Background
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Level 1 chapter: d7 Interpersonal interactions and relationships
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Level 2 category: d710 Basic interpersonal interactions
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Level 3 category: d7104 Social cues in relationships
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Level 4 category: d71040 Initiating social interactions
Methods
Design and procedure
Participants
WHO-ICF-CY checklist
Data analysis
Quality assurance
Sample
Country | WHO-region | N (%) |
---|---|---|
Sweden | Europe | 48 (43) |
Taiwan | Western Pacific | 24 (21) |
Germany (Dresden + Marburg) | Europe | 14 (13) |
Saudi Arabia | Eastern Mediterranean | 9 (8) |
Italy | Europe | 6 (5) |
Portugal | Europe | 6 (5) |
India | South East Asia | 4 (4) |
Denmark | Europe | 1 (1) |
Socio-demographic variables | N (%) | Gender (female/male) N (%) | Age M (SD) range |
---|---|---|---|
Age group | |||
Children with ADHD (age: 6–12 years) | 51 (46) | 7/44 (14/86) | 9.0 (1.8) 6–12 |
Adolescents with ADHD (age: 13–17 years) | 17 (15) | 4/13 (24/76) | 14.3 (1.6) 13–17 |
Adults with ADHD (age: 18+ years) | 44 (39) | 29/15 (66/34) | 37.3 (11.7) 18–61 |
Marital status | |||
Single | 82 (73) | ||
Married | 13 (12) | ||
In domestic relationship | 6 (5) | ||
Divorced/separated | 3 (3) | ||
Other marital statusa | 8 (7) | ||
Education level | |||
Primary/high school studies | 80 (71) | ||
Higher education (e.g., college or university) | 23 (21) | ||
Vocational education | 3 (3) | ||
Other education levelb | 6 (5) | ||
Working status | |||
Student | 67 (59) | ||
Full-time employment | 19 (16) | ||
Combined forms of employment | 9 (8) | ||
Receiving benefit grants | 4 (4) | ||
Part-time employment | 3 (3) | ||
Sick leave | 3 (3) | ||
Unemployment | 3 (3) | ||
Self-employment | 2 (2) | ||
Sickness benefits | 1 (1) | ||
Volunteer work | 1 (1) | ||
Living situation | |||
Living with parents | 65 (59) | ||
Living with partner | 19 (16) | ||
Living independently | 18 (16) | ||
Other living situationc | 10 (9%) |
Results
ICF-CY category ratings
Second-level category | ICF-CY chapter | N (%) |
---|---|---|
Activities and participation | ||
d110 Watching | d1 Learning and applying knowledge | 16 (14) |
d115 Listening | d1 Learning and applying knowledge | 29 (25) |
d140 Learning to read | d1 Learning and applying knowledge | 27 (24) |
d145 Learning to write | d1 Learning and applying knowledge | 26 (23) |
d150 Learning to calculate | d1 Learning and applying knowledge | 29 (25) |
d160 Focusing attention | d1 Learning and applying knowledge | 102 (91) |
d161 Directing attention | d1 Learning and applying knowledge | 102 (91) |
d166 Reading | d1 Learning and applying knowledge | 46 (41) |
d170 Writing | d1 Learning and applying knowledge | 46 (41) |
d172 Calculating | d1 Learning and applying knowledge | 50 (44) |
d175 Solving problems | d1 Learning and applying knowledge | 58 (51) |
d177 Making decisions | d1 Learning and applying knowledge | 59 (52) |
d210 Undertaking a single task | d2 General tasks and demands in life | 72 (64) |
d220 Undertaking multiple tasks | d2 General tasks and demands in life | 91 (81) |
d230 Carrying out daily routine | d2 General tasks and demands in life | 80 (71) |
d240 Handling stress and other psychological demands | d2 General tasks and demands in life | 74 (66) |
d250 Managing one’s own behaviour | d2 General tasks and demands in life | 77 (68) |
d310 Communicating with—receiving—spoken messages | d3 Communication | 31 (27) |
d315 Communicating with—receiving—nonverbal messages | d3 Communication | 32 (28) |
d330 speaking | d3 Communication | 32 (28) |
d335 Producing nonverbal messages | d3 Communication | 20 (17) |
d350 Conversation | d3 Communication | 55 (49) |
d440 fine Hand use | d4 Mobility | 34 (30) |
d446 Fine foot use | d4 Mobility | 20 (17) |
d470 Using transportation | d4 Mobility | 15 (13) |
d475 Driving | d4 Mobility | 22 (19) |
d510 Washing oneself | d5 Self-care | 26 (23) |
d520 Caring for body parts | d5 Self-care | 34 (30) |
d530 Toileting | d5 Self-care | 20 (17) |
d540 Dressing | d5 Self-care | 18 (16) |
d550 Eating | d5 Self-care | 18 (16) |
d570 Looking after one’s health | d5 Self-care | 52 (46) |
d571 Looking after one’s safety | d5 Self-care | 49 (43) |
d620 Acquisition of goods and services | d6 Domestic life | 35 (31) |
d630 Preparing meals | d6 Domestic life | 31 (27) |
d640 Doing housework | d6 Domestic life | 51 (45) |
d660 Assisting others | d6 Domestic life | 25 (22) |
d710 Basic interpersonal interactions | d7 Interpersonal interactions and relationships | 54 (48) |
d720 Complex interpersonal interactions | d7 Interpersonal interactions and relationships | 71 (63) |
d730 Relating with strangers | d7 Interpersonal interactions and relationships | 23 (20) |
d740 Formal relationships | d7 Interpersonal interactions and relationships | 37 (33) |
d750 Informal social relationships | d7 Interpersonal interactions and relationships | 38 (33) |
d760 Family relationships | d7 Interpersonal interactions and relationships | 44 (39) |
d770 Intimate relationships | d7 Interpersonal interactions and relationships | 32 (28) |
d820 School education | d8 Major life areas | 32 (28) |
d850 Remunerative employment | d8 Major life areas | 21 (18) |
d870 Economic self-sufficiency | d8 Major life areas | 27 (24) |
d880 Engagement in play | d8 Major life areas | 17 (15) |
d910 Community life | d9 Community, social and civic life | 15 (13) |
d920 Recreation and leisure | d9 Community, social and civic life | 42 (37) |
Environmental factors | ||
e110 Products or substances for personal consumption | e1 Products and technology | 72 (64) |
e115 Products and technology for personal use in daily living | e1 Products and technology | 77 (68) |
e120 Products and technology for indoor and outdoor mobility and transportation | e1 Products and technology | 29 (25) |
e125 Products and technology for communication | e1 Products and technology | 58 (51) |
e130 Products and technology for education | e1 Products and technology | 28 (25) |
e165 Assets | e1 Products and technology | 23 (20) |
e225 Climate | e2 Natural environment and human-made changes to environment | 35 (31) |
e240 Light | e2 Natural environment and human-made changes to environment | 42 (37) |
e250 Sound | e2 Natural environment and human-made changes to environment | 51 (45) |
e310 Immediate family | e3 Support and relationships | 95 (84) |
e315 Extended family | e3 Support and relationships | 38 (33) |
e320 Friends | e3 Support and relationships | 65 (58) |
e325 Acquaintances, peers, colleagues, neighbours and community members | e3 Support and relationships | 38 (33) |
e330 People in positions of authority | e3 Support and relationships | 59 (52) |
e340 Personal care providers and personal assistants | e3 Support and relationships | 19 (16) |
e355 Health professionals | e3 Support and relationships | 81 (72) |
e360 Other professionals | e3 Support and relationships | 40 (35) |
e410 Individual attitudes of immediate family members | e4 Attitudes | 88 (78) |
e420 Individual attitudes of friends | e4 Attitudes | 56 (50) |
e425 Individual attitudes of acquaintances, peers, colleagues, neighbours and community members | e4 Attitudes | 36 (32) |
e440 Individual attitudes of personal care providers and personal assistants | e4 Attitudes | 15 (13) |
e450 Individual attitudes of health professionals | E4 Attitudes | 71 (63) |
e455 Individual attitudes of other professionals | e4 Attitudes | 29 (25) |
e460 Societal attitudes | E4 Attitudes | 53 (47) |
e465 Social norms, practices and ideologies | e4 Attitudes | 51 (45) |
e535 Communication services, systems and policies | e5 Services, systems and policies | 40 (35) |
e540 Transportation services, systems and policies | e5 Services, systems and policies | 13 (11) |
e550 Legal services, systems and policies | e5 Services, systems and policies | 19 (16) |
e570 Social security services, systems and policies | e5 Services, systems and policies | 28 (25) |
e575 General social support services, systems and policies | e5 Services, systems and policies | 18 (16) |
e580 Health services, systems and policies | e5 Services, systems and policies | 77 (68) |
e585 Education and training services, systems and policies | e5 Services, systems and policies | 33 (29) |
e590 Labour and employment services, systems and policies | e5 Services, systems and policies | 25 (22) |
Body functions | ||
b114 Orientation functions | b1 Mental functions | 32 (28) |
b122 Global psychosocial functions | b1 Mental functions | 53 (47) |
b125 Dispositions and intra-personal functions | b1 Mental functions | 67 (59) |
b126 Temperament and personality functions | b1 Mental functions | 61 (54) |
b130 Energy and drive functions | b1 Mental functions | 64 (57) |
b134 Sleep functions | b1 Mental functions | 49 (43) |
b140 Attention functions | b1 Mental functions | 108 (96) |
b144 Memory functions | b1 Mental functions | 71 (63) |
b147 Psychomotor functions | b1 Mental functions | 63 (56) |
b152 Emotional functions | b1 Mental functions | 75 (66) |
b156 Perceptual functions | b1 Mental functions | 24 (21) |
b160 Thought functions | b1 Mental functions | 50 (44) |
b163 Basic cognitive functions | b1 Mental functions | 30 (26) |
b164 Higher-level cognitive functions | b1 Mental functions | 79 (70) |
b167 Mental functions of language | b1 Mental functions | 34 (30) |
b180 Experience of self and time functions | b1 Mental functions | 46 (41) |
b230 Hearing functions | b2 Sensory functions and pain | 12 (10) |
b235 Vestibular functions | b2 Sensory functions and pain | 21 (18) |
b265 Touch function | b2 Sensory functions and pain | 27 (24) |
b280 Sensation of pain | b2 Sensory functions and pain | 34 (30) |
b330 Fluency and rhythm of speech functions | b3 Voice and speech functions | 27 (24) |
b440 Respiration functions | b4 FUNCTIONS of the cardiovascular, hematological, immunological and respiratory systems | 12 (10) |
b525 Defecation functions | b5 Functions of the digestive, metabolic and endocrine systems | 13 (11) |
b530 Weight maintenance functions | b5 Functions of the digestive, metabolic and endocrine systems | 29 (25) |
b535 Sensations associated with the digestive system | b5 Functions of the digestive, metabolic and endocrine systems | 20 (17) |
b640 Sexual functions | b6 Genitourinary and reproductive functions | 18 (16) |
b710 Mobility of joint functions | b7 Neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions | 14 (12) |
b735 Muscle tone functions | b7 Neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions | 27 (24) |
b760 Control of voluntary movement functions | b7 Neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions | 33 (29) |
b765 Involuntary movement functions | b7 Neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions | 17 (15) |
ADHD-related strengths
Second-level category | ICF-CY chapter | N (%) |
---|---|---|
b126 Temperament and personality functions | b1 Mental functions | 27 (24) |
d920 Recreation and leisure | d9 Community, social and civic life | 21 (18) |
b125 Dispositions and intra-personal functions | b1 Mental functions | 20 (17) |
d750 Informal social relationships | d7 Interpersonal interactions and relationships | 20 (17) |
d660 Assisting others | d6 Domestic life | 19 (16) |
d760 Family relationships | d7 Interpersonal interactions and relationships | 18 (16) |
d175 Solving problems | d1 Learning and applying knowledge | 16 (14) |
d630 Preparing meals | d6 Domestic life | 15 (13) |
b144 Memory functions | b1 Mental functions | 14 (12) |
d110 Watching | d1 Learning and applying knowledge | 14 (12) |
d335 Producing nonverbal messages | d3 Communication | 14 (12) |
d740 Formal relationships | d7 Interpersonal interactions and relationships | 14 (12) |
d880 Engagement in play | d8 Major life areas | 14 (12) |
d950 Political life and citizenship | d9 Community, social and civic life | 14 (12) |
d161 Directing attention | d1 Learning and applying knowledge | 13 (11) |
d450 Walking | d4 Mobility | 13 (11) |
d455 Moving around | d4 Mobility | 13 (11) |
d475 Driving | d4 Mobility | 13 (11) |
d640 Doing housework | d6 Domestic life | 13 (11) |
d930 Religion and spirituality | d9 Community, social and civic life | 13 (11) |
d730 Relating with strangers | d7 Interpersonal interactions and relationships | 12 (10) |
d810 Informal education | d8 Major life areas | 12 (10) |
Personal factors
Second-level category | Chapter |
N
|
---|---|---|
i120 Sex | i1 General personal characteristics | 1 |
i310 Extraversion | i3 Mental factors | 5 |
i315 Factors of emotionality | i3 Mental factors | 6 |
i320 Reliability | i3 Mental factors | 5 |
i325 Openness to new experiences | i3 Mental factors | 6 |
i330 Affability | i3 Mental factors | 7 |
i335 Self-confidence | i3 Mental factors | 4 |
i340 Optimism | i3 Mental factors | 5 |
i350 Intelligence-related factors | i3 Mental factors | 7 |
i355 Cognitive factors | i3 Mental factors | 3 |
i410 World view | i4 Attitudes | 2 |
i416 Attitude toward health and disease | i4 Attitudes | 3 |
i419 Attitude toward intervention and health-related assistance | i4 Attitudes | 1 |
i428 Attitude toward help | i4 Attitudes | 4 |
i430 Social skills | i4 Attitudes | 6 |
i433 Methodical skills | i4 Attitudes | 7 |
i436 Empowerment | i4 Attitudes | 18 |
i439 Proaction | i4 Attitudes | 5 |
i442 Media skills | i4 Attitudes | 1 |
i453 Habitual use of stimulants | i4 Attitudes | 3 |
i456 Exercise habits | i4 Attitudes | 2 |
i459 Relaxation habits | i4 Attitudes | 1 |
i510 Living arrangements | i5 Life situation and socioeconomic/sociocultural factors | 5 |
i515 Accommodation arrangements | i5 Life situation and socioeconomic/sociocultural factors | 1 |
i520 Employment situation | i5 Life situation and socioeconomic/sociocultural factors | 2 |
i525 Financial situation | i5 Life situation and socioeconomic/sociocultural factors | 7 |
i530 Socioeconomic status | i5 Life situation and socioeconomic/sociocultural factors | 2 |
i540 Belonging to groups in society | i5 Life situation and socioeconomic/sociocultural factors | 2 |
i550 Educational status | i5 Life situation and socioeconomic/sociocultural factors | 2 |
i610 Prior diseases, health impairments, injuries or traumas | i5 Life situation and socioeconomic/sociocultural factors | 4 |