Introduction
Patients and methods
Subjects
Assessments
Statistical analysis
Results
Study sample
Total group
Total sampleξ (n = 8904) | Subsampleξ (n = 5046) | |
---|---|---|
Variable | Mean (SD) [max-min]* N (%)** | |
Age, years | 53.6 (16.2) [18–100] | 45.3 (10.8) [19–65] |
Gender, male | 4065 (46.0) | 2238 (44.4) |
Education level | ||
No education/lowest school | 420 (4.8) | 73 (1.5) |
Lower professional school | 1171 (13.5) | 467 (9.3) |
Middle or professional secondary school | 2782 (32.0) | 1547 (30.9) |
Secondary school | 964 (11.1) | 523 (10.4) |
University education | 3360 (38.6) | 2399 (47.9) |
Immigration status | ||
Western | 8332 (94.7) | 4737 (94.1) |
1st-generation non-Western | 251 (2.9) | 132 (2.6) |
2nd-generation non-Western | 215 (2.4) | 163 (3.2) |
Employment status | ||
Paid work | 4805 (54.0) | 4805 (95.2) |
Unemployed | 184 (2.1) | 184 (3.7) |
Receiving living allowance | 57 (0.6) | 57 (1.1) |
Body mass index (BMI) | ||
Underweight (< 18.50) | 107 (1.3) | 59 (1.2) |
Normal (18.50–24.99) | 4390 (51.3) | 2717 (54.8) |
Overweight (25.00–29.99) | 3088 (36.1) | 1676 (33.8) |
Obese (≥ 30.00) | 978 (11.3) | 507 (10.2) |
Smoking status | ||
Current smoker | 1508 (17.1) | 938 (18.6) |
Smoked before (ex-smoker) | 3327 (37.8) | 2444 (48.6) |
Never smoked | 3979 (45.1) | 1650 (32.8) |
Presence of chronic diseases | ||
Musculoskeletal diseases (MSKD) | 1766 (19.8) | 773 (15.3) |
Diabetes | 547 (6.1) | 134 (2.7) |
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) | 1855 (20.8) | 549 (10.9) |
Cancer | 270 (3.0) | 70 (1.4) |
Mental disorder | 526 (5.9) | 255 (5.1) |
Respiratory disease | 679 (7.6) | 289 (5.7) |
Any disease | 4378 (49.2) | 1946 (38.6) |
Subset of persons < 65 with a potential to have a paid work
PROGRESS factors and prevalence of chronic diseases
Total group
Model I* (total n = 8775) | Musculoskeletal diseases n = 1766 | Cardiovascular diseases n = 1855 | Diabetes n = 547 | Mental disorders n = 526 | Cancer n = 270 | Respiratory disorders n = 679 | Any disease n = 4378 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio [95% confidence interval] | |||||||
No education/lowest school vs. university education |
1.69 [1.33;2.15]
|
1.42 [1.10;1.83]
|
1.96 [1.38;2.79]
| 1.39 [0.91;2.12] | 0.96 [0.57;1.62] |
1.85 [1.34;2.56]
|
1.74 [1.37;2.21]
|
Lower professional school vs. university education |
1.51 [1.27;1.79]
|
1.44 [1.2;1.71]
|
1.66 [1.25;2.19]
| 1.01 [0.74;1.37] | 0.99 [0.67;1.47] |
1.45 [1.13;1.86]
|
1.45 [1.25;1.68]
|
Middle or professional secondary school vs. university education |
1.31 [1.15;1.51]
|
1.29 [1.11;1.49]
|
1.29 [1.00;1.66]
| 1.09 [0.87;1.36] | 1.00 [0.72;1.39] | 1.11 [0.90;1.37] |
1.21 [1.09;1.35]
|
Secondary school vs. university education | 1.12 [0.92;1.36] |
1.30 [1.06;1.60]
|
1.45 [1.04;2.04]
| 1.23 [0.91;1.65] | 1.34 [0.88;2.04] | 1.07 [0.8;1.44] |
1.31 [1.13;1.53]
|
Age |
1.02 [1.02;1.03]
|
1.06 [1.06;1.07]
|
1.05 [1.04;1.06]
|
0.99 [0.98;0.99]
|
1.05 [1.04;1.06]
|
1.01 [1.01;1.02]
|
1.03 [1.03;1.04]
|
Gender (female vs male) |
1.82 [1.62;2.04]
| 1.06 [0.94;1.20] |
0.68 [0.56;0.83]
|
1.94 [1.59;2.36]
| 1.24 [0.96;1.61] |
1.55 [1.31;1.84]
|
1.50 [1.36;1.64]
|
1st-generation non-Western vs. Western | 1.02 [0.74;1.41] | 1.24 [0.9;1.71] |
1.83 [1.18;2.86]
| 0.64 [0.34;1.22] | 0.37 [0.12;1.19] | 1.31 [0.84;2.02] | 1.16 [0.89;1.51] |
2nd-generation non-Western vs. Western | 1.28 [0.90;1.83] | 0.83 [0.51;1.33] | 1.14 [0.54;2.39] | 0.89 [0.51;1.57] | 1.32 [0.53;3.29] | 1.31 [0.79;2.19] |
1.38 [1.04;1.85]
|
BMI (overweight vs. normal) |
1.38 [1.22;1.56]
|
1.85 [1.62;2.1]
|
2.07 [1.65;2.61]
| 1.11 [0.89;1.37] | 1.16 [0.88;1.54] |
1.35 [1.12;1.62]
|
1.54 [1.39;1.7]
|
BMI (obese vs. normal)* |
2.00 [1.7;2.36]
|
3.58 [3.02;4.25]
|
5.39 [4.16;6.97]
|
1.92 [1.48;2.48]
|
1.49 [1.02;2.17]
|
2.15 [1.71;2.71]
|
2.62 [2.24;3.06]
|
Smoker vs never smoked |
1.34 [1.14;1.56]
| 0.97 [0.82;1.16] | 1.18 [0.88;1.57] |
2.40 [1.91;3.02]
| 1.32 [0.90;1.95] |
1.41 [1.12;1.77]
|
1.25 [1.10;1.42]
|
Smoked before vs never smoked |
1.14 [1.01;1.29]
| 1.12 [0.99;1.27] | 1.21 [0.98;1.49] |
1.36 [1.10;1.70]
|
1.35 [1.02;1.79]
|
1.33 [1.10;1.59]
|
1.16 [1.05;1.29]
|
Subset of persons < 65 with a potential to have a paid work
Model II (total n = 5100) | Musculoskeletal diseases n = 781 | Cardiovascular diseases n = 559 | Diabetes n = 138 | Mental disorders n = 258 | Cancer n = 71 | Respiratory disorders n = 291 | Any disease n = 1968 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio [95% confidence interval] | |||||||
Unemployed vs. paid work |
1.62 [1.13;2.32]
| 1.09 [0.68;1.72] |
1.81 [0.92;3.57]
|
3.24 [2.06;5.10]
| 1.56 [0.60;4.04] | 1.21 [0.68;2.17] |
1.76 [1.29;2.39]
|
Receiving living allowance vs. paid work |
2.81 [1.59;4.96]
| 1.87 [0.92;3.78] |
2.62 [1.05;6.54]
|
7.14 [3.55;14.39]
| 0.49 [0.06;3.93] |
2.99 [1.44;6.21]
|
3.04 [1.63;5.69]
|
Age, years |
1.03 [1.02;1.04]
|
1.08 [1.07;1.09]
|
1.07 [1.05;1.10]
| 1.00 [0.98;1.01] |
1.08 [1.05;1.11]
| 1.01 [1.00;1.02] |
1.03 [1.03;1.04]
|
Gender (female vs male) |
1.43 [1.21;1.68]
| 0.98 [0.80;1.18] | 0.79 [0.55;1.15] |
1.76 [1.33;2.33]
|
2.17 [1.28;3.70]
|
1.44 [1.12;1.86]
|
1.48 [1.31;1.67]
|
No education/lowest school vs. university education | 1.24 [0.68;2.26] | 1.34 [0.65;2.77] | 1.28 [0.44;3.71] | 0.27 [0.08;0.98] | 2.93 [0.62;13.77] | 0.99 [0.37;2.59] | 1.33 [0.80;2.21] |
Lower professional school vs. university education |
1.66 [1.29;2.15]
| 1.28 [0.93;1.75] | 1.55 [0.91;2.65] | 0.59 [0.35;0.99] |
2.42 [1.10;5.35]
|
1.60 [1.09;2.35]
|
1.54 [1.25;1.90]
|
Middle or professional secondary school vs. university education |
1.30 [1.08;1.56]
|
1.44 [1.15;1.80]
| 1.00 [0.64;1.55] | 0.89 [0.66;1.21] | 1.58 [0.83;3.02] | 1.04 [0.78;1.39] |
1.20 [1.05;1.38]
|
Secondary school vs. university education | 1.02 [0.77;1.34] |
1.41 [1.03;1.92]
| 1.16 [0.63;2.15] | 0.95 [0.62;1.45] |
3.85 [1.93;7.68]
| 0.99 [0.64;1.51] |
1.19 [0.97;1.45]
|
BMI (overweight vs. normal) |
1.34 [1.12; 1.60]
|
1.91 [1.53;2.38]
|
1.90 [1.17;3.06]
| 1.01 [0.75;1.36] | 1.20 [0.68;2.11] | 1.25 [0.94;1.66] |
1.41 [1.23;1.61]
|
BMI (obese vs. normal)* |
1.62 [1.26;2.06]
|
4.20 [3.21;5.49]
|
6.76 [4.17;10.94]
|
1.52 [1.04;2.23]
|
2.25 [1.17;4.31]
|
2.38 [1.70;3.35]
|
2.38 [1.95;2.90]
|
Smoker vs never smoked |
1.27 [1.03;1.57]
| 0.95 [0.73;1.24] |
1.66 [1.01;2.73]
|
1.89 [1.35;2.64]
| 0.83 [0.41;1.70] | 0.84 [0.60;1.19] |
1.16 [0.98;1.36]
|
Smoked before vs never smoked | 1.07 [0.89;1.28] | 1.04 [0.84;1.28] | 1.45 [0.95;2.22] |
1.56 [1.15;2.12]
| 1.09 [0.64;1.87] | 0.96 [0.73;1.26] | 1.12 [0.97;1.28] |