia Number of participants Mean age (SD) | Gingival health outcome measure | Dementia Mean (SD) | No Dementia Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
De Souza Rolim et al. 2014a | 29 mild AD | 30 61.2 (11.2) | Probing pocket depth (in mm) | 1.6 mm (0.7) | – |
75.2 (6.7) | Clinical attachment level (in mm) | 2.9 mm (1.3) | – | ||
Ide et al. 2016 | 59 MiD-MoD 77.6 (8.6) | 0 | Probing depth (in mm) | 2.5 mm (0.4) | – |
Lee et al. 2013 | 19 MiD 83.9 (7.9) | 169 77.4 (5.8) | Periodontal pocket depth (in mm) | MiD 1.4 mm (1.1) | 1.5 mm (1.2) |
Sumi et al. 2012 | 10 77.7 (5.9) | 0 | Gingival Index Loe-Silness (index score) | 1.2 | – |
Syrjala et al.2012 | 49 AD 84.8 (5.6) | 278 81.4 (4.6) | Number of teeth with periodontal pockets ≥ 4 mm | AD 2.8 (3.3) | 2.9 (3.8) |
16 VaD 82.2 (4.7) | VaD 2.8 (3.8) | ||||
11 OD 85.3 (4.8) | OD 1.7 (1.5) | ||||
Warren et al. 1997 | 45 AD 81.6 (6.9) | 133 80.3 (6.8) | Modified version of the Gingival Index by Silness and Loe (index score) | AD 1.1 (0.8)* | 0.7 (0.6) |
52 OD 81.4 (7.3) | OD 0.9 (0.7) | ||||
Zenthöfer et al. 2014 | 57 | 36 82.6 (10.6) | Community periodontal index of treatment needs (index score) | 3.4 (0.5)*** | 2.8 (0.6) |
83.1 (10.6) | |||||
Zenthöfer et al. 2015 | 33 81.7 (9.0) | 60 83.4 (10.4) | Community periodontal index of treatment needs (index score) | 3.3 (0.6) | 3.1 (0.6) |
Zenthofer et al. 2016 a, b | 136 84.6 (8.1) | 83 80.7 (9.8) | Community periodontal index of treatment needs (index score) | 3.1 (0.7)*** | 2.7 (0.6) |
Oral hygiene and assistance need
Study | Dementia Number of participants Mean age (SD) | No dementia Number of participants Mean age (SD) | Oral hygiene outcome measure | Dementia Prevalence % (SD) | No dementia Prevalence % (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chapman et al. 1991 | 85 AD 74.9 | – | Soft deposits Hard deposits Unsatisfactory level of oral hygiene | 70.0% 60.0% 90.0% | – |
De Souza Rolim et al. 2014 a, b | 29 mild AD 75.2 (6.7) | 30 61.2 (11.2) | Plaque Index by O’Leary, mean % (SD) | 73.6% (5.7) | – |
Elsig et al. 2013 | 29 82.5 (6.3) | 22 81.9 (6.5) | Presence of visible dental plaque | 100.0%** | 36.0% |
Hatipoglu et al. 2011 | 31 AD 67.6 (9.1) | 47 65.3 (7.0) | Good oral hygiene Fair oral hygiene Poor oral hygiene | 3.2% 29.0% 67.7% | 19.1% 31.9% 48.9% |
Hoben et al. 2016 | 1606 85.0 (7.5) | 1105 83.4 (10.5) | Presence of debris (RAI-MDS 2.0) | 9.8% | 11.4% |
Hoeksema et al. 2016 | 103 80.8 (7.5) | 49 somatic 78.1 (7.9) | Poor oral hygiene (Mombelli score 2 or 3) | 72.8% | 77.6% |
Hopcraft et al. 2012 | 105 | 170 | Thin band of visual plaque < 1/3 tooth with visual plaque > 1/3 tooth with visual plaque | 26.3% 43.4% 30.3% | 36.5% 38.4% 25.2% |
Ide et al. 2016 | 59 MiD-MoD 77.6 (8.6) | 0 | Detectable plaque: -without a dental probe -with a dental probe | 89.0% (12.5) 19.9% (11.8) 69.1% (20.6) | – |
Kossioni et al. 2012 | 27 76.5 (6.8) | – | Presence of plaque or calculus | 80.0% | – |
Philip et al. 2012 | 84 85.7 (9.6) | 102 84.3 (9.9) | Plaque Index by O’Leary, mean % (SD) | 63.4% (35.7) | 54.5 (35.7) |
Syrjala et al. 2012 | 49 AD 84.8 (5.6) 16 VaD 82.2 (4.7) 11 OD 85.3 (4.8) | 278 81.4 (4.6) | Presence of poor oral hygiene | AD 77.8% VaD 60.0% OD 66.7% | 36.6% |
Zenthöfer et al. 2014 | 57 83.1 (10.6) | 36 82.6 (10.6) | Plaque Control Record by O’Leary, mean % (SD) | 90.1% (13.1)** | 73.3% (25.1) |
Zenthöfer et al. 2015 | 33 81.7 (9.0) | 60 83.4 (10.4) | Plaque Control Record by O’Leary, mean % (SD) | 89.3% (12.6) | 80.3% (23.0) |
Study | Dementia Number of participants Mean age (SD) | No dementia Number of participants Mean age (SD) | Oral hygiene outcome measure | Dementia Mean (SD) | No dementia Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adam et al. 2006 | 81 MoD-SeD 80.8 (7.6) | 54 ND-MiD 85.5 (7.6) | Debris Index by Greene and Vermillion | MoD/SeD 2.1 (0.7) | ND/MiD 1.3 (0.6) |
Calculus Index by Greene and Vermillion | MoD/SeD 2.0 (0.8) | ND/MiD 1.3 (0.6) | |||
Chalmers et al. 2003 | 116 < 79 years: 91 80 + years: 25 | 116 < 79 years: 91 80 + years: 25 | Plaque Index by Silness and Loe | 0.7 (mv) | 0.6 (mv) |
Gil-Montoya et al. 2016 | 133 MoD-SeD 80.0 (7.5) | 324 79.8 (8.3) | Plaque Index by Silness and Loe | 2.5 (0.6)*** | 1.6 (0.9) |
Hoeksema et al. 2016 | 103 80.8 (7.5) | 49 somatic 78.1 (7.9) | Visual plaque score Mombelli | 2.1 (0.9) | 2.3 (0.9) |
Lee et al. 2013 | 19 83.9 (7.9) | 169 77.4 (5.8) | Plaque Index (unspecified) | MiD 0.9 (0.7) | 0.5 (0.6) |
Ribeiro et al. 2012 | 30 79.1 (5.6) | 30 67.8 (5.5) | Oral Hygiene Index by Greene and Vermillion | 4.5 (1.7–10.0)** | 2.2 (0.3–8.0) |
Sumi et al. 2012 | 10 77.7 (5.9) | 0 | Plaque Index by Quigley-Hein (modified by Turesky) | 1.6 | – |
Warren et al. 1997 | 45 AD 81.6 (6.9) 52 OD 81.4 (7.3) | 133 80.3 (6.8) | Modification of the Debris Index by Greene and Vermillion | AD 1.0 (0.8) OD 1.0 (0.8) MiD 1.0 (0.7) MoD-SeD 1.1 (0.9)* | 0.8 (0.6) |