Introduction
Country | Vaccine | Start of the immunization programa
|
---|---|---|
North America | ||
Canada | PCV7 | 2001b
|
PCV13 | 2010 | |
USA | PCV7 | 2000 |
PCV13 | 2010 | |
South America | ||
Mexico | PCV7 | 2007 |
PCV13 | 2010 | |
Uruguay | PCV7 | 2008 |
PCV13 | 2010 | |
Europe | ||
France | PCV7 | 2006 |
PCV13 | 2010 | |
Germany | PCV7 | 2006c
|
PCV10 | 2009c
| |
PCV13 | 2009c
| |
Italy | PCV7 | 2005–2007b
|
PCV13 | 2010 | |
Portugal | PCV7 | 2006d
|
PCV13 | 2009 | |
Spain | PCV7 | 2002–2006d
2006–2009b
|
PCV13 | 2010b
| |
Turkey | PCV7 | 2008 |
PCV13 | 2011 | |
UK | PCV7 | 2006 |
PCV13 | 2010 | |
Middle East/North Africa | ||
Israel | PCV7 | 2009 |
PCV13 | 2010e
| |
Asia-Pacific | ||
Australia | PCV7 | 2001f
|
PCV13 | 2010 | |
China | PCV7 | 2008g
|
PCV13 | No | |
India | PCV7 | 2010d
|
PCV13 | 2012d
| |
Philippines | PCV7 | No |
PCV10 | 2012 | |
PCV13 | 2013 | |
Singapore | PCV7 | No |
PCV13 | 2011 | |
South Korea | PCV7 | 2003d
|
PCV13 | 2010d
| |
Taiwan | PCV7 | 2005d
|
PCV13 | 2011d
| |
Vietnam | PCV7 | No |
PCV13 | No |
Methods
Results
Years [ref] | Country/ages, status | Methodology | Complicated pneumonia-specific outcome (i.e., cases with CPP) | Clinical presentation in patient population (i.e., cases in the patient population) | Proportion of cases | IR (cases of complicated pneumonia-specific outcome/100,000 population-years) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time periods or subgroups | % | (n
a/N
b) | Time periods or subgroups | IR | |||||
A. Children | |||||||||
North America | |||||||||
Last year of surveillance: 1999 | |||||||||
1993–1999 [30] | USA/<19 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, single, tertiary care hospital database, Utah | Empyema | CAP | 1993–1999 | 28.3 % | (153/540) | 1994 | 1 |
1994 | 13 % | (n/a) | 1999 | 5c
| |||||
1997 | 41 % | (n/a) | |||||||
Last year of surveillance: 2000 | |||||||||
1993–2000 [34] | USA/0–26 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, participants in 8 children’s hospitals | CPP | Pneumococcal pneumonia | 0–26 years | 36.1 % | (133/368) | n/a | |
0–12 months | 26.4 % | (19/72) | |||||||
13–24 months | 28.6 % | (22/77) | |||||||
25–36 months | 28.1 % | (16/57) | |||||||
37–48 months | 29.0 % | (11/38) | |||||||
49–60 months | 50.0 % | (9/18) | |||||||
≥61 months | 53.0 % | (56/106) | |||||||
Last year of surveillance: 2001 | |||||||||
1996–2001 [7] | USA/4 months to 16.5 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, single hospital database, Tennessee |
S. pneumoniae-positive complicated parapneumonic effusions | Complicated parapneumonic effusions | 1996–2001 | 40.8 % | (31/76) | n/a | |
Last year of surveillance: 2003 | |||||||||
1996–2003 [10] | USA/<18 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, regional medical database, Utah |
S. pneumoniae-positive parapneumonic empyema | IPD | 1996–2003 | 22 % | (52/234) | 1996–2000 | 10.3 |
1997–2000 | 16 % | (21/129) | n/a | n/a | |||||
2001–2003 | 30 %c
| (31/105) | 2001–2003 | 14.3c
| |||||
2000–2003 [56] | Canada/<18 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, university hospital databases (8 hospitals across Canada) |
S. pneumoniae-positive empyema | Empyema | 2000–2003 | 15.1 % | (38/251) | n/a | |
Last year of surveillance: 2006 | |||||||||
1997–2006 [35] | USA/<18 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, single, tertiary care hospital database, Utah |
S. pneumoniae-positive necrotizing pneumonia | Pneumococcal pneumonia | 1997–2006 | 26.6 % | (33/124) | n/a | |
1997–2000 | 12.8 % | (5/39) | |||||||
2001–2006 | 32.9 % | (28/85) | |||||||
Last year of surveillance: 2007 | |||||||||
1996–1999 and 2001–2007 [16] | USA/<2 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, national inpatient database |
S. pneumoniae-positive empyema | Pneumococcal pneumonia | 1996–1999 and 2001–2007 | 7.92 % | 1996–1998 | 1.1 | |
2005–2007 | 1.3 | ||||||||
2–4 years, hospitalized | 1996–1999 and 2001–2007 | 16.87 % | 1996–1998 | 1.1 | |||||
2005–2007 | 2.5 | ||||||||
2001–2007 [31] | USA/<18 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, single, tertiary care hospital database (incidence based on overall pediatric hospitalization rate in Intermountain Healthcare hospitals in Utah) | Empyema | Pneumonia | 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 | 24.8 % 24.0 % 27.7 % 28.0 % 34.8 % 31.1 % 35.5 % | (62/250) (64/267) (75/271) (74/264) (88/253) (75/241) (104/293) | 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 | 8.5 8.6 9.9 9.6 11.1 9.3 12.5 |
1997–2007 [50] | Canada/≤17 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, single hospital database, Alberta |
S. pneumoniae-positive complicated pneumonia | Complicated pneumonia | 1997–2002 2002–2007 | 20.6 % 26.5 % | (7/34) (18/68) | n/a | |
Last year of surveillance: 2010 | |||||||||
1997–2010 [18] | USA/<18 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, regional medical database, Utah | CPP | IPD | 1997–2000 2001–2010 | 17.2 % 33.0 % | (22/128) (127/385) | n/a | |
Central/South America | |||||||||
2005–2010 [45] | Mexico/1 month to 16 years, hospitalized | Prospective, single hospital (Tijuana) active surveillance |
S. pneumoniae-positive empyema | IPD | 2005–2010 | 46.4 % | (13/28) | n/a | |
Last year of surveillance: 2008 | |||||||||
2003–2008 [36] | Brazil/<15 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, single hospital database |
S. pneumoniae-positive pleural fluid | Pneumococcal pneumonia | 29.9 % | (32/107) | n/a | ||
Europe | |||||||||
Last year of surveillance: 2003 | |||||||||
1997–2003 [55] | UK/<17 years, hospitalized | Retrospective and prospective, single tertiary care center |
S. pneumoniae-positive cavitatory disease | Empyema or parapneumonic effusion | 16.0 % | (12/75) | n/a | ||
Last year of surveillance: 2006 | |||||||||
1990–2006 [57] | UK/<15 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, single hospital database, Scotland |
S. pneumoniae-positive empyema | Empyema | 14.3 % | (4/28) | n/a | ||
1997–2006 [12] | Spain/<2 years, hospitalized | Prospective, regional children’s hospital |
S. pneumoniae-positive pneumonia with empyema | IPD | 1997–2001 2002–2006 | 6.9 % 17.9 % | (2/29) (12/67) | 1997–2001 2002–2006 | 2.2 9.2 |
2–4 years, hospitalized | 1997–2001 2002–2006 | 13.3 % 34.8 % | (2/15) (16/46) | 1997–2001 2002–2006 | 1.5 9.2c
| ||||
5–17 years, hospitalized | 1997–2001 2002–2006 | 1.4 % 33.3 % | (3/14) (9/27) | 1997–2001 2002–2006 | 0.5 1.3 | ||||
Last year of surveillance: 2008 | |||||||||
2006–2008 [42] | Portugal/<18 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, laboratory-based surveillance system; S. pneumoniae isolates from IPD | Isolates from pleural fluid | IPD | 3.1 % | (11/353) | n/a | ||
Last year of surveillance: 2009 | |||||||||
2007–2009 [32] | Italy/0–16 years, hospitalized | Prospective, observational, nationwide | Complicated pneumococcal pneumonia (RT-PCR-positive for S. pneumoniae) | CAP | CPP Parapneumonic effusion Parapneumonic effusion with empyema Necrotizing pneumonia Atelectasia | 4.8 % 4.6 % 2.5 % 0.4 % 0.1 % | (36/753) (35/753) (19/753) (3/753) (1/753) | n/a | |
Complicated pneumococcal pneumonia (RT-PCR-positive for S. pneumoniae) |
S. pneumoniae-positive CAP | CPP Parapneumonic effusion Parapneumonic effusion with empyema Necrotizing pneumonia Atelectasia | 45.0 % 43.7 % 23.7 % 3.7 % 1.2 % | (36/80) (35/80) (19/80) (3/80) (1/80) | n/a | ||||
2006–2009 [51] | Spain/children, hospitalized | Prospective, single tertiary care center, children with parapneumonic effusion requiring thoracocentesis |
S. pneumoniae-positive parapneumonic effusion | Parapneumonic effusion | 50.9 % | (28/55) | n/a | ||
2007–2009 [43] | Spain/<15 years, hospitalized | Prospective, hospital-based surveillance, regional (Madrid) |
S. pneumoniae-positive parapneumonic empyema | IPD | 30.3 % | (100/330) | n/a | ||
2007–2009 [44] | Spain/3–59 months, hospitalized | Prospective, 2 hospitals |
S. pneumoniae-positive pneumonia with empyema | IPD | 65.4 % | (189/293) | n/a | ||
2000–2009 [52] | France/0–18 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, regional medical database, Limousin |
S. pneumoniae-positive pleural effusion, empyema, or pulmonary infection | Pleural effusion, empyema, or pulmonary infection | 2000–2006 2006–2009 | 33.3 % 46.2 % | (3/9) (12/26) | n/a | |
2002–2009 [62] | UK/<17 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, single hospital database |
S. pneumoniae-positive fistulas | Empyema with fistula | 14.2 % | (44/310) | n/a | ||
Last year of surveillance: 2011 | |||||||||
2010–2011 [60] | Turkey/0–18 years, hospitalized | Prospective, nationwide, active surveillance |
S. pneumoniae-positive pneumonia with empyema | Pneumonia with empyema | 34.0 % | (53/156) | n/a | ||
2008–2011 [37] | Italy/≤5 years, hospitalized | Prospective, 5 regional hospitals | CPP, pleural effusion, empyema, necrotizing pneumonia, or atelectasia | Pneumococcal CAP | CPP Pleural effusion Empyema Necrotizing pneumonia Atelectasia | 26.0 % 21.9 % 5.5 % 0 % 5.5 % | (19/73) (16/73) (4/73) (0/73) (4/73) | n/a | |
2007–2011 [46] | Spain/<15 years, hospitalized | Prospective, regional (Madrid) active clinical surveillance | Parapneumonic pneumococcal empyema | IPD | 2007–2011 | 34.0 % | (209/614) | ||
2007–2008 | 30.7 % | (50/163) | 2007–2008 | 5.26 | |||||
2008–2009 | 29.9 % | (50/167) | 2008–2009 | 5.13 | |||||
2009–2010 | 39.6 % | (67/169) | 2009–2010 | 6.73d
| |||||
2010–2011 | 36.5 % | (42/115) | 2010–2011 | 4.14 | |||||
Parapneumonic pneumococcal empyema (PCV13 serotypes) | IPD (PCV13 serotypes) | 2007–2008 | 31.2 % | (39/125) | 2007–2008 | 4.10 | |||
2008–2009 | 33.6 % | (45/134) | 2008–2009 | 4.62 | |||||
2009–2010 | 40.7 % | (55/135) | 2009–2010 | 5.52d
| |||||
2010–2011 | 40.4 % | (36/89) | 2010–2011 | 3.55 | |||||
Last year of surveillance: 2012 | |||||||||
2007–2010, 2011–2012 [49] | Spain/<12 months, hospitalized | Prospective, regional (Madrid) active clinical surveillance |
S. pneumoniae-positive parapneumonic pneumococcal empyema (any serotype) | IPD | 2007–2010 2011–2012 | 3.7 % 5.0 % | (4/107) (1/20) | 2007–2010 2011–2012 | 1.78 1.36 |
≥12–24 months, hospitalized | 2011–2012 2007–2010 | 33.7 % 18.2 % | (30/89) (2/11) | 2007–2010 2011–2012 | 13.57 2.66e
| ||||
≥24 to <60 months, hospitalized | 2007–2010 2011–2012 | 47.6 % 67.9 % | (90/189) (19/28) | 2007–2010 2011–2012 | 13.81 8.55 | ||||
≥60 months to 15 years, hospitalized | 2007–2010 2011–2012 | 37.7 % 50.0 % | (43/114) (10/20) | 2007–2010 2011–2012 | 2.36 1.53 | ||||
<15 years, hospitalized | 2007–2010 2011–2012 | 33.5 % 40.5 % | (167/499) (32/79) | 2007–2010 2011–2012 | 5.72 3.12f
| ||||
Middle East/North Africa | |||||||||
Last year of surveillance: 1997 | |||||||||
1986–1997 [33] | Israel/0–16 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, regional medical database | Pulmonary complications of pneumococcal pneumonia | Pneumococcal pneumonia | 38.7 % | (43/111) | n/a | ||
Last year of surveillance: 2002 | |||||||||
1990–2002 [14] | Israel/0–18 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, primary/tertiary hospital database |
S. pneumoniae-positive empyema | Empyema with positive cultures | 45.8 % | (11/24) | n/a | ||
Asia-Pacific | |||||||||
Last year of surveillance: 2003 | |||||||||
1995–2003 [9] | Taiwan/<15 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, single hospital database | CPP | Pneumococcal pneumonia | 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 | 25.0 % 25.0 % 42.9 % 57.1 % 50.0 % 71.4 % 61.5 % 70.0 %g
| (1/4) (1/4) (3/7) (4/7) (6/12) (10/14) (8/13) (7/10) | n/a | |
Last year of surveillance: 2004 | |||||||||
1995–2004 [13] | China/<16 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, representative sample from tertiary care hospital |
S. pneumoniae-positive empyema or pleural effusion | Empyema or pleural effusion | 1.1 % | (5/461) | n/a | ||
1995–2004 [13] | Korea/<16 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, representative sample from tertiary care hospital |
S. pneumoniae-positive empyema or pleural effusion | Empyema or pleural effusion | 6.7 % | (9/134) | n/a | ||
1997–2004 [41] | Singapore/3 months to 19.5 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, single hospital database |
S. pneumoniae-positive empyema | IPD | 14.3 % | (21/147) | n/a | ||
Last year of surveillance: 2005 | |||||||||
1996–2005 [13] | Vietnam/<16 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, representative sample from tertiary care hospital |
S. pneumoniae-positive empyema or pleural effusion | Empyema or pleural effusion | 0.5 % | (3/665) | n/a | ||
2000–2005 [13] | Taiwan/<16 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, representative sample from tertiary care hospital |
S. pneumoniae-positive empyema or pleural effusion | Empyema or pleural effusion | 55.5 % | (66/119) | n/a | ||
Last year of surveillance: 2009 | |||||||||
2008–2009 [53] | Taiwan/<18 years, hospitalized | Prospective, observational, limited enrollment (~100) |
S. pneumoniae-positive empyema or parapneumonic pleural effusion | Empyema or parapneumonic pleural effusion |
S. pneumoniae-positive empyema
S. pneumoniae-positive parapneumonic pleural effusion | 27.3 % 0 % | (12/44) (0/45) | n/a | |
2007–2009 [58] | Australia/<16 years, hospitalized | Prospective, nationwide empyema surveillance network |
S. pneumoniae-positive empyema | Empyema | Blood culture Pleural fluid culture Pleural fluid PCR | 12.5 % 7.5 % 51.0 % | (19/152) (12/160) (74/145) | n/a | |
2007–2009 [59] | Australia/<16 years, hospitalized | Prospective, nationwide empyema surveillance network |
S. pneumoniae-positive empyema via PCR (lytA testing) of pleural fluid | Empyema | 54.4 % | (43/79) | n/a | ||
Last year of surveillance: 2010 | |||||||||
1998–2010 [19] | Australia/0–19 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, national database | Empyema | Pneumonia | n/a | 1998–2004 2005–2010 | 0.9 1.2h
| ||
<1 year | n/a | 1998–2004 | 2.3 | ||||||
2005–2010 | 3.5 | ||||||||
1–4 years | n/a | 1998–2004 | 1.6 | ||||||
2005–2010 | 2.7h
| ||||||||
5–9 years | n/a | 1998–2004 | 0.5 | ||||||
2005–2010 | 0.5 | ||||||||
10–14 years | n/a | 1998–2004 | 0.4 | ||||||
2005–2010 | 0.5 | ||||||||
15–19 years | n/a | 1998–2004 | 0.9 | ||||||
2005–2010 | 0.8 | ||||||||
2003–2010 [54] | Korea/children aged 29–124.5 months, hospitalized | Prospective, 2 hospitals (Seoul) |
S. pneumoniae-positive empyema | Parapneumonic effusion | 21.0 % | (13/62) | n/a | ||
B. Adults | |||||||||
North America | |||||||||
Last year of surveillance: 2010 | |||||||||
2000–2010 [40] | Texas, USA/adults, hospitalized | Retrospective, hospital, all cases with chest X-ray available |
S. pneumoniae-positive necrotizing pneumonia | Pneumococcal pneumonia | Overall | 6.6 % | (23/351) | n/a | |
PPV23 vaccinated | 6.6 % | (10/151) | |||||||
Not vaccinated | 6.5 % | (13/200) | |||||||
Europe | |||||||||
Last year of surveillance: 2002 | |||||||||
1999–2002 [38] | Barcelona, Spain/>16 years, hospitalized | Prospective, single tertiary care hospital, all cases during study period |
S. pneumoniae-positive pleural effusion or empyema | Pneumococcal CAP | Pleural effusion | 15.2 % | (19/125) | n/a | |
Empyema | 6.4 % | (8/125) | |||||||
Last year of surveillance: 2009 | |||||||||
1996–2009 [17] | Spain/>18 years, hospitalized | Prospective, 2 university hospitals (Barcelona), ongoing observational study |
S. pneumoniae-positive empyema | IPD | 1996–2001 2005–2009 | 12.2 % 11.5 % | (62/508) (66/572) | 1996–2001 2006–2009 | 1.6 1.8 |
18–50 years | 1996–2001 2005–2009 | 7.6 % 14.9 % | n/a n/a | 1996–2001 2005–2009 | 0.5 1.6i
| ||||
50–65 years | 1996–2001 2005–2009 | 17.3 % 11.5 % | n/a n/a | 1996–2001 2005–2009 | 1.4 1.2 | ||||
>65 years | 1996–2001 2005–2009 | 12.7 % 8.8 % | n/a n/a | 1996–2001 2005–2009 | 4.8 3.5 | ||||
2001–2009 [39] | Spain/adults, hospitalized | Prospective, single tertiary care hospital (Barcelona), all cases during study period |
S. pneumoniae-positive pleural effusion or empyema | Pneumococcal pneumonia | Pleural effusion | 19.5 % | (122/626) | n/a | |
Empyema | 2.9 % | (18/626) | |||||||
Last year of surveillance: 2010 | |||||||||
1996–2010 [47] | Spain/18–64 years, hospitalized | Retrospective, single university hospital (Barcelona) |
S. pneumoniae-positive empyema | IPD | Healthy adults Adults with comorbidities | 15.0 % 6.9 % | (33/220) (36/525) | n/a | |
C. All ages | |||||||||
North America | |||||||||
Last year of surveillance: 2008 | |||||||||
1996–2008 [61] | USA/all ages, hospitalized | Retrospective, national inpatient database |
S. pneumonia-positive empyema | Empyema | n/a | n/a | 1996 | 0.68 | |
2008 | 0.74 |
Incidence
Proportion of cases with CPP
Effect of age on the incidence and proportion of cases of CPP
Serotype epidemiology
Years, country/[ref] | Serotype assessment methodology/source/diagnosis | Isolates | Serogroups or serotypes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age range/subgroup | Number serotyped | PCV7 serotypes/serogroups (%a) | 6 additionalb serotypes/serogroups in PCV13 (%a) | 11 additionalc serotypes/serogroups in PPV23 (%a) | Non-vaccine serotypes/serogroups, or other (%a) | ||
Serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F | Serotypes 1, 3, 5, 6A, 7F, and 19A | Serotypes 2, 8, 9N, 10A, 11A, 12F, 15B, 17F, 20, 22F, and 33F | |||||
A. Children | |||||||
North America | |||||||
Last year of surveillance: 1999 | |||||||
1993–1999, USA/[30] | Capsular swelling/bl, pl/pneumococcal empyema | <19 years | 26 | 9 (15.4 %) | 1 (50.0 %) | 12 (3.8 %) | 29 (3.8 %) |
14 (15.4 %) | Non-typeable (3.8 %) | ||||||
18 (3.8 %) | |||||||
19 (3.8 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 38.5 % | 50.0 % | 3.8 % | 7.7 % | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2000 | |||||||
1993–2000, USA/[34] | Quellung/bl and/or pl/CPP | Children | 133 | 14 (29.1 %) | 1 (24.4 %) | 0 | Other (5.5 %) |
19 (9.0 %) | 3 (8.4 %) | ||||||
6 (8.4 %) | 5 (3.4 %) | ||||||
9 (5.0 %) | |||||||
4 (3.4 %) | |||||||
23 (3.4 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 58.3 % | 36.2 % | 0 | 5.5 % | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2001 | |||||||
1996–2001, Tennessee, USA/[7] | Quellung/bl, pl/CPP | 4 months to 16.5 years | 20 | 14 (35.0 %) | 1 (25.0 %) | 12 (5.0 %) | |
23F (10.0 %) | 19A (15.0 %) | 22 (5.0 %) | |||||
9V (5.0 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 50.0 % | 40.0 % | 10.0 % | 0 % | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2003 | |||||||
2000–2003, Canada/[56] | Quellung/bl, pl, lt/pneumococcal empyema | <18 years | 35 | 14 (28.6 %) | 3 (25.7 %) | ||
6B (8.6 %) | 1 (22.9 %) | ||||||
9V (5.7 %) | 6A (2.9 %) | ||||||
4 (2.9 %) | |||||||
23F (2.9 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 48.6 % | 51.4 % | 0 % | 0 % | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2005 | |||||||
1996–2005, USA/[73] | Capsular swelling/bl, pl/pneumococcal empyema | <18 years/1996–2000 | 24 | 14 (12.5 %) | 1 (45.8 %) | Not tested (8.3 %) | |
6B (8.3 %) | 6A (4.2 %) | ||||||
19F (8.3 %) | 19A (4.2 %) | ||||||
9V (4.2 %) | |||||||
23F (4.2 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 37.5 % | 54.2 % | 0 % | 8.3 % | |||
2001–2005 | 50 | 19F (6.0 %) | 1 (34.0 %) | 9N (2.0 %) | 28 (2.0 %) | ||
9V (4.0 %) | 3 (20.0 %) | 22 (2.0 %) | Not tested (8.0 %) | ||||
4 (2.0 %) | 19A (14.0 %) | ||||||
18C (2.0 %) | 7 (4.0 %) | ||||||
Subtotald
| 14.0 % | 72.0 % | 4.0 % | 10.0 % | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2006 | |||||||
1997–2006, USA/[35] | Capsular swelling/bl, pl/pneumococcal necrotizing pneumonia | <18 years/1997–2006 | 38 | 6B (5.2 %) | 3 (28.9 %) | 8 (2.6 %) | 19 (10.5 %) |
4 (2.6 %) | 19A (10.5 %) | 17 (2.6 %) | NT (5.3 %) | ||||
19F (2.6 %) | 1 (7.9 %) | NG (2.6 %) | |||||
6A (2.6 %) | 6 (2.6 %) | ||||||
7 (2.6 %) | 18 (2.6 %) | ||||||
28 (2.6 %) | |||||||
29/38/42 (2.6 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 10.4 % | 52.5 % | 5.2 % | 28.8 % | |||
1997–2000 | 5 | 6B (40.0 %) | 1 (20.0) | 0 | 0 | ||
19F (20.0 %) | 6A (20.0) | ||||||
Subtotald
| 60.0 % | 40.0 % | 0 % | 0 % | |||
2001–2006 | 27 | 4 (3.7 %) | 7 (40.7 %) | 8 (3.7 %) | 19 (14.8 %) | ||
19A (14.8 %) | 17 (3.7 %) | NG (3.7 %) | |||||
3 (7.4 %) | NT (7.4 %) | ||||||
Subtotald
| 3.7 % | 63.0 % | 7.4 % | 25.9 % | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2007 | |||||||
1993–2007, Utah, USA/[31] | Capsular swelling/bl, pl/pneumococcal empyema | <18 years/1993–1999 | 26 | 14 (15.4 %) | 1 (50.0 %) | Others (11.5 %) | |
9V (15.4 %) | |||||||
19F (3.8 %) | |||||||
18C (3.8 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 38.4 % | 50.0 % | 0 % | 11.5 % | |||
2001–2007 | 51 | 9V (2.0 %) | 1 (33.3 %) | 17 (2.0 %) | 38 (2.0 %) | ||
3 (27.5 %) | 22F (2.0 %) | Non-typeable (2.0 %) | |||||
19A (25.5 %) | |||||||
7F (3.9 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 2.0 % | 90.2 % | 4.0 % | 4.0 % | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2009 | |||||||
2007–2009, USA/[67] | Multiplex immunoassay/pl/CPP | 0.4–15 years | 49 | 6B (2.0 %) | 3 (26.5 %) | 8 (2.0 %) | Non-typeable (18.4 %) |
19A (22.4 %) | 33F/33A (2.0 %) | ||||||
7F/7A (14.3 %) | |||||||
1 (12.2 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 2.0 % | 75.5 % | 4.0 % | 18.4 % | |||
2009, Utah, USA/[64] | Real-time PCR/pl/pneumococcal empyema | <18 years | 45 | 7F (46.7 %) | Untyped (22.2 %) | ||
19A (13.3 %) | |||||||
3 (13.3 %) | |||||||
1 (4.4 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 0 % | 77.8 % | 0 % | 22.2 % | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2010 | |||||||
1997–2010, Utah, USA/[18] | Capsular swelling/bl, pl/CPP | <18 years/1997–2000 | 22 | PCV7 (40.9 %) | Other (59.1 %) | ||
Subtotald
| 40.9 % | 0 % | 0 % | 59.1 % | |||
2001–2010 | 127 | PCV7 (5.5 %) | 1 (19.7 %) | 22F (3.9 %) | Other (19.7 %) | ||
7F (18.9 %) | |||||||
19A (17.3 %) | |||||||
3 (16.5 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 5.5 % | 72.4 % | 3.9 % | 19.7 % | |||
South America | |||||||
Last year of surveillance: 2004 | |||||||
1998–2004, Uruguay/[76] | Latex agglutination/bl, pl/pneumococcal empyema | Children | 237 | 14 (24.1 %) | 1 (23.6 %) | 8 (0.8 %) | 18B (0.4 %) |
9V (3.8 %) | 5 (23.2 %) | 9N (0.8 %) | 7 (0.4 %) | ||||
6B (2.1 %) | 3 (10.1 %) | 12 (0.4 %) | |||||
19F (0.8 %) | 7F (3.4 %) | 10A (0.4 %) | |||||
4 (0.4 %) | 19A (3.0 %) | 15 (0.4 %) | |||||
6A (0.8 %) | 22 (0.4 %) | ||||||
33 (0.4 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 31.2 % | 64.1 % | 3.8 % | 0.8 % | |||
2002–2004, Uruguay/[66] | Quellung/pl/CPP | 0–14 years | 191 | n/a | 1 (26.2 %)e
| n/a | n/a |
Subtotald
| n/a | 26.2 % | n/a | n/a | |||
Europe | |||||||
Last year of surveillance: 2001 | |||||||
1997–2001, England/[8] | Latex agglutination; ELISA (PCV13 serotypes)/pl/pneumococcal empyema | 0.6–16.9 years | 43 | 14 (11.6 %) | 1 (39.5 %) | Negative (23.2 %) | |
3 (7.0 %) | Insufficient (18.6 %)f
| ||||||
Subtotald
| 11.6 % | 46.5 % | 0 % | 41.9 % | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2003 | |||||||
1997–2003, England/[55] | EIA (PCV13 serotypes)/bl, pl/pneumococcal cavitatory empyema | 0.5–16.9 years | 11 | 14 (18.2 %) | 1 (36.4 %) | ||
9V (18.2 %) | 3 (27.3 %) | ||||||
Subtotald
| 36.4 % | 63.7 % | 0 % | 0 % | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2004 | |||||||
2002–2004, France/[72] | Latex agglutination/bl, pl/pneumococcal empyema | <15 years | 30 | 14 (13.3 %) | 19A (26.7 %) | ||
23F (6.7 %) | 1 (23.3 %) | ||||||
6B (3.3 %) | 3 (10.0 %) | ||||||
9V (3.3 %) | 5 (6.7 %) | ||||||
18C (3.3 %) | 7F (3.3 %) | ||||||
Subtotald
| 30.0 % | 70.0 % | 0 % | 0 % | |||
2003–2004, England/[99] | ELISA (PCV13 serotypes)/pl/pneumococcal empyema | 0.8–14.8 years | 27 | 4 (14.8 %)g
| 1 (66.7 %) | ||
9V (3.7 %) | 3 (7.4 %) | ||||||
23F (3.7 %)g
| 7F (3.7 %) | ||||||
Subtotald
| 22.2 % | 77.8 % | 0 % | 0 % | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2006 | |||||||
1990–2006, Scotland/[57] | Not specified/bl, pl, sp/pneumococcal empyema | 0–14 years | 6 | n/a | 1 (50.0 %)e
| n/a | Not tested (50.0 %) |
Subtotald
| n/a | 50.0 % | n/a | n/a | |||
2004–2006, Spain/[101] | MLST/pl/pneumococcal empyema | <14 years | 27 | 14 (11.1 %) | 1 (29.6 %) | Other serotypes not confirmed (55.6 %) | |
19A (3.7 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 11.1 % | 33.3 % | 0 | 55.6 % | |||
2003–2006, Spain/[87] | Quellung, real-time PCR/bl, pl/pneumococcal empyema | <18 years | 111 | 14 (8.1 %) | 1 (47.7 %) | 8 (0.9 %) | |
9V (1.8 %) | 7F (12.6 %) | ||||||
19F (0.9 %) | 3 (10.8 %) | ||||||
5 (8.1 %) | |||||||
19A (7.2 %) | |||||||
6A (1.8 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 10.8 % | 89.1 % | 0.9 % | 0 | |||
2003–2006, Spain/[15] | Quellung/bl, pl/pneumococcal parapneumonic pleural effusion | <18 years | 27 | 14 (11.1 %) | 1 (37.0 %) | ||
6B (3.7 %) | 3 (14.8 %) | ||||||
9V (3.7 %) | 5 (14.8 %) | ||||||
19A (7.4 %) | |||||||
6A (3.7 %) | |||||||
7F (3.7 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 18.5 % | 81.5 % | 0 | 0 | |||
2003–2006, Spain/[93] | Real-time PCR/pl/pneumococcal empyema | Children | 67 | 14 (4.5 %) | 1 (34.3 %) | 8 (1.5 %) | Unknown (22.4 %) |
19F/B/C (1.5 %) | 7F/7A (16.4 %) 3 (11.9 %) 19A (4.5 %) 5 (3.0 %) | ||||||
Subtotald
| 6.0 % | 70.1 % | 1.5 % | 22.4 % | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2007 | |||||||
2007, France/[97] | Latex agglutination/pl, hospitalized patients with pneumococcal disease | 1 month to 12.6 years | 10 | 1 (50.5 %) | |||
19A (50.5 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 0 % | 100 % | 0 % | 0 % | |||
1997–2007, Spain/[86] | Quellung, real-time PCR (19A only, 1997–2001)/bl, pl/pneumococcal empyema | 1 month to 17 years | 1997–2001: 7 | n/a | 19A (0)e
| n/a | Other (100 %) |
2002–2004: 13 | 19A (7.7 %)e
| Other (92.3 %) | |||||
2005–2007: 34 | 19A (17.6 %)e
| Other (82.4 %) | |||||
Last year of surveillance: 2008 | |||||||
1989–2008, Spain, Barcelona/[68] | Quellung/bl, other sterile sites/pneumococcal empyema | <18 years | 68 | n/a | 1 (41.2 %) | n/a | Serotypes other than 1 (58.8 %) |
Subtotald
| n/a | 41.2 % | n/a | n/a | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2009 | |||||||
1992–2009, France/[77] | Not specified/bl, pl/pneumococcal pleural effusion | 6 months to 15 yearsh/2006–2009 | 4 | 19A (50.0 %) | |||
1 (25.0 %) | |||||||
5 (25.0 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 0 % | 100 % | 0 % | 0 % | |||
2000–2009, France/[52] | Not specified/bl, pl/CPP | 0–18 years/2000–2006 | 3 | 19A (33.3 %) | Unknown (66.7 %) | ||
Subtotald
| n/a | 33.3 % | n/a | n/a | |||
2006–2009 | 8 | 1 (50.0 %) | Unknown (12.5 %) | ||||
19A (25.0 %) | |||||||
3 (12.5 %) | |||||||
Subtotal d
| n/a | 87.5 % | n/a | n/a | |||
2007–2009, Italy/[32] | Real-time PCR/bl/CPP | 0–16 years | 36 | 14 (5.6 %) | 1 (50.0 %) | 20 (2.8 %) | Non-typeable (2.8 %) |
18 (5.6 %) | 3 (13.9 %) | ||||||
6 (2.8 %) | 19A (11.1 %) | ||||||
9V (2.8 %) | 7F (2.8 %) | ||||||
Subtotald
| 16.7 % | 77.8 % | 2.8 % | 2.8 % | |||
2005–2009, Spain/[88] | Quellung; PCR of culture-negative specimens/bl, pl/pneumococcal empyema | <14 years/2005–2009 | 104 | 14 (2.9 %) | 1 (42.3 %) | 12A (1.0 %) | |
9V (1.0 %) | 7F (20.2 %) | ||||||
19F (1.0 %) | 3 (16.3 %) | ||||||
19A (7.7 %) | |||||||
5 (6.7 %) | |||||||
6A (1.0 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 4.8 % | 94.2 % | 0 % | 1.0 % | |||
2005–2007 | 53 | 14 (3.8 %) | 1 (43.4 %) | ||||
19F (1.9 %) | 7F (26.4 %) | ||||||
3 (15.1 %) | |||||||
19A (3.8 %) | |||||||
5 (3.8 %) | |||||||
6A (1.9 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 5.7 % | 94.3 % | 0 % | 0 % | |||
2007–2009 | 51 | 14 (2.0 %) | 1 (41.2 %) | 12A (2.0 %) | |||
9V (2.0 %) | 3 (17.6 %) | ||||||
7F (13.7 %) | |||||||
19A (11.8 %) | |||||||
5 (9.8 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 3.9 % | 94.1 % | 0 % | 2.0 % | |||
2006–2009, Spain/[51] | Real-time PCR/pl/pneumococcal empyema | Children (mean age 6.5 years) | 28 | 6B (7.1 %) | 1 (35.7 %) | n/a | Unknown serotype (14.3 %) |
9V (7.1 %) | 7F (10.7 %) | ||||||
14 (3.8 %) | 19A (10.7 %) | ||||||
23F (3.8 %) | 3 (7.1 %) | ||||||
Subtotald
| 21.4 % | 64.3 % | n/a | n/a | |||
2007–2009, Spain/[44] | Quellung; real-time PCR if culture-negative/bl, pl/pneumococcal empyema | 3–59 months | 189 | Specific PVC7 serotypes were not specified (2.6 %) | 1 (24.9 %) | n/a | Other serotypes not specified (39.7 %) |
3 (14.8 %) | |||||||
19A (14.3 %) | |||||||
7F (3.7 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 2.6 % | 57.7 % | n/a | n/a | |||
Quellung, PCR/bl, pl/pneumococcal empyema | <15 years | 100 | 1 (38.0 %) | Other serotypes not specified (19.0 %) | |||
5 (15.0 %) | |||||||
19A (11.0 %) | |||||||
7F (9.0 %) | |||||||
3 (8.0 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| n/a | 81.0 % | n/a | n/a | |||
1998–2009, Spain/[78] | Latex agglutination bl, CSF, pl, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid/pneumococcal empyema | <16 years | 22 | n/a | 19A (13.6 %)e
| n/a | n/a |
Subtotald
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |||
2008–2009, UK/[62] | Not specified/pl/pneumococcal empyema with or without fistula | <17 years/bronchopleural fistula | 13 | 3 (76.9 %) 19 (7.7 %) | Unidentified (7.7 %) Not tested (7.7 %) | ||
Subtotald
| n/a | 84.6 % | n/a | n/a | |||
Empyema without fistula | 15 | 1 (46.7 %) | Unidentified (6.7 %) | ||||
3 (6.7 %) | Not tested (33.3 %) | ||||||
7A/F (6.7 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| n/a | 60.0 % | n/a | n/a | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2010 | |||||||
2009–2010, France/[84] | Latex agglutination; multiplex PCR/bl, pl/pneumococcal empyema | 0.8–14.7 years | 11 | 19A (54.5 %) | |||
1 (18.2 %) | |||||||
7F/A (18.2 %) | |||||||
3 (9.1 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 0 % | 100 % | 0 % | 0 % | |||
2006–2010, Spain/[89] | Latex agglutination/bl, pl, brpneumococcal empyema | Children (age range not otherwise specified) | 1 | n/a | 7F (100 %) | n/a | n/a |
Subtotald
| 0 % | 100 % | 0 % | 0 % | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2011 | |||||||
2006–2011, UK/[94] | Multiplex polysaccharide antigen detection assay/pl (culture-negative)/pneumococcal empyema | 0–16 years | 136 | n/a | 1 (43 %) 3 (21 %) 7 (11 %) 19A (10 %) | n/a | n/a |
Subtotald
| n/a | 85 % | n/a | n/a | |||
2009–2011, UK/[75] | RT-PCR/pl/pneumococcal empyema | ≤16 years | 18 | n/a | 1 (38.9 %) | Non-typeable: 5.6 % | |
3 (27.8 %) | |||||||
19A (22.2 %) | |||||||
7A/F (5.6 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 0 % | 94.4 % | 0 % | 5.6 % | |||
2008–2011, Italy/[37] | Real-time PCR (PCV13 serotypes)/bl/CPP | ≤5 years | 18 | 4 (5.6 %) | 19A (33.3 %) | Untypeable or other serotype (33.3 %) | |
14 (5.6 %) | 3 (11.1 %) | ||||||
7F (5.6 %) | |||||||
1 (5.6 %) | |||||||
Subtotal d
| 11.2 % | 55.6 % | 0 % | 33.3 % | |||
2007–2011, Spain/[46] | Quellung; real-time PCR/bl, pl/bacteremic pneumococcal empyema | <15 years | 209 | n/a | 1 (41.6 %)e
| n/a | n/a |
Subtotald
| n/a | 41.6 %e
| n/a | n/a | |||
2010–2011, Turkey/[60] | Multiple antigen testing (PCV13 serotypes/serogroups and serotype 8)/pneumococcal empyema | 0–18 years | 55 | 19F (5.5 %) | 1 (14.5 %) | 8 (5.5 %) | 18 (1.8 %) |
6B (3.6 %) | 5 (12.7 %) | Non-classified (36.4 %) | |||||
14 (3.6 %) | 3 (9.1 %) | ||||||
9V (1.8 %) | 7F (1.8 %) | ||||||
23F (1.8 %) | 19A (1.8 %) | ||||||
Subtotald
| 16.4 % | 40.0 % | 5.5 % | 38.2 % | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2012 | |||||||
2007–2012, Spain/[49] | Quellung, real-time PCR | <15 years/2007-2010 | 167 | Individual PCV7 serotypes not specified (4.2 %) | 1 (39.5 %) | n/a | Other serotypes not specified (16.8 %) |
19A (15.6 %) | |||||||
5 (9.6 %) | |||||||
3 (9.0 %) | |||||||
7F (5.4 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 4.2 % | 83.2 % | n/a | n/a | |||
2011–2012 | 32 | n/a | 1 (37.5 %) | n/a | Other serotypes not specified (34.4 %) | ||
3 (15.6 %) | |||||||
7F (12.5 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| n/a | 65.6 % | n/a | n/a | |||
Middle East/North Africa | |||||||
Last year of surveillance: 1997 | |||||||
1986–1997, Israel/[33] | Not specified/not specified/CPP | 0–16 years | 22 | n/a | 1 (31.8 %)e
| n/a | n/a |
Subtotald
| n/a | 31.8 %e
| n/a | n/a | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2002 | |||||||
1990–2002, Israel/[14] | Quellung/bl, pl/CPP | 0–18 years | 11 | 4 (25.0 %) | 1 (62.5 %) | ||
5 (12.5 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 25.0 % | 75.0 % | 0 % | 0 % | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2009 | |||||||
2000–2009, Israel/[69] | Quellung/bl/pneumococcal bacteremic pneumonia with pleural effusion | <18 years | 28 | 14 (14.3 %) | 1 (53.6 %) | None | None |
19F (3.6 %) | 5 (17.9 %) | ||||||
19A (7.1 %) | |||||||
6A (3.6 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 17.9 % | 82.1 % | 0 % | 0 % | |||
2000–2009, Israel/[79] | Not specified/pl, bl/pneumococcal empyema | 2 months to 18 years | 8 | 9V (25.0 %) | 5 (37.5 %) | None | None |
4 (12.5 %) | 3 (12.5 %) | ||||||
14 (12.5 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 50.0 % | 50.0 % | 0 % | 0 % | |||
Asia-Pacific | |||||||
Last year of surveillance: 2003 | |||||||
1995–2003, Taiwan/[9] | Slide agglutination/bl, pl/CPP | 9–144 months | 19 | 14 (68.4 %) | |||
6 (21.1 %) | |||||||
23 (10.5 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 100 % | 0 % | 0 % | 0 % | |||
1998–2003, Taiwan/[80] | Slide agglutination/bl, pl/CPP | 9–85 months | 10 | 14 (50.0 %) | 3 (30.0 %) | ||
18C (10.0 %) | 6A (10.0 %) | ||||||
Subtotald
| 60.0 % | 40.0 % | 0 % | 0 % | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2004 | |||||||
1997–2004, Singapore/[41] | Quellung/bl, pl/invasive pneumococcal pneumonia or empyema | 3 months to 19.5 years | 62i
| 14 (33.9 %) | 6A (8.1 %) | ||
6B (17.7 %) | 19A (4.8 %) | ||||||
6j (3.2 %) | 1 (1.6 %) | ||||||
23F (17.7 %) | |||||||
19F (4.8 %) | |||||||
19j (3.2 %) | |||||||
18j (4.8 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 74.2 % | 14.5 % | n/a | n/a | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2009 | |||||||
2007–2009, Australia/[58] | Multiplex PCR/bl, pl/pneumococcal empyema | 0.4–15.5 months | 55j
| 14 (1.8 %) | 19A (36.4 %) | 22F/22A (3.6 %) | 6C (1.8 %) |
9V/A (1.8 %) | 3 (32.7 %) | 15F (1.8 %) | |||||
1 (14.5 %) | 21 (1.8 %) | ||||||
7F/7A (3.6 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 3.6 % | 87.3 % | 3.6 % | 5.5 % | |||
2007–2009, Australia/[59] | Multiplex PCR/pl/pneumococcal empyema | ≤16 years | 29 | 9V/9A (3.4 %) | 19A (41.4 %) | 22F/22A (6.9 %) | None |
3 (31.0 %) | |||||||
1 (13.8 %) | |||||||
7F/7A (3.4 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 3.4 % | 89.7 % | 6.9 % | 0 % | |||
2006–2009, Taiwan/[102] | MLST/bl, pl/pneumococcal necrotizing pneumonia | <18 years | 12 | 14 (75.0 %) | 19A (16.7 %) | None | None |
3 (8.3 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 75.0 % | 25.0 % | 0 % | 0 % | |||
2008–2009, Taiwan/[53] | Quellung, multiplex PCR/bl, pl/pneumococcal empyema, or pneumococcal parapneumonic pleural effusion | <18 years/empyema | 33 | 14 (12.1 %) | 19A (42.4 %) | Unknown (24.2 %) | |
6B (6.1 %) | 3 (12.0 %) | ||||||
1 (3.0 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 18.2 % | 57.6 % | n/a | n/a | |||
Parapneumonic pleural effusion | 20 | 6B (5.0 %) | 19A (20.0 %) | 23A (5.0 %) | |||
14 (5.0 %) | 3 (5.0 %) | Unknown (60.0 %) | |||||
Subtotald
| 10.0 % | 25.0 % | n/a | n/a | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2010 | |||||||
2003–2010, Korea/[54] | Multiplex PCR/pl/pneumococcal empyema | 29–124.5 months | 13 | 14 (7.7 %) | 19A (46.2 %) | 34 (7.7 %) | |
1 (7.7 %) | Untypeable (30.8 %) | ||||||
Subtotald
| 7.7 % | 53.8 % | 0 % | 38.5 % | |||
1998–2010, Taiwan/[48] | Quellung/bl, pl/CPP | <18 years | 31 | 14 (32.3 %) | 3 (35.5 %) | ||
6B (12.9 %) | 19A (12.9 %) | ||||||
9V (6.5 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 51.6 % | 48.4 % | 0 % | 0 % | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2011 | |||||||
2007–2011, Taiwan/[83] | Latex agglutination/bl, pl/pneumococcal necrotizing pneumonia, pneumococcal empyema | <18 years/necrotizing pneumonia | 13 | n/a | 19A (69.2 %)e
| n/a | n/a |
Subtotald
| Empyema | 31 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
n/a | 19A (71.0 %)e
| n/a | n/a | ||||
Subtotald
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |||
B. Adults | |||||||
North America | |||||||
Last year of surveillance: 2010 | |||||||
2000–2010, Texas, USA/[40] | Agglutination; Quellung/source not specified/necrotizing pneumococcal pneumonia | Adults | 16 | 9V (12.5 %) | 3 (31.2 %) | 12F (6.2 %) | 15A (6.2 %) |
6B (6.2 %) | 9N (6.2 %) | 33A (6.2 %) | |||||
19F (6.2 %) | 15B (6.2 %) | Other (not specified) (6.2 %) | |||||
23F (6.2 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 31.2 % | 31.2 % | 18.8 % | 18.8 % | |||
2009–2010, Utah, USA/[82] | Not specified/bl, pl/pneumococcal empyema | ≥18 years | 6 | n/a | 19A (50.0 %)e
| n/a | n/a |
7F (33.3 %)e
| |||||||
Subtotald
| n/a | 83.3 % | n/a | n/a | |||
Europe | |||||||
Last year of surveillance: 2007 | |||||||
2007, France/[97] | Latex agglutination; multiplex PCR/pl, hospitalized patients with pneumococcal disease | ≥15 years | 12 | n/a | 19A (33.3 %)e
| n/a | n/a |
Subtotald
| n/a | 33.3 % | n/a | n/a | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2009 | |||||||
1996–2009, Spain/[17] | Quellung/bl, pl/pneumococcal empyema | >18 years/1996–2001 | 61 | 9V (6.6 %) | 3 (24.6 %) | 8 (6.6 %) | Other (11.5 %) |
14 (6.6 %) | 1 (14.8 %) | ||||||
4 (1.6 %) | 7F (9.8 %) | ||||||
19F (1.6 %) | 6A (8.2 %) | ||||||
Other PCV7 serotypes (8.2 %) | 5 (3.3 %) | ||||||
19A (3.3 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 24.6 % | 57.4 % | 6.6 % | 11.5 % | |||
2005–2009 | 60 | 14 (5.0 %) | 1 (43.3 %)k
| 8 (1.7 %) | Other (10.0 %) | ||
4 (3.3 %) | 3 (13.3 %) | ||||||
19F (3.3 %) | 7F (6.7 %) | ||||||
9V (1.7 %) | 6A (5 %) | ||||||
Other PCV7 serotypes not listed (1.7 %) | 5 (3.3 %) | ||||||
19A (1.7 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 15.0 % | 73.3 % | 1.7 % | 10.0 % | |||
2006–2009, Spain/[39] | Multiplex real-time PCR/bl, pl, sp/CPP | Adults | 52 | 14 (7.7 %) | 1 (32.7 %) | 12F (5.8 %) | 9A (1.9 %) |
4 (3.8 %) | 19A (21.2 %) | 10A (1.9 %) | 31 (1.9 %) | ||||
9V (3.8 %) | 3 (9.6 %) | ||||||
5 (5.8 %) | |||||||
6A (1.9 %) | |||||||
7F (1.9 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 15.4 % | 73.1 % | 7.7 % | 3.8 % | |||
Last year of surveillance: 2010 | |||||||
1996–2010, Spain/[47] | Dot blot; Quellung/bl, pl/pneumococcal empyema | 18–64 years | 68 | 19F (4.4 %) | 1 (25.0 %) | 8 (2.9 %) | 23A (2.9 %) |
23F (4.4 %) | 3 (11.7 %) | 22 (2.9 %) | Other (16.2 %) | ||||
4 (2.9 %) | 7F (5.9 %) | ||||||
6B (2.9 %) | 5 (4.4 %) | ||||||
9V (2.9 %) | 19A (4.4 %) | ||||||
18C (2.9 %) | 6A (2.9 %) | ||||||
Subtotald
| n/ae
| 54.4 % | n/ae
| 19.1 % | |||
2006–2010, Spain/[89] | Latex agglutination/bl, pl, brpneumococcal empyema | Adults (age range not otherwise specified) | 4 | 1 (50.0 %) | |||
3 (25.0 %) | |||||||
19A (25.0 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 0 % | 100 % | 0 % | 0 % | |||
C. All ages | |||||||
Asia-Pacific | |||||||
Last year of surveillance: 2000 | |||||||
1996–2000, India/[81] | Co-agglutination/bl, pl/pneumococcal empyema | 0–65 years | 19 | 23 (5.3 %) | 1 (47.4 %) | Other (10.5 %) | |
5 (10.5 %) | Untypeable (21.1 %) | ||||||
3 (5.3 %) | |||||||
Subtotald
| 5.3 % | 63.2 % | n/a | n/a |