nach oben

European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

Erschienen in:

01.10.2013 | Review

Subthreshold depression in adolescence: a systematic review

verfasst von: Eszter A. Bertha, Judit Balázs

Erschienen in: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry | Ausgabe 10/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

In adolescence, the number of depressive symptoms is rising notably. Individuals may have relevant depressive symptoms without meeting the full criteria of a major depressive episode (MDE), a condition referred to as subthreshold depression (sD). This article presents a review on adolescent sD examining the prevalence, the quality of life (QoL), the risk of developing MDE, and preventive programs available for adolescents living with sD. A systematic literature search from the year of the introduction of Diagnostic and Statistic Manual for Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) until 2012 (18 years) was conducted with a special focus on adolescent sD. Data from 27 studies were included into this review. The results show high prevalence of sD among adolescents, with a negative impact on QoL, and provide evidence that sD is a significant risk indicator of later MDE; therefore, individuals with sD represent good targets for preventive interventions. Our review highlights the fact that sD is a significant health problem among adolescents indeed, and adolescents with sD could be a subgroup of youth, who need further help to reduce their clinically significant depressive symptoms for the successful prevention of a later MDE.

American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington

World Health Organization (1993) ICD-10, The international classification of diseases. Classification of mental and behavioural disorders. Diagnostic criteria for research. World Health Organization, Geneva

Georgiades K, Lewinshon PM, Monroe SM, Seeley JR (2006) Major depressive disorder in adolescence: the role of subthreshold symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr 45:936–944CrossRef

Pincus HA, Davis WW, McQueen LE (1999) Subthreshold mental disorders. A review and synthesis of studies on minor depression and other brand names. Brit J Psychiatr 174:288–296CrossRef

Sadek N, Bona J (2000) Subsyndromal symptomatic depression: a new concept. Depress Anxiety 12:30–39PubMedCrossRef

Gotlib IH, Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR (1995) Symptoms versus a diagnosis of depression: differences in psychosocial functioning. J Consult Clin Psychol 63:90–100PubMedCrossRef

Angst J, Merikangas K (1997) The depressive spectrum: diagnostic classification and course. J Affect Disord 45:31–39PubMedCrossRef

Cuijpers P, De Graaf R, Van Dorsselaer S (2004) Minor depression: risk profiles, functional disability, health care use and risk of developing major depression. J Affect Disord 79:71–79PubMedCrossRef

Eaton WW, Badawi M, Melton B (1995) Prodomes and precursors: epidemiologic data for primary prevention of disorders with slow onset. Am J Psychiat 152:967–972PubMed

10.

Goldney RD, Fisher LJ, Dal Grande E, Taylor AW (2004) Subsyndromal depression: prevalence, use of health services and quality of life in an Australian population. Arch Gen Psychiatr 52:11–19

11.

Horwarth E, Johnson J, Klerman GL, Weissman MM (1992) Depressive symptoms as relative and attributable risk factors for first-onset major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatr 49:817–823CrossRef

12.

Lewinsohn PM, Solomon A, Seeley JR, Zeiss A (2000) Clinical implications of “subthreshold” depressive symptoms. J Abnorm Psychol 109:345–351PubMedCrossRef

13.

Rapaport MH, Judd LL (1998) Minor depressive disorder and subsyndromal depressive symptoms: functional impairment and response to treatment. J Affect Disord 48:227–232PubMedCrossRef

14.

Solomon A, Haaga DAF, Arnow BA (2001) Clinical depression distinct from subthreshold depressive symptoms? A review of the continuity issue in depression Research. J Nerv Ment Dis 189:498–506PubMedCrossRef

15.

Wagner HR, Burns BJ, Broadhead WE, Yarnall KSH, Sigmon A, Gaynes BN (2000) Minor depression in family practice: functional morbidity, co-morbidity, service utilization and outcomes. Psychol Med 30:1377–1390PubMedCrossRef

16.

Wells KB, Burnam A, Rogers W, Hays R (1992) The course of depression in adult outpatients. Arch Gen Psychiatr 49:788–794PubMedCrossRef

17.

Seligman MEP, Schulman P, Derubeis RJ (1999) The prevention of depression and anxiety. Prev Treat 2, Art no 8

18.

Hankin BL, Abramson LY, Moffitt TE, Silva PA, McGee R, Angell KE (1998) Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. J Abnorm Psychol 107:128–140PubMedCrossRef

19.

Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR (1998) Major depressive disorder in older adolescents: prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications. Clin Psychol Rev 18:765–794PubMedCrossRef

20.

Kessler RC, Avenevoli S, Merikangas KS (2001) Mood disorders in children and adolescents: an epidemiologic perspective. Biol Psychiatr 49:1002–1014CrossRef

21.

Costello EJ, Pine DS, Hammen C, March JS, Plotsky PM, Weissman MM, Biederman J, Goldsmith HH, Kaufman J, Lewinsohn PM, Hellander M, Hoagwood K, Koretz DS, Nelson CA, Leckman JF (2005) Development and natural history of mood disorders. Biol Psychiatr 52:529–542CrossRef

22.

World Health Organization (1986) Young people’s health – a challenge for Society Report of a Study Group on young people and health for all by the year 2000, Technical Report Series, No 731. World Health Organization, Geneva

23.

Allgaier AK, Pietsch K, Frühe B, Prast E, Sigl-Glöckner J, Schulte-Körne J (2012) Depression in pediatric care: is the WHO-five well-being index a valid screening instrument for children and adolescents? Gen Hosp Psychiatr 34:234–241CrossRef

24.

Brent DA, Birmaher B, Kolko D, Baugher M, Bridge J (2001) Subsyndromal depression in adolescents after a brief psychotherapy trial: course and outcome. J Affect Disord 63:51–58PubMedCrossRef

25.

Clarke GN, Hornbrook M, Lynch F, Polen M, Gale J, Beardslee W, O’Connor E, Seeley J (2001) A randomized trial of a group cognitive intervention for preventing depression in adolescent offspring of depressed parents. Arch Gen Psychiatr 58:1127–1134PubMedCrossRef

26.

Cuijpers P, Boluijt P, van Straten A (2008) Screening of depression in adolescents through the internet. Sensitivity and specificity of two screening questionnaires. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatr 17:32–38CrossRef

27.

Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Ridder EM, Beautrais AL (2005) Subthreshold depression in adolescence and mental health outcomes in adulthood. Arch Gen Psychiatr 62:66–72PubMedCrossRef

28.

Gallerani CM, Garber J, Martin NC (2010) The temporal relation between depression and comorbid psychopathology in adolescents at varied risk for depression. J Child Psychol Psychiatr 51:242–249CrossRef

29.

Garber J, Clarke GN, Weersing VR, Beardslee WR, Brent DA, Gladstone TR, DeBar LL, Lynch FL, D’Angelo E, Hollon SD, Shamseddeen W, Iyengar S (2009) Prevention of depression in at-risk adolescents. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 301:2215–2224PubMedCrossRef

30.

Gonzáles-Tejera G, Canino G, Ramírez R, Chávez L, Shrout P, Bird H, Bravo M, Martínez-Taboas A, Ribera J, Bauermeister J (2005) Examining minor and major depression in adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatr 46:888–899CrossRef

31.

Hoek W, Schuurmans J, Koot HM, Cuijpers P (2009) Prevention of depression and anxiety in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy and mechanisms of Internet-based self-help problem-solving therapy. Trial 10:93CrossRef

32.

Hughes EK, Gullone E, Watson SD (2011) Emotional functioning in children and adolescents with elevated depressive symptoms. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 33:335–345CrossRef

33.

Johnson JG, Cohen P, Kasen S (2009) Minor depression during adolescence and mental health outcomes during adulthood. BJP 195:264–265CrossRef

34.

Jonsson U, Bohman H, von Knorring L, Olsson G, Paaren A, von Knorring AL (2011) Mental health outcome of long-term and episodic adolescent depression: 15-year follow-up of a community sample. J Affect Disord 130:395–404PubMedCrossRef

35.

Kessler RC, Walters EE (1998) Epidemiology of DSM-III-R major depression and minor depression among adolescents and young adults in the National comorbidity survey. Depress Anxiety 7:3–14PubMedCrossRef

36.

Klein DN, Shankman SA, Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR (2009) Subthreshold depressive disorder in adolescents: predictors of escalation to full-syndrome depressive disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr 48:703–710CrossRef

37.

McClure E, Rogeness GA, Thompson NM (1997) Characteristics of adolescent girls with depressive symptoms in a so-called ‘normal’ sample. J Affect Disord 42:187–197PubMedCrossRef

38.

Oldehinkel AJ, Wittchen HU, Schuster P (1999) Prevalence, 20-month incidence and outcome of unipolar depressive disorder in a community sample of adolescents. Psychol Med 29:655–668PubMedCrossRef

39.

Pine DS, Cohen E, Cohen P, Brook J (1999) Adolescent depressive symptoms as predictors of adult depression: moodiness or mood disorder? Am J Psychiatr 156:133–135PubMed

40.

Pössel P, Horn A, Greon G, Hautzinger M (2004) School-based prevention of depressive symptoms in adolescents: a 6-month follow-up. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr 43:1003–1010CrossRef

41.

Rohde P, Beevers CG, Stice E, O’Neil K (2009) Major and minor depression in female adolescents: onset, course, symptom presentation, and demographic associations. J Clin Psychol 65:1339–1349PubMedCrossRef

42.

Santinello M, Vieno A (2006) Prevalence and risk factors for subsyndromal depression in Italian early adolescents. Minerv Psychiatr 2:165–173

43.

Shankman SA, Lewinsohn PM, Klein DN, Small JW, Seeley JR, Altman SE (2009) Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full-syndrome disorders: a 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes. J Child Psychol Psychiatr 50:1485–1494CrossRef

44.

Sihvola E, Keski-Rahkonen A, Dick DM, Pulkkinen L, Rose RJ, Marttunen M, Kaprio J (2007) Minor depression in adolescence: phenomenology and clinical correlates. J Affect Disord 97:211–218PubMedCrossRef

45.

Stewart SM, Lewinsohn PM, Lee PW, Ho LM, Kennard B, Hughes CW, Emslie GJ (2002) Symptom patterns in depression and “subthreshold” depression among adolescents in Hong Kong and the United States. J Cross Cult Psychol 33:559–576CrossRef

46.

Stice E, Rohde P, Gau JM, Wade E (2010) Efficacy trial of a brief cognitive-behavioral depression prevention program for high-risk adolescents: effects at 1- and 2-year follow-up. J Consult Clin Psychol 78:856–867PubMedCrossRef

47.

Yang J, Yao S, Zhu X, Zhang C, Ling Y, Abela JR, Esseling PG, McWhinnie C (2010) The impact of stress on depressive symptoms is moderated by social support in Chinese adolescents with subthreshold depression: a multi-wave longitudinal study. J Affect Disord 127:113–121PubMedCrossRef

48.

Young JF, Mufson L, Davies M (2006) Efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy-adolescent skills training: an indicated preventive intervention for depression. J Child Psychol Psychiatr 47:1254–1262

49.

Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, Rao U, Flynn C, Moreci P, Williamson D, Ryan N (1997) Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr 36:980–988CrossRef

50.

Welner Z, Reich W, Herjanic B, Jung KG, Amado H (1987) Reliability, validity, and parent-child agreement studies of the diagnostic interview for children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr 26:649–653CrossRef

51.

Costello EJ, Edelbrock CS, Costello AJ (1985) Validity of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children: a comparison between psychiatric and pediatric referrals. J Abnorm Child Psychol 13:579–595PubMedCrossRef

52.

World Health Organization (1993) Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Switzerland, Geneva

53.

Radloff LS (1977) The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1:385–401CrossRef

54.

Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatr 4:561–571PubMedCrossRef

55.

Kovacs M (1985) The children’s depression, inventory (CDI). Psychopharmacol Bull 21:995–998PubMed

56.

Shaffer D, Gould MS, Brasic J, Ambrosini P, Fisher P, Bird H, Aluwahlia S (1983) A children’s global assessment scale (CGAS). Arch Gen Psychiatr 40:1228–1231PubMedCrossRef

57.

Tangney JP, Wagner PE, Gavlas J, Gramzow R (1991) The test of self-conscious affect for adolescents (TOSCA-A). George Mason University, Fairfax

58.

MacDermott ST, Gullone E, Allen JS, King NJ, Tonge B (2010) The emotion regulation index for children and adolescents (ERICA): a psychometric investigation. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 32:301–314CrossRef

59.

Bird HR, Andrews H, Schwab-Stone M, Goodman SH, Dulcan M, Richters J, Rubio-Stipec M, Moore RE, Chiang PH, Hoven C, Canino G, Fisher P, Gould MS (1996) Global measures of impairment for epidemiologic and clinical use with children and adolescents. Int J Met Psychiatr Res 6:295–307CrossRef

60.

Kessler RC, Petukhova M, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, Wittchen HU (2012) Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 21:169–184PubMedCrossRef

61.

WHOQOL-Group (1995) The World Health quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): position paper from the World Health Organization. Soc Sci Med 41:1403–1409CrossRef

62.

Zimmerman M, Chelminski I, Young D (2004) On the threshold of disorder: a study of the impact of the DSM-IV clinical significance criterion on diagnosing depressive and anxiety disorders in clinical practice. J Clin Psychiat 65:1400–1405CrossRef

63.

Pincus HA, McQueen LE, Elinson L (2003) Subthreshold mental disorders: Nosological and research recommendations. In: Phillips KA, First MB, Pincus HA (eds) Advancing DSM: dilemmas in psychiatric diagnosis. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, pp 129–144

64.

Paykel ES, Ramana R, Cooper Z, Hayhurst H, Kerr J, Barocka A (1995) Residual symptoms after partial remission: an important outcome in depression. Psychol Med 25:1171–1180PubMedCrossRef

65.

Okasha A (2009) Would the use of dimensions instead of categories remove problems related to subthreshold disorders? Eur Arch Psychiatr Clin Neurosci 259(Suppl 2):129–133

66.

Philipp M, Delmo CD, Buller R, Schwarze H, Winter P, Maier W, Benkert O (1992) Differentiation between major and minor depression. Psychopharmacology 106:75–78CrossRef

67.

Lewinsohn PM, Klein DN, Durbin EC, Seeley JR, Rohde P (2003) Family study of subthreshold depressive symptoms: risk factor for MDD? J Affect Disord 77:149–157PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Subthreshold depression in adolescence: a systematic review
verfasst von: Eszter A. Bertha
Judit Balázs
Publikationsdatum: 01.10.2013
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry / Ausgabe 10/2013
Print ISSN: 1018-8827
Elektronische ISSN: 1435-165X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-013-0411-0

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

23.04.2024 | Demenz | Nachrichten

Update Psychiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Subthreshold depression in adolescence: a systematic review

Abstract

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

„Psychotherapie ist auch bei sehr alten Menschen hochwirksam!“

Auf diese Krankheiten bei Geflüchteten sollten Sie vorbereitet sein

Update Psychiatrie

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 10/2013

Methylphenidate and atomoxetine for treatment of nocturnal enuresis in a child with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

An explorative cost-effectiveness analysis of school-based screening for child anxiety using a decision analytic model

Taking a closer look: autonomic dysregulation in socially anxious children

Victims and bully-victims but not bullies are groups associated with anxiety symptomatology among Brazilian children and adolescents

An inventory of European data sources for the long-term safety evaluation of methylphenidate

It is time for a harmonized ethical review procedure across Europe

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

„Psychotherapie ist auch bei sehr alten Menschen hochwirksam!“

Auf diese Krankheiten bei Geflüchteten sollten Sie vorbereitet sein

Update Psychiatrie