nach oben

Notfall + Rettungsmedizin

Erschienen in:

01.11.2010 | ERC-Leitlinien

Elektrotherapie: automatisierte externe Defibrillatoren, Defibrillation, Kardioversion und Schrittmachertherapie

Sektion 3 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2010 des European Resuscitation Council

verfasst von: C.D. Deakin, J.P. Nolan, K. Sunde, R.W. Koster

Erschienen in: Notfall + Rettungsmedizin | Ausgabe 7/2010

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Auszug

Die wichtigsten Änderungen in den Leitlinien des European Resuscitation Council (ERC) von 2010 für Elektrotherapien beinhalten:

Die Bedeutung früher ununterbrochener Herzdruckmassage wird durchgängig in diesen Leitlinien betont.
Die Verringerung der Pausendauer vor und nach der Schockabgabe wird wesentlich mehr betont. Empfohlen wird die Fortführung der Herzdruckmassage während des Ladevorgangs des Defibrillators.
Ebenfalls betont wird die sofortige Wiederaufnahme der Herzdruckmassage nach der Defibrillation; in Kombination mit der Fortführung der Kompressionen während des Ladevorgangs sollen die Herzdruckmassagen für den Vorgang der Defibrillation nicht länger als 5 s unterbrochen werden.
Die Sicherheit des Retters hat höchste Priorität. In diesen Leitlinien wird aber festgestellt, dass das Risiko, durch den Defibrillator Schaden zu erleiden, für den Anwender sehr gering ist, insbesondere, wenn der Retter Handschuhe trägt. Das Hauptaugenmerk wird jetzt auf einen schnellen Sicherheits-Check gelegt, um die Zeit vor der Schockabgabe möglichst gering zu halten.
Bei der Behandlung des präklinischen Kreislaufstillstands soll der Rettungsdienst hochwertige Maßnahmen der kardiopulmonalen Reanimation („cardiopulmonary resuscitation“, CPR) durchführen, während der Defibrillator geholt, eingesetzt und hochgeladen wird. Eine routinemäßig genau festgelegte Dauer der Wiederbelebung (z. B. 2 oder 3 min) vor der Herzrhythmusanalyse und einer Schockabgabe wird aber nicht mehr empfohlen. Für diejenigen Rettungsdienste, die eine genau festgelegte Zeitdauer für die Herzdruckmassage vor der Defibrillation schon vollständig eingeführt haben, ist es vernünftig, diese Praxis beizubehalten, da es keine stichhaltigen Daten für oder gegen diese Strategie gibt.
Die Anwendung von bis zu 3 schnell aufeinanderfolgenden Schocks kann in Betracht gezogen werden, wenn sich Kammerflimmern/Kammertachykardie („ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia“, VF/VT) während Herzkatheterisierung oder kurz nach einer Thorakotomie ereignet. Diese Dreischockstrategie kann ebenso für einen unmittelbar am Monitor beobachteten VF/VT-Kreislaufstillstand, wenn der Patient bereits an einen manuellen Defibrillator angeschlossen ist, erwogen werden.
Elektrodenpasten und -gels können sich zwischen den beiden „paddles“ ausbreiten, die Möglichkeit für einen Funkenschlag schaffen und sollen daher nicht verwendet werden.

…

Notfallsanitäter.

Deakin CD, Nolan JP (2005) European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2005. Section 3. Electrical therapies: automated external defibrillators, defibrillation, cardioversion and pacing. Resuscitation 67 (Suppl 1):25–37

Proceedings of the 2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations (2005) Resuscitation 67:157–341

Larsen MP, Eisenberg MS, Cummins RO, Hallstrom AP (1993) Predicting survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a graphic model. Ann Emerg Med 22:1652–1658PubMed

Valenzuela TD, Roe DJ, Cretin S et al (1997) Estimating effectiveness of cardiac arrest interventions: a logistic regression survival model. Circulation 96:3308–3313PubMed

Waalewijn RA, Vos R de, Tijssen JG, Koster RW (2001) Survival models for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation from the perspectives of the bystander, the first responder, and the paramedic. Resuscitation 51:113–122PubMed

Weisfeldt ML, Sitlani CM, Ornato JP et al (2010) Survival after application of automatic external defibrillators before arrival of the emergency medical system: evaluation in the resuscitation outcomes consortium population of 21 million. J Am Coll Cardiol 55:1713–1720PubMed

Myerburg RJ, Fenster J, Velez M et al (2002) Impact of community-wide police car deployment of automated external defibrillators on survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 106:1058–1064PubMed

Capucci A, Aschieri D, Piepoli MF et al (2002) Tripling survival from sudden cardiac arrest via early defibrillation without traditional education in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 106:1065–1070PubMed

Alem AP van, Vrenken RH de, Vos R et al (2003) Use of automated external defibrillator by first responders in out of hospital cardiac arrest: prospective controlled trial. BMJ 327:1312PubMed

10.

Valenzuela TD, Bjerke HS, Clark LL et al (1998) Rapid defibrillation by nontraditional responders: the Casino Project. Acad Emerg Med 5:414–415

11.

Spearpoint KG, Gruber PC, Brett SJ (2009) Impact of the Immediate Life Support course on the incidence and outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest calls: an observational study over 6 years. Resuscitation 80:638–643PubMed

12.

Waalewijn RA, Tijssen JG, Koster RW (2001) Bystander initiated actions in out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: results from the Amsterdam Resuscitation Study (ARREST). Resuscitation 50:273–279PubMed

13.

Swor RA, Jackson RE, Cynar M et al (1995) Bystander CPR, ventricular fibrillation, and survival in witnessed, unmonitored out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 25:780–784PubMed

14.

Holmberg M, Holmberg S, Herlitz J (2000) Effect of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in Sweden. Resuscitation 47:59–70PubMed

15.

Vaillancourt C, Verma A, Trickett J et al (2007) Evaluating the effectiveness of dispatch-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation instructions. Acad Emerg Med 14:877–883PubMed

16.

O’Neill JF, Deakin CD (2007) Evaluation of telephone CPR advice for adult cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation 74:63–67

17.

Yang CW, Wang HC, Chiang WC et al (2009) Interactive video instruction improves the quality of dispatcher-assisted chest compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation in simulated cardiac arrests. Crit Care Med 37:490–495PubMed

18.

Yang CW, Wang HC, Chiang WC et al (2008) Impact of adding video communication to dispatch instructions on the quality of rescue breathing in simulated cardiac arrests – a randomized controlled study. Resuscitation 78:327–332PubMed

19.

Koster RW, Baubin MA, Caballero A et al (2010) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010. Section 2. Adult basic life support and use of automated external defibrillators. Resuscitation 81 (in press)

20.

Berdowski J, Schulten RJ, Tijssen JG et al (2010) Delaying a shock after takeover from the automated external defibrillator by paramedics is associated with decreased survival. Resuscitation 81:287–292PubMed

21.

Zafari AM, Zarter SK, Heggen V et al (2004) A program encouraging early defibrillation results in improved in-hospital resuscitation efficacy. J Am Coll Cardiol 44:846–852PubMed

22.

Destro A, Marzaloni M, Sermasi S, Rossi F (1996) Automatic external defibrillators in the hospital as well? Resuscitation 31:39–43PubMed

23.

Forcina MS, Farhat AY, O’Neil WW, Haines DE (2009) Cardiac arrest survival after implementation of automated external defibrillator technology in the in-hospital setting. Crit Care Med 37:1229–1236PubMed

24.

Domanovits H, Meron G, Sterz F et al (1998) Successful automatic external defibrillator operation by people trained only in basic life support in a simulated cardiac arrest situation. Resuscitation 39:47–50PubMed

25.

Cusnir H, Tongia R, Sheka KP et al (2004) In hospital cardiac arrest: a role for automatic defibrillation. Resuscitation 63:183–188PubMed

26.

Chan PS, Krumholz HM, Nichol G, Nallamothu BK (2008) Delayed time to defibrillation after inhospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 358:9–17PubMed

27.

Cummins RO, Eisenberg MS, Litwin PE et al (1987) Automatic external defibrillators used by emergency medical technicians: a controlled clinical trial. JAMA 257:1605–1610PubMed

28.

Stults KR, Brown DD, Kerber RE (1986) Efficacy of an automated external defibrillator in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: validation of the diagnostic algorithm and initial clinical experience in a rural environment. Circulation 73:701–709PubMed

29.

Kramer-Johansen J, Edelson DP, Abella BS et al (2007) Pauses in chest compression and inappropriate shocks: a comparison of manual and semi-automatic defibrillation attempts. Resuscitation 73:212–220PubMed

30.

Pytte M, Pedersen TE, Ottem J et al (2007) Comparison of hands-off time during CPR with manual and semi-automatic defibrillation in a manikin model. Resuscitation 73:131–136PubMed

31.

Edelson DP, Abella BS, Kramer-Johansen J et al (2006) Effects of compression depth and preshock pauses predict defibrillation failure during cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 71:137–145PubMed

32.

Eftestol T, Sunde K, Steen PA (2002) Effects of interrupting precordial compressions on the calculated probability of defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 105:2270–2273PubMed

33.

Yu T, Weil MH, Tang W et al (2002) Adverse outcomes of interrupted precordial compression during automated defibrillation. Circulation 106:368–372PubMed

34.

Wik L, Kramer-Johansen J, Myklebust H et al (2005) Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 293:299–304PubMed

35.

Abella BS, Alvarado JP, Myklebust H et al (2005) Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during in-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 293:305–310PubMed

36.

Kerber RE, Becker LB, Bourland JD et al (1997) Automatic external defibrillators for public access defibrillation: recommendations for specifying and reporting arrhythmia analysis algorithm performance, incorporating new waveforms, and enhancing safety. A statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association Task Force on Automatic External Defibrillation, Subcommittee on AED safety and efficacy. Circulation 95:1677–1682PubMed

37.

Dickey W, Dalzell GW, Anderson JM, Adgey AA (1992) The accuracy of decision-making of a semiautomatic defibrillator during cardiac arrest. Eur Heart J 13:608–615PubMed

38.

Atkinson E, Mikysa B, Conway JA et al (2003) Specificity and sensitivity of automated external defibrillator rhythm analysis in infants and children. Ann Emerg Med 42:185–196PubMed

39.

Cecchin F, Jorgenson DB, Berul CI et al (2001) Is arrhythmia detection by automatic external defibrillator accurate for children? Sensitivity and specificity of an automatic external defibrillator algorithm in 696 pediatric arrhythmias. Circulation 103:2483–2488PubMed

40.

Alem AP van, Sanou BT, Koster RW (2003) Interruption of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with the use of the automated external defibrillator in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 42:449–457PubMed

41.

Rea TD, Helbock M, Perry S et al (2006) Increasing use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation arrest: survival implications of guideline changes. Circulation 114:2760–2765PubMed

42.

Gundersen K, Kvaloy JT, Kramer-Johansen J et al (2009) Development of the probability of return of spontaneous circulation in intervals without chest compressions during out-of hospital cardiac arrest: an observational study. BMC Med 7:6PubMed

43.

Lloyd MS, Heeke B, Walter PF, Langberg JJ (2008) Hands-on defibrillation: an analysis of electrical current flow through rescuers in direct contact with patients during biphasic external defibrillation. Circulation 117:2510–2514PubMed

44.

Miller PH (1972) Potential fire hazard in defibrillation. JAMA 221:192PubMed

45.

Hummel RS 3rd, Ornato JP, Weinberg SM, Clarke AM (1988) Spark-generating properties of electrode gels used during defibrillation. A potential fire hazard. JAMA 260:3021–3024PubMed

46.

ECRI (1987) Defibrillation in oxygen-enriched environments [hazard]. Health Devices 16:113–114

47.

Lefever J, Smith A (1995) Risk of fire when using defibrillation in an oxygen enriched atmosphere. Med Devices Agency Saf Not 3:1–3

48.

Ward ME (1996) Risk of fires when using defibrillators in an oxygen enriched atmosphere. Resuscitation 31:173PubMed

49.

Theodorou AA, Gutierrez JA, Berg RA (2003) Fire attributable to a defibrillation attempt in a neonate. Pediatrics 112:677–679PubMed

50.

Robertshaw H, McAnulty G (1998) Ambient oxygen concentrations during simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Anaesthesia 53:634–637PubMed

51.

Cantello E, Davy TE, Koenig KL (1998) The question of removing a ventilation bag before defibrillation. J Accid Emerg Med 15:286PubMed

52.

Deakin CD, Paul V, Fall E et al (2007) Ambient oxygen concentrations resulting from use of the Lund University Cardiopulmonary Assist System (LUCAS) device during simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 74:303–309PubMed

53.

Kerber RE, Kouba C, Martins J et al (1984) Advance prediction of transthoracic impedance in human defibrillation and cardioversion: importance of impedance in determining the success of low energy shocks. Circulation 70:303–308PubMed

54.

Kerber RE, Grayzel J, Hoyt R et al (1981) Transthoracic resistance in human defibrillation. Influence of body weight, chest size, serial shocks, paddle size and paddle contact pressure. Circulation 63:676–682PubMed

55.

Sado DM, Deakin CD, Petley GW, Clewlow F (2004) Comparison of the effects of removal of chest hair with not doing so before external defibrillation on transthoracic impedance. Am J Cardiol 93:98–100PubMed

56.

Walsh SJ, McCarty D, McClelland AJ et al (2005) Impedance compensated biphasic waveforms for transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a multi-centre comparison of antero-apical and antero-posterior pad positions. Eur Heart J 26:1298–1302PubMed

57.

Deakin CD, Sado DM, Petley GW, Clewlow F (2004) Differential contribution of skin impedance and thoracic volume to transthoracic impedance during external defibrillation. Resuscitation 60:171–174PubMed

58.

Deakin C, Sado D, Petley G, Clewlow F (2002) Determining the optimal paddle force for external defibrillation. Am J Cardiol 90:812–813PubMed

59.

Manegold JC, Israel CW, Ehrlich JR et al (2007) External cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in patients with implanted pacemaker or cardioverter-defibrillator systems: a randomized comparison of monophasic and biphasic shock energy application. Eur Heart J 28:1731–1738PubMed

60.

Alferness CA (1982) Pacemaker damage due to external countershock in patients with implanted cardiac pacemakers. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 5:457–458PubMed

61.

Panacek EA, Munger MA, Rutherford WF, Gardner SF (1992) Report of nitropatch explosions complicating defibrillation. Am J Emerg Med 10:128–129PubMed

62.

Wrenn K (1990) The hazards of defibrillation through nitroglycerin patches. Ann Emerg Med 19:1327–1328PubMed

63.

Pagan-Carlo LA, Spencer KT, Robertson CE et al (1996) Transthoracic defibrillation: importance of avoiding electrode placement directly on the female breast. J Am Coll Cardiol 27:449–452PubMed

64.

Deakin CD, Sado DM, Petley GW, Clewlow F (2003) Is the orientation of the apical defibrillation paddle of importance during manual external defibrillation? Resuscitation 56:15–18PubMed

65.

Kirchhof P, Eckardt L, Loh P et al (2002) Anterior-posterior versus anterior-lateral electrode positions for external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a randomised trial. Lancet 360:1275–1279PubMed

66.

Botto GL, Politi A, Bonini W et al (1999) External cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: role of paddle position on technical efficacy and energy requirements. Heart 82:726–730PubMed

67.

Alp NJ, Rahman S, Bell JA, Shahi M (2000) Randomised comparison of antero-lateral versus antero-posterior paddle positions for DC cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol 75:211–216PubMed

68.

Mathew TP, Moore A, McIntyre M et al (1999) Randomised comparison of electrode positions for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Heart 81:576–579PubMed

69.

Deakin CD, McLaren RM, Petley GW et al (1998) Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on transthoracic impedance – implications for defibrillation. Resuscitation 37:9–12PubMed

70.

American National Standard (1993) Automatic external defibrillators and remote controlled defibrillators (DF39). Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. Arlington, Virgina

71.

Deakin CD, McLaren RM, Petley GW et al (1998) A comparison of transthoracic impedance using standard defibrillation paddles and self-adhesive defibrillation pads. Resuscitation 39:43–46PubMed

72.

Stults KR, Brown DD, Cooley F, Kerber RE (1987) Self-adhesive monitor/defibrillation pads improve prehospital defibrillation success. Ann Emerg Med 16:872–877PubMed

73.

Bojar RM, Payne DD, Rastegar H et al (1988) Use of self-adhesive external defibrillator pads for complex cardiac surgical procedures. Ann Thorac Surg 46:587–588PubMed

74.

Bradbury N, Hyde D, Nolan J (2000) Reliability of ECG monitoring with a gel pad/paddle combination after defibrillation. Resuscitation 44:203–206PubMed

75.

Brown J, Rogers J, Soar J (2001) Cardiac arrest during surgery and ventilation in the prone position: a case report and systematic review. Resuscitation 50:233–238PubMed

76.

Perkins GD, Davies RP, Soar J, Thickett DR (2007) The impact of manual defibrillation technique on no-flow time during simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 73:109–114PubMed

77.

Wilson RF, Sirna S, White CW, Kerber RE (1987) Defibrillation of high-risk patients during coronary angiography using self-adhesive, preapplied electrode pads. Am J Cardiol 60:380–382PubMed

78.

Kerber RE, Martins JB, Kelly KJ et al (1984) Self-adhesive preapplied electrode pads for defibrillation and cardioversion. J Am Coll Cardiol 3:815–820PubMed

79.

Kerber RE, Martins JB, Ferguson DW et al (1985) Experimental evaluation and initial clinical application of new self-adhesive defibrillation electrodes. Int J Cardiol 8:57–66PubMed

80.

Perkins GD, Roberts C, Gao F (2002) Delays in defibrillation: influence of different monitoring techniques. Br J Anaesth 89:405–408PubMed

81.

Chamberlain D (2000) Gel pads should not be used for monitoring ECG after defibrillation. Resuscitation 43:159–160PubMed

82.

Callaway CW, Sherman LD, Mosesso VN Jr et al (2001) Scaling exponent predicts defibrillation success for out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Circulation 103:1656–1661PubMed

83.

Eftestol T, Sunde K, Aase SO et al (2000) Predicting outcome of defibrillation by spectral characterization and nonparametric classification of ventricular fibrillation in patients with out of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 102:1523–1529PubMed

84.

Eftestol T, Wik L, Sunde K, Steen PA (2004) Effects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on predictors of ventricular fibrillation defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 110:10–15PubMed

85.

Weaver WD, Cobb LA, Dennis D et al (1985) Amplitude of ventricular fibrillation waveform and outcome after cardiac arrest. Ann Intern Med 102:53–55PubMed

86.

Brown CG, Dzwonczyk R (1996) Signal analysis of the human electrocardiogram during ventricular fibrillation: frequency and amplitude parameters as predictors of successful countershock. Ann Emerg Med 27:184–188PubMed

87.

Callaham M, Braun O, Valentine W et al (1993) Prehospital cardiac arrest treated by urban first-responders: profile of patient response and prediction of outcome by ventricular fibrillation waveform. Ann Emerg Med 22:1664–1677PubMed

88.

Strohmenger HU, Lindner KH, Brown CG (1997) Analysis of the ventricular fibrillation ECG signal amplitude and frequency parameters as predictors of countershock success in humans. Chest 111:584–589PubMed

89.

Strohmenger HU, Eftestol T, Sunde K et al (2001) The predictive value of ventricular fibrillation electrocardiogram signal frequency and amplitude variables in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Anesth Analg 93:1428–1433PubMed

90.

Podbregar M, Kovacic M, Podbregar-Mars A, Brezocnik M (2003) Predicting defibrillation success by „genetic“ programming in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 57:153–159PubMed

91.

Menegazzi JJ, Callaway CW, Sherman LD et al (2004) Ventricular fibrillation scaling exponent can guide timing of defibrillation and other therapies. Circulation 109:926–931PubMed

92.

Povoas HP, Weil MH, Tang W et al (2002) Predicting the success of defibrillation by electrocardiographic analysis. Resuscitation 53:77–82PubMed

93.

Noc M, Weil MH, Tang W et al (1999) Electrocardiographic prediction of the success of cardiac resuscitation. Crit Care Med 27:708–714PubMed

94.

Strohmenger HU, Lindner KH, Keller A et al (1996) Spectral analysis of ventricular fibrillation and closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 33:155–161PubMed

95.

Noc M, Weil MH, Gazmuri RJ et al (1994) Ventricular fibrillation voltage as a monitor of the effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Lab Clin Med 124:421–426PubMed

96.

Lightfoot CB, Nremt P, Callaway CW et al (2003) Dynamic nature of electrocardiographic waveform predicts rescue shock outcome in porcine ventricular fibrillation. Ann Emerg Med 42:230–241PubMed

97.

Marn-Pernat A, Weil MH, Tang W et al (2001) Optimizing timing of ventricular defibrillation. Crit Care Med 29:2360–2365PubMed

98.

Hamprecht FA, Achleitner U, Krismer AC et al (2001) Fibrillation power, an alternative method of ECG spectral analysis for prediction of countershock success in a porcine model of ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 50:287–296PubMed

99.

Amann A, Achleitner U, Antretter H et al (2001) Analysing ventricular fibrillation ECG-signals and predicting defibrillation success during cardiopulmonary resuscitation employing N(alpha)-histograms. Resuscitation 50:77–85PubMed

100.

Brown CG, Griffith RF, Van Ligten P et al (1991) Median frequency – a new parameter for predicting defibrillation success rate. Ann Emerg Med 20:787–789PubMed

101.

Amann A, Rheinberger K, Achleitner U et al (2002) The prediction of defibrillation outcome using a new combination of mean frequency and amplitude in porcine models of cardiac arrest. Anesth Analg 95:716–722, table of contentsPubMed

102.

Cobb LA, Fahrenbruch CE, Walsh TR et al (1999) Influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation prior to defibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. JAMA 281:1182–1188PubMed

103.

Wik L, Hansen TB, Fylling F et al (2003) Delaying defibrillation to give basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation to patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation: a randomized trial. JAMA 289:1389–1395PubMed

104.

Berg RA, Hilwig RW, Kern KB, Ewy GA (2002) Precountershock cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves ventricular fibrillation median frequency and myocardial readiness for successful defibrillation from prolonged ventricular fibrillation: a randomized, controlled swine study. Ann Emerg Med 40:563–570PubMed

105.

Berg RA, Hilwig RW, Ewy GA, Kern KB (2004) Precountershock cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves initial response to defibrillation from prolonged ventricular fibrillation: a randomized, controlled swine study. Crit Care Med 32:1352–1357PubMed

106.

Kolarova J, Ayoub IM, Yi Z, Gazmuri RJ (2003) Optimal timing for electrical defibrillation after prolonged untreated ventricular fibrillation. Crit Care Med 31:2022–2028PubMed

107.

Indik JH, Hilwig RW, Zuercher M et al (2009) Preshock cardiopulmonary resuscitation worsens outcome from circulatory phase ventricular fibrillation with acute coronary artery obstruction in swine. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2:179–184PubMed

108.

Baker PW, Conway J, Cotton C et al (2008) Defibrillation or cardiopulmonary resuscitation first for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests found by paramedics to be in ventricular fibrillation? A randomised control trial. Resuscitation 79:424–431PubMed

109.

Jacobs IG, Finn JC, Oxer HF, Jelinek GA (2005) CPR before defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. Emerg Med Australas 17:39–45PubMed

110.

Hayakawa M, Gando S, Okamoto H et al (2009) Shortening of cardiopulmonary resuscitation time before the defibrillation worsens the outcome in out-of-hospital VF patients. Am J Emerg Med 27:470–474PubMed

111.

Bradley SM, Gabriel EE, Aufderheide TP et al (2010) Survival increases with CPR by emergency medical services before defibrillation of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia: observations from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium. Resuscitation 81:155–162PubMed

112.

Christenson J, Andrusiek D, Everson-Stewart S et al (2009) Chest compression fraction determines survival in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 120:1241–1247PubMed

113.

Deakin CD, Nolan JP, Soar J et al (2010) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010. Section 4. Adult advanced life support. Resuscitation 81 (in press)

114.

Berg RA, Sanders AB, Kern KB et al (2001) Adverse hemodynamic effects of interrupting chest compressions for rescue breathing during cardiopulmonary resuscitation for ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Circulation 104:2465–2470PubMed

115.

Kern KB, Hilwig RW, Berg RA et al (2002) Importance of continuous chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: improved outcome during a simulated single lay-rescuer scenario. Circulation 105:645–649PubMed

116.

Valenzuela TD, Kern KB, Clark LL et al (2005) Interruptions of chest compressions during emergency medical systems resuscitation. Circulation 112:1259–1265PubMed

117.

Bain AC, Swerdlow CD, Love CJ et al (2001) Multicenter study of principles-based waveforms for external defibrillation. Ann Emerg Med 37:5–12PubMed

118.

Poole JE, White RD, Kanz KG et al (1997) Low-energy impedance-compensating biphasic waveforms terminate ventricular fibrillation at high rates in victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. LIFE Investigators. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 8:1373–1385PubMed

119.

Schneider T, Martens PR, Paschen H et al (2000) Multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of 150-J biphasic shocks compared with 200- to 360-J monophasic shocks in the resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims. Optimized Response to Cardiac Arrest (ORCA) investigators. Circulation 102:1780–1787PubMed

120.

Rea TD, Shah S, Kudenchuk PJ et al (2005) Automated external defibrillators: to what extent does the algorithm delay CPR? Ann Emerg Med 46:132–141PubMed

121.

Olasveengen TM, Vik E, Kuzovlev A, Sunde K (2009) Effect of implementation of new resuscitation guidelines on quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival. Resuscitation 80:407–411PubMed

122.

Bobrow BJ, Clark LL, Ewy GA et al (2008) Minimally interrupted cardiac resuscitation by emergency medical services for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 299:1158–1165PubMed

123.

Steinmetz J, Barnung S, Nielsen SL et al (2008) Improved survival after an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using new guidelines. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 52:908–913PubMed

124.

Jost D, Degrange H, Verret C et al (2010) DEFI 2005: a randomized controlled trial of the effect of automated external defibrillator cardiopulmonary resuscitation protocol on outcome from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 121:1614–1622PubMed

125.

Soar J, Perkins GD, Abbas G et al (2010) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010. Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation 81 (in press)

126.

Didon JP, Fontaine G, White RD et al (2008) Clinical experience with a low-energy pulsed biphasic waveform in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 76:350–353PubMed

127.

Li Y, Wang H, Cho JH et al (2009) Comparison of efficacy of pulsed biphasic waveform and rectilinear biphasic waveform in a short ventricular fibrillation pig model. Resuscitation 80:1047–1051PubMed

128.

Alem AP van, Chapman FW, Lank P et al (2003) A prospective, randomised and blinded comparison of first shock success of monophasic and biphasic waveforms in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 58:17–24PubMed

129.

Carpenter J, Rea TD, Murray JA et al (2003) Defibrillation waveform and post-shock rhythm in out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 59:189–196PubMed

130.

Morrison LJ, Dorian P, Long J et al (2005) Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest rectilinear biphasic to monophasic damped sine defibrillation waveforms with advanced life support intervention trial (ORBIT). Resuscitation 66:149–157PubMed

131.

Gliner BE, White RD (1999) Electrocardiographic evaluation of defibrillation shocks delivered to out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation 41:133–144PubMed

132.

Freeman K, Hendey GW, Shalit M, Stroh G (2008) Biphasic defibrillation does not improve outcomes compared to monophasic defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care 12:152–156PubMed

133.

Hess EP, Atkinson EJ, White RD (2008) Increased prevalence of sustained return of spontaneous circulation following transition to biphasic waveform defibrillation. Resuscitation 77:39–45PubMed

134.

Kudenchuk PJ, Cobb LA, Copass MK et al (2006) Transthoracic incremental monophasic versus biphasic defibrillation by emergency responders (TIMBER): a randomized comparison of monophasic with biphasic waveform ascending energy defibrillation for the resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 114:2010–2018PubMed

135.

Mittal S, Ayati S, Stein KM et al (2000) Transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: comparison of rectilinear biphasic versus damped sine wave monophasic shocks. Circulation 101:1282–1287PubMed

136.

Page RL, Kerber RE, Russell JK et al (2002) Biphasic versus monophasic shock waveform for conversion of atrial fibrillation: the results of an international randomized, double-blind multicenter trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:1956–1963PubMed

137.

Koster RW, Dorian P, Chapman FW et al (2004) A randomized trial comparing monophasic and biphasic waveform shocks for external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J 147:e20PubMed

138.

Ambler JJ, Deakin CD (2006) A randomized controlled trial of efficacy and ST change following use of the Welch-Allyn MRL PIC biphasic waveform versus damped sine monophasic waveform for external DC cardioversion. Resuscitation 71:146–151PubMed

139.

Pagan-Carlo LA, Allan JJ, Spencer KT et al (1998) Encircling overlapping multipulse shock waveforms for transthoracic defibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 32:2065–2071PubMed

140.

Zhang Y, Ramabadran RS, Boddicker KA et al (2003) Triphasic waveforms are superior to biphasic waveforms for transthoracic defibrillation: experimental studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 42:568–575PubMed

141.

Zhang Y, Rhee B, Davies LR et al (2006) Quadriphasic waveforms are superior to triphasic waveforms for transthoracic defibrillation in a cardiac arrest swine model with high impedance. Resuscitation 68:251–258PubMed

142.

Kerber RE (1984) External defibrillation: new technologies. Ann Emerg Med 13:794–797PubMed

143.

Joglar JA, Kessler DJ, Welch PJ et al (1999) Effects of repeated electrical defibrillations on cardiac troponin I levels. Am J Cardiol 83:270–272, A6PubMed

144.

Kerber RE, Martins JB, Kienzle MG et al (1988) Energy, current, and success in defibrillation and cardioversion: clinical studies using an automated impedance-based method of energy adjustment. Circulation 77:1038–1046PubMed

145.

Martens PR, Russell JK, Wolcke B et al (2001) Optimal response to cardiac arrest study: defibrillation waveform effects. Resuscitation 49:233–243PubMed

146.

Weaver WD, Cobb LA, Copass MK, Hallstrom AP (1982) Ventricular defibrillation: a comparative trial using 175-J and 320-J shocks. N Engl J Med 307:1101–1106PubMed

147.

Tang W, Weil MH, Sun S et al (1999) The effects of biphasic and conventional monophasic defibrillation on postresuscitation myocardial function. J Am Coll Cardiol 34:815–822PubMed

148.

Gliner BE, Jorgenson DB, Poole JE et al (1998) Treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with a low-energy impedance-compensating biphasic waveform automatic external defibrillator. The LIFE Investigators. Biomed Instrum Technol 32:631–644PubMed

149.

White RD, Blackwell TH, Russell JK et al (2005) Transthoracic impedance does not affect defibrillation, resuscitation or survival in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest treated with a non-escalating biphasic waveform defibrillator. Resuscitation 64:63–69PubMed

150.

Stiell IG, Walker RG, Nesbitt LP et al (2007) BIPHASIC Trial: a randomized comparison of fixed lower versus escalating higher energy levels for defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 115:1511–1517PubMed

151.

Walsh SJ, McClelland AJ, Owens CG et al (2004) Efficacy of distinct energy delivery protocols comparing two biphasic defibrillators for cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol 94:378–380PubMed

152.

Higgins SL, Herre JM, Epstein AE et al (2000) A comparison of biphasic and monophasic shocks for external defibrillation. Physio-Control Biphasic Investigators. Prehosp Emerg Care 4:305–313PubMed

153.

Berg RA, Samson RA, Berg MD et al (2005) Better outcome after pediatric defibrillation dosage than adult dosage in a swine model of pediatric ventricular fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:786–789PubMed

154.

Killingsworth CR, Melnick SB, Chapman FW et al (2002) Defibrillation threshold and cardiac responses using an external biphasic defibrillator with pediatric and adult adhesive patches in pediatric-sized piglets. Resuscitation 55:177–185PubMed

155.

Tang W, Weil MH, Sun S et al (2004) The effects of biphasic waveform design on post-resuscitation myocardial function. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:1228–1235PubMed

156.

Xie J, Weil MH, Sun S et al (1997) High-energy defibrillation increases the severity of postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction. Circulation 96:683–688PubMed

157.

Koster RW, Walker RG, Chapman FW (2008) Recurrent ventricular fibrillation during advanced life support care of patients with prehospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 78:252–257PubMed

158.

Walker RG, Koster RW, Sun C et al (2009) Defibrillation probability and impedance change between shocks during resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 80:773–777PubMed

159.

Hess EP, Russell JK, Liu PY, White RD (2008) A high peak current 150-J fixed-energy defibrillation protocol treats recurrent ventricular fibrillation (VF) as effectively as initial VF. Resuscitation 79:28–33PubMed

160.

Deakin CD, Ambler JJ (2006) Post-shock myocardial stunning: a prospective randomised double-blind comparison of monophasic and biphasic waveforms. Resuscitation 68:329–333PubMed

161.

Khaykin Y, Newman D, Kowalewski M et al (2003) Biphasic versus monophasic cardioversion in shock-resistant atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 14:868–872PubMed

162.

Kmec J (2006) Comparison of the effectiveness of damped sine wave monophasic and rectilinear biphasic shocks in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. Kardiologia 15:265–278

163.

Kosior DA, Szulc M, Torbicki A et al (2005) A decrease of enlarged left atrium following cardioversion of atrial fibrillation predicts the long-term maintenance of sinus rhythm. Kardiol Pol 62:428–437PubMed

164.

Kuisma M, Suominen P, Korpela R (1995) Paediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: epidemiology and outcome. Resuscitation 30:141–150PubMed

165.

Sirbaugh PE, Pepe PE, Shook JE et al (1999) A prospective, population-based study of the demographics, epidemiology, management, and outcome of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest. Ann Emerg Med 33:174–184PubMed

166.

Hickey RW, Cohen DM, Strausbaugh S, Dietrich AM (1995) Pediatric patients requiring CPR in the prehospital setting. Ann Emerg Med 25:495–501PubMed

167.

Atkins DL, Everson-Stewart S, Sears GK et al (2009) Epidemiology and outcomes from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in children: the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Epistry-Cardiac Arrest. Circulation 119:1484–1491PubMed

168.

Appleton GO, Cummins RO, Larson MP, Graves JR (1995) CPR and the single rescuer: at what age should you „call first“ rather than „call fast“? Ann Emerg Med 25:492–494PubMed

169.

Ronco R, King W, Donley DK, Tilden SJ (1995) Outcome and cost at a children’s hospital following resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 149:210–214PubMed

170.

Losek JD, Hennes H, Glaeser P et al (1987) Prehospital care of the pulseless, nonbreathing pediatric patient. Am J Emerg Med 5:370–374PubMed

171.

Mogayzel C, Quan L, Graves JR et al (1995) Out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation in children and adolescents: causes and outcomes. Ann Emerg Med 25:484–491PubMed

172.

Safranek DJ, Eisenberg MS, Larsen MP (1992) The epidemiology of cardiac arrest in young adults. Ann Emerg Med 21:1102–1106PubMed

173.

Berg RA, Chapman FW, Berg MD et al (2004) Attenuated adult biphasic shocks compared with weight-based monophasic shocks in a swine model of prolonged pediatric ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 61:189–197PubMed

174.

Tang W, Weil MH, Jorgenson D et al (2002) Fixed-energy biphasic waveform defibrillation in a pediatric model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Crit Care Med 30:2736–2741PubMed

175.

Clark CB, Zhang Y, Davies LR et al (2001) Pediatric transthoracic defibrillation: biphasic versus monophasic waveforms in an experimental model. Resuscitation 51:159–163PubMed

176.

Gurnett CA, Atkins DL (2000) Successful use of a biphasic waveform automated external defibrillator in a high-risk child. Am J Cardiol 86:1051–1053PubMed

177.

Atkins DL, Jorgenson DB (2005) Attenuated pediatric electrode pads for automated external defibrillator use in children. Resuscitation 66:31–37PubMed

178.

Gutgesell HP, Tacker WA, Geddes LA et al (1976) Energy dose for ventricular defibrillation of children. Pediatrics 58:898–901PubMed

179.

Bar-Cohen Y, Walsh EP, Love BA, Cecchin F (2005) First appropriate use of automated external defibrillator in an infant. Resuscitation 67:135–137PubMed

180.

Divekar A, Soni R (2006) Successful parental use of an automated external defibrillator for an infant with long-QT syndrome. Pediatrics 118:e526–e529PubMed

181.

Rodriguez-Nunez A, Lopez-Herce J, Garcia C et al (2006) Pediatric defibrillation after cardiac arrest: initial response and outcome. Crit Care 10:R113PubMed

182.

Samson RA, Nadkarni VM, Meaney PA et al (2006) Outcomes of inhospital ventricular fibrillation in children. N Engl J Med 354:2328–2339PubMed

183.

Lown B (1967) Electrical reversion of cardiac arrhythmias. Br Heart J 29:469–489PubMed

184.

Ambler JJ, Deakin CD (2006) A randomised controlled trial of the effect of biphasic or monophasic waveform on the incidence and severity of cutaneous burns following external direct current cardioversion. Resuscitation 71:293–300PubMed

185.

Joglar JA, Hamdan MH, Ramaswamy K et al (2000) Initial energy for elective external cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 86:348–350PubMed

186.

Boodhoo L, Mitchell AR, Bordoli G et al (2007) DC cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation: a comparison of two protocols. Int J Cardiol 114:16–21PubMed

187.

Boos C, Thomas MD, Jones A et al (2003) Higher energy monophasic DC cardioversion for persistent atrial fibrillation: is it time to start at 360 joules? Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 8:121–126PubMed

188.

Glover BM, Walsh SJ, McCann CJ et al (2008) Biphasic energy selection for transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. The BEST AF Trial. Heart 94:884–887PubMed

189.

Rashba EJ, Gold MR, Crawford FA et al (2004) Efficacy of transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation using a biphasic, truncated exponential shock waveform at variable initial shock energies. Am J Cardiol 94:1572–1574PubMed

190.

Pinski SL, Sgarbossa EB, Ching E, Trohman RG (1999) A comparison of 50-J versus 100-J shocks for direct-current cardioversion of atrial flutter. Am Heart J 137:439–442PubMed

191.

Alatawi F, Gurevitz O, White R (2005) Prospective, randomized comparison of two biphasic waveforms for the efficacy and safety of transthoracic biphasic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2:382–387PubMed

192.

Kerber RE, Kienzle MG, Olshansky B et al (1992) Ventricular tachycardia rate and morphology determine energy and current requirements for transthoracic cardioversion. Circulation 85:158–163PubMed

193.

Hedges JR, Syverud SA, Dalsey WC et al (1987) Prehospital trial of emergency transcutaneous cardiac pacing. Circulation 76:1337–1343PubMed

194.

Barthell E, Troiano P, Olson D et al (1988) Prehospital external cardiac pacing: a prospective, controlled clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med 17:1221–1226PubMed

195.

Cummins RO, Graves JR, Larsen MP et al (1993) Out-of-hospital transcutaneous pacing by emergency medical technicians in patients with asystolic cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 328:1377–1382PubMed

196.

Ornato JP, Peberdy MA (1996) The mystery of bradyasystole during cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 27:576–587PubMed

197.

Niemann JT, Adomian GE, Garner D, Rosborough JP (1985) Endocardial and transcutaneous cardiac pacing, calcium chloride, and epinephrine in postcountershock asystole and bradycardias. Crit Care Med 13:699–704PubMed

198.

Quan L, Graves JR, Kinder DR et al (1992) Transcutaneous cardiac pacing in the treatment of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiac arrests. Ann Emerg Med 21:905–909PubMed

199.

Dalsey WC, Syverud SA, Hedges JR (1985) Emergency department use of transcutaneous pacing for cardiac arrests. Crit Care Med 13:399–401PubMed

200.

Knowlton AA, Falk RH (1986) External cardiac pacing during in-hospital cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol 57:1295–1298PubMed

201.

Ornato JP, Carveth WL, Windle JR (1984) Pacemaker insertion for prehospital bradyasystolic cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 13:101–103PubMed

202.

Stockwell B, Bellis G, Morton G et al (2009) Electrical injury during „hands on“ defibrillation – A potential risk of internal cardioverter defibrillators? Resuscitation 80:832–834PubMed

203.

Monsieurs KG, Conraads VM, Goethals MP et al (1995) Semi-automatic external defibrillation and implanted cardiac pacemakers: understanding the interactions during resuscitation. Resuscitation 30:127–131PubMed

Titel: Elektrotherapie: automatisierte externe Defibrillatoren, Defibrillation, Kardioversion und Schrittmachertherapie
Sektion 3 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2010 des European Resuscitation Council
verfasst von: C.D. Deakin
J.P. Nolan
K. Sunde
R.W. Koster
Publikationsdatum: 01.11.2010
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in: Notfall + Rettungsmedizin / Ausgabe 7/2010
Print ISSN: 1434-6222
Elektronische ISSN: 1436-0578
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10049-010-1369-9

Neu im Fachgebiet AINS

18.04.2024 | Wirbelsäulenmetastase | Nachrichten

Update AINS

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

hier abonnieren

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Springer Medizin

Elektrotherapie: automatisierte externe Defibrillatoren, Defibrillation, Kardioversion und Schrittmachertherapie

Sektion 3 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2010 des European Resuscitation Council

Auszug

Neu im Fachgebiet AINS

Stereotaktische Radiatio schlägt konventionelle Bestrahlung

Fünf Dinge, die im Kindernotfall besser zu unterlassen sind

Hochrisiko-Eingriffe für postoperative Übelkeit

Diclofenac-Gel versus Ibuprofen bei akuten Rückenschmerzen

Update AINS

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Springer Medizin

Auszug

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 7/2010

?Hauptsache heftige Herzmassage?

Basismaßnahmen zur Wiederbelebung Erwachsener und Verwendung automatisierter externer Defibrillatoren

Initiales Management des akuten Koronarsyndroms

Lebensrettende Maßnahmen bei Kindern („paediatric life support“)

Kreislaufstillstand unter besonderen Umständen: Elektrolytstörungen, Vergiftungen, Ertrinken, Unterkühlung, Hitzekrankheit, Asthma, Anaphylaxie, Herzchirurgie, Trauma, Schwangerschaft, Stromunfall

Ethik der Reanimation und Entscheidungen am Lebensende

Neu im Fachgebiet AINS

Stereotaktische Radiatio schlägt konventionelle Bestrahlung

Fünf Dinge, die im Kindernotfall besser zu unterlassen sind

Hochrisiko-Eingriffe für postoperative Übelkeit

Diclofenac-Gel versus Ibuprofen bei akuten Rückenschmerzen

Update AINS