Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology 4/2010

Open Access 01.12.2010 | Original Article

Nonoperative treatment of closed displaced midshaft clavicle fractures

verfasst von: Cesare Faldini, Matteo Nanni, Danilo Leonetti, Francesco Acri, Claudio Galante, Deianira Luciani, Sandro Giannini

Erschienen in: Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology | Ausgabe 4/2010

download
DOWNLOAD
print
DRUCKEN
insite
SUCHEN

Abstract

Background

Closed displaced midshaft clavicle fractures used to be treated nonoperatively, and many studies have reported that nonoperative treatment gave good results. However, more recent studies have reported poorer results following nonoperative treatment, whereas the results of operative treatment have improved considerably. The aim of this paper was to report the results of treating closed displaced midshaft clavicle fractures nonoperatively.

Materials and methods

One hundred Edinburgh type 2B clavicle fractures (69 type 2B1 and 31 type 2B2) in 100 patients (78 males and 22 females) aged between 18 and 67 years (mean 32 years) were treated. All patients were treated using a figure-of-eight bandage. Clinical and radiographic assessment was performed at the time of trauma, 1, 2 and 3 months after the trauma, and then at an average follow-up of 3 years (range 1–5 years). The outcome was rated at the last follow-up using the DASH score.

Results

Ninety-seven of the 100 fractures healed. Three nonunions were observed. Average healing time was 9 weeks (range 8–12 weeks). No statistically significant correlation between the type of fracture and the healing time was observed. The average DASH score was 24 (range 0–78) and, based on this score, 81 patients presented excellent results, 12 good, 5 fair, and 2 poor. No statistically significant correlation between the type of the fracture and the score was observed.

Conclusions

We believe that nonoperative treatment is still appropriate in most cases, as it yields good results without incurring the potential complications of surgery.

Introduction

The clavicle provides the junction between the chest and the upper limb, so it plays an important role in the whole function of the shoulder girdle. Morphologically, the clavicle normally presents a characteristic S-like shape resulting from the junction of two opposite curves at the level of the midshaft. The bone is thinner and consequently weaker at this junction, which is why most fractures occur at this level [13].
Fractures of the clavicle are common, and account for 2–15% of all adult fractures and 33–45% of all injuries involving the shoulder girdle [1, 46]. The midshaft is the most frequently affected site, encompassing 69–82% of all clavicle fractures, and most fractures that occur in the midshaft are displaced [1, 2]. The literature reports two peaks of incidence: the first (and largest) is associated with young active males, whereas the second is associated with elderly individuals, with a slight female predominance [2, 4, 7].
Clavicle fractures are often a consequence of direct trauma (e.g., a fall) to the shoulder, where the force typically propagates along the axis of the clavicle from the acromioclavicular to the sternoclavicular joint [8]. Clinical aspects of clavicle fractures typically include pain over the site of the lesion, with visible deformity of the bone’s profile due to the downward displacement of the lateral fragment under the weight of the shoulder and the upward displacement of the medial fragment due to the action of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The diagnosis of clavicle fracture is usually confirmed by an anteroposterior view radiograph. Functional impairment of the shoulder and the upper limb can be extremely variable; nevertheless, the whole limb should be carefully evaluated, especially to exclude associated lesions involving the brachial plexus or the subclavian vessels, even though this kind of injury is rare [9, 10]. A careful clinical and radiographic assessment is also necessary to exclude associated chest injuries, such as pneumothorax or hemothorax, which are reported in the literature to occur at rates of up to 3% [1, 11].
In the past few years, various classifications have been proposed for clavicle fractures [12, 13]. The Edinburgh classification [2] was proposed recently and has since been widely accepted. This classifies clavicle fractures according to the anatomical site involved (medial end, midshaft, lateral end), articular involvement (sternoclavicular or acromioclavicular joint), displacement, and extent of comminution (Table 1).
Table 1
The Edinburgh classification of clavicle fractures
Type 1 medial-end fracture
1 A—undisplaced
1 A 1—extra-articular
1 A 2—intra-articular
1 B—displaced
1 B 1—extra-articular
1 B 2—intra-articular
Type 2 shaft fracture
2 A—cortical alignment
2 A 1—undisplaced
2 A 2—angulated
2 B—displaced
2 B 1—simple or wedge comminuted
2 B 2—isolated or comminuted segmental
Type 3 lateral-end fracture
3 A—cortical alignment
3 A 1—extra-articular
3 A 2—intra-articular
3 B—displaced
3 B 1—extra-articular
3 B 2—intra-articular
Historically, clavicle fractures used to be treated nonoperatively [1, 13]. Even for displaced fractures, the literature generally reports a high rate of good results with a low nonunion rate [1315]. On the other hand, recent studies have reported poorer functional outcomes with nonunion rates of up to 20% for displaced, comminuted midshaft fractures treated nonoperatively, whereas the results of operative treatment have improved considerably [1620]. Thus, while there is general agreement that undisplaced clavicle fractures should be treated nonoperatively, the choice of treatment for displaced fractures is still widely debated.
Therefore, the aim of this paper was to report the results of treating 100 closed displaced midshaft clavicle fractures nonoperatively.

Materials and methods

This study was authorized by the ethical committee of Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, and it was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki, as revised in 2000. All patients gave informed consent to participate in this study.
Between 2004 and 2006, 100 clavicle fractures were treated in 100 patients (78 males and 22 females). Average age was 32 years (range 18–67 years). None of the patients had sustained a clavicle fracture before. The right side was involved in 68 cases and the left side in the remaining 32. In 72 cases the fracture affected the dominant limb (Table 2).
Table 2
Demographic data of the series considered in this study
 
Patients
Average age
Type of fracture
Side involved
Dominant limb involvement
2 B 1
2 B 2
Right
Left
Males
78
32 (18–67)
52
26
54
24
58
Females
22
31 (20–51)
17
5
14
8
14
Total
100
32 (18–67)
69
31
68
32
72
All fractures were due to a high-energy trauma: a road accident in 48 cases, a sporting accident in 22 cases, an accident at work in 18 cases, and a domestic accident in 12 cases. All patients came to our emergency room, where they were clinically and radiographically evaluated. Clinically, an altered clavicle profile with a palpable prominence of the fractured bone was present, associated with pain and swelling around the site of the fracture, and with variable functional impairment. The function of the shoulder girdle—particularly in relation to the sternoclavicular and the acromioclavicular joints—was carefully evaluated, as well as the function of the whole upper limb, principally to exclude potential neurologic or vascular lesions. Patients presenting associated injuries, open clavicular fractures and neurologic or vascular lesions were excluded from this series.
Radiographic evaluation was performed with standard radiographs. All of the patients considered in this series presented a displaced midshaft clavicle fracture of type 2B according to the Edinburgh classification [2]. Sixty-nine fractures were classified as type 2B1 and 31 as type 2B2.
A figure-of-eight bandage was applied in all cases (Fig. 1), and radiography was performed after applying the bandage in order to check the alignment of the fragments. Patients were taught about the correct use of the bandage—in particular, how to maintain its proper position and avoid axillary pressure sores and compression of the neurovascular bundle—and active movements of the elbow and the hand were prescribed. All patients were finally discharged and then monitored as outpatients.
For each patient, clinical and radiographic assessments were performed at 1, 2 and 3 months after the trauma, and then at the last available follow-up. Four of the authors (MN, DL, FA, CG), who were not directly involved in the treatment, independently evaluated each radiograph. Afterwards, each evaluation was compared with the evaluations performed by the other observers. When there were differing opinions among the four observers, a combined assessment was performed and agreement was reached. The figure-of-eight bandage was maintained all of the time until radiographic evidence of callus formation. During this period, shoulder movements were forbidden, while active movements of the elbow (flexion–extension), of the forearm (pronation–supination), of the wrist (flexion–extension), and of the hand were prescribed in order to prevent contractures (particularly in flexion of the elbow and pronation of the forearm) and peripheral edema. Also, isometric deltoid exercises were advised in order to preserve the tone of the muscle (phase 0). After radiographic evidence of callus, the patients were encouraged to perform mild, progressive, passive (with the help of a physiotherapist) and active mobilization of the injured shoulder girdle—without resistance and according to pain—in all planes, avoiding maximal range of motion in abduction, adduction, and rotations. Also, they were invited to gradually remove the figure-of-eight bandage (phase 1). After radiographic evidence of bone bridging at the fracture site, the bandage was completely removed and physiotherapy for the upper limb was prescribed, with active full range of motion and resistance exercises of the shoulder (phase 2).
The fracture healing was assessed via both clinical and radiographic parameters: absence of pain or tenderness on palpation at the site of the fracture, recovered motion of the shoulder girdle without pain, and radiographic evidence of bone continuity with obliteration of the fracture line. Once the healing of the fracture had been clinically and radiographically assessed, a complete physiotherapy program including active movements and muscle strengthening was prescribed in order to progressively regain the complete function of the shoulder girdle (phase 3).
All patients were finally checked at an average follow-up of 3 years (range 1–5 years) after trauma. At the last follow-up, the clinical evaluation was repeated and four of the authors (MN, DL, FA, CG) independently rated the outcome using the DASH (disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand) score [21] (Table 3).
Table 3
Disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand questionnaire
 
No difficulty
Mild difficulty
Moderate difficulty
Severe difficulty
Unable
Patients rated their ability to perform the following activities during the last week
1
Open a tight or new jar
1
2
3
4
5
2
Write
1
2
3
4
5
3
Turn a key
1
2
3
4
5
4
Prepare a meal
1
2
3
4
5
5
Push open a heavy door
1
2
3
4
5
6
Place an object on a shelf above your head
1
2
3
4
5
7
Do heavy household chores (e.g., wash walls, wash floors)
1
2
3
4
5
8
Garden or do yard work
1
2
3
4
5
9
Make a bed
1
2
3
4
5
10
Carry a shopping bag or briefcase
1
2
3
4
5
11
Carry a heavy object (over 10 lbs)
1
2
3
4
5
12
Change a lightbulb overhead
1
2
3
4
5
13
Wash or blow-dry your hair
1
2
3
4
5
14
Wash your back
1
2
3
4
5
15
Put on a pullover sweater
1
2
3
4
5
16
Use a knife to cut food
1
2
3
4
5
17
Recreational activities which require little effort (e.g., cardplaying, knitting, etc.)
1
2
3
4
5
18
Recreational activities in which you take some force or impact through your arm, shoulder or hand (e.g., golf, hammering, tennis, etc.)
1
2
3
4
5
19
Recreational activities in which you move your arm freely (e.g., playing frisbee, badminton, etc.)
1
2
3
4
5
20
Manage transportation needs (getting from one place to another)
1
2
3
4
5
21
Sexual activities
1
2
3
4
5
  
Not at all
Slightly
Moderately
Quite a bit
Extremely
22
During the past week, to what extent has your arm, shoulder or hand problem interfered with your normal social activities with family, friends, neighbors or groups?
1
2
3
4
5
  
Not limited at all
Slightly limited
Moderately limited
Very limited
Unable
23
During the past week, were you limited in your work or other regular daily activities as a result of your arm, shoulder or hand problem?
1
2
3
4
5
  
None
Mild
Moderate
Severe
Extreme
Patients must rate the severity of the following symptoms in the last week
24
Arm, shoulder or hand pain
1
2
3
4
5
25
Arm, shoulder or hand pain when you performed any specific activity
1
2
3
4
5
26
Tingling (pins and needles) in your arm, shoulder or hand
1
2
3
4
5
27
Weakness in your arm, shoulder or hand
1
2
3
4
5
28
Stiffness in your arm, shoulder or hand
1
2
3
4
5
  
No difficulty
Mild difficulty
Moderate difficulty
Severe difficulty
So much difficulty that I can’t sleep
29
During the past week, how much difficulty have you had sleeping because of the pain in your arm, shoulder or hand?
1
2
3
4
5
  
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Neither agree nor disagree
Agree
Strongly agree
30
I feel less capable, less confident or less useful because of my arm, shoulder or hand problem
1
2
3
4
5
DASH disability/symptom score = https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10195-010-0113-z/MediaObjects/10195_2010_113_Article_IEq1.gif
The DASH score may not be calculated if there are more than three missing items
DASH score
0–25
26–50
51–75
76–100
  
Rating
Excellent
Good
Fair
Poor
  
For each patient, we noted the healing time of the fracture, the clinical score at last follow-up, the time taken before they resumed their previous daily activities, job, or sport, and any complaints. We evaluated whether there was a correlation between the type of the fracture and the healing time using Spearman’s rho, and whether there was a correlation between the type of the fracture and the functional outcome at follow-up using the chi-square test. For all tests, P < 0.05 was considered significant. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)® software, version 9.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Results

Ninety-seven of the 100 fractures healed. Three nonunions were observed. Excluding cases of nonunion, the average fracture healing time was 9 weeks (range 8–12 weeks; Fig. 2). No statistically significant correlation between the fracture type and the healing time was observed. Variable residual prominence of the bone profile associated with a slight shortening of the clavicle was noticeable in all cases.
The average DASH score was 24 (range 0-78) and, based on this score, 81 patients presented excellent clinical results, 12 good, 5 fair, and 2 poor. No statistically significant correlation between the type of the fracture and the score was observed.
At last follow-up, 77 patients did not complain of any pain, while 23 referred to occasional pain, particularly after prolonged activity. Eighty-one patients presented complete or almost complete function of the shoulder girdle, while 19 presented slight restriction of function. Two patients complained of a loss of strength in the injured shoulder.
Patients resumed their daily activities after an average of 6 weeks (range 5–7 weeks) from the trauma, and their original work activities after an average of 7 weeks (range 6–8 weeks) from the trauma for sedentary jobs and an average of 10 weeks (range 9–12 weeks) for strenuous jobs. Patients who practiced sports resumed their activities after an average of 10 weeks (range 9–11 weeks) following the trauma. Eighty-one patients did not report any limitation in their performance of daily activities, 17 reported mild limitation, and two reported moderate limitation. No difficulty in performing work activities was reported by 77 patients, mild difficulty was reported by 21 patients, and severe difficulty was reported by two patients, who had to reduce their workloads.
Regarding aesthetic concerns, seven female patients complained about the presence of the residual bone prominence, whereas no complaints were reported by male patients. None of the patients underwent further treatment, even in the cases with failed fracture healing.

Discussion

Traditionally, the treatment of clavicle fractures has been nonoperative [1, 13]. Until recently, the literature reported a high rate of good outcomes with a low rate of nonunions following nonoperative treatment, and there was no evidence of functional benefits resulting from surgery in comparison with nonoperative treatment [1, 13, 22, 23]. Nevertheless, many authors have recently suggested operative treatment for clavicle fractures, particularly in the case of high displacement or comminution, and have reported lower rates of nonunion and better functional outcomes for operative treatment [1618, 20].
Based on the results of this study, we believe that the treatment of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures should account for various factors, including not only the clinical and radiographic aspects of the fracture but also the characteristics of the patient, such as their general clinical condition, their compliance with the treatment, their functional requirements and their expectations. Nonoperative treatment using a figure-of-eight bandage is simple to carry out. Nevertheless, this device is not able to achieve anatomical reduction of the fracture, and moreover the risk of axillary pressure sores with compression of the neurovascular bundle may produce significant discomfort for the patient. On the other hand, surgical treatment may allow the anatomical reduction of the fracture and sometimes a quicker recovery. However, surgical treatment is associated with many more possible complications [7, 20, 2428]. The main potential surgical complication is a lesion of the subclavian vessels or the brachial plexus. Despite the fact that the risk of this complication is rarely described in the literature [7, 24, 26], the occurrence of this kind of injury may represent a surgical emergency, requiring the intervention of the vascular surgeon or the neurosurgeon. Furthermore, surgery presents an associated risk of infection, wound-healing complications, and failure of the fixation device. Sometimes, when the patient is young and active, the prospect of an earlier return to work, sport or recreational activity can direct the choice of treatment to surgery. These patients should be properly informed of the risks and the actual possibilities of surgical treatment.
Patients usually respond satisfactorily to self-administrated physiotherapy, without needing specific medical supervision [7]. When the figure-of-eight bandage is applied, patients are taught about the care they must take to avoid shoulder movements while performing active self-mobilization of the elbow, the wrist and the hand; afterwards, when rehabilitation of the shoulder girdle must be undertaken, patients are initially helped by a physiotherapist (home care or outpatient sessions) and then, once they have been adequately taught the correct exercises to perform, they continue the physiotherapy by themselves. In our series, most of the patients tolerated nonoperative treatment with a figure-of-eight bandage well, they easily completed the rehabilitation program, and they returned early to their previous activities.
The functional consequences of clavicle shortening are controversial [17, 19, 2830]. Hill et al. [17] reported that unsatisfactory results were significantly associated with a clavicle shortening of 20 mm or greater. McKee et al. [19] observed a higher prevalence of dissatisfaction and residual disability in patients with a clavicle shortening of greater than 20 mm. Chan et al. [30] suggested a potential association between clavicle shortening and shoulder dysfunction. On the other hand, other authors have reported that permanent post-traumatic shortening of the clavicle has no clinical relevance. Judd et al. [28], in a comparison study between operative and nonoperative management of clavicle fractures, did not observe a significant difference between late functional outcome of patients with a clavicle shortening of greater than 20 mm and late functional outcome of patients with a clavicle shortening of less than 20 mm. Nordqvist et al. [29], in a 5-year follow-up study, affirmed that permanent shortening of the clavicle has no clinical significance, even though it is common after a fracture. Despite the fact that the healing of the fractures in our series always occurred with some degree of angulation and slight shortening of the clavicle, most patients did not complain of any functional limitation, and they tolerated the residual bone prominence well (Fig. 3).
The main limitation of this study relates to patient selection, since we considered a series of patients with a wide range of ages, and we are aware that the healing time of a fracture, as well as functional requirements, can vary greatly between younger and older patients. Furthermore, we rated the functional outcome using a score that does not include objective shoulder function parameters, such as strength and range of motion.
In conclusion, while we are aware that the treatment of closed displaced midshaft clavicle fractures is still debated in the literature, we believe that nonoperative treatment is still appropriate in most cases, as it yields results that are as good as those achieved through surgical treatment in terms of bone healing, functional outcome and patient satisfaction, but without the potential complications of surgery. Therefore, we recommend surgical treatment for closed displaced midshaft clavicle fractures only when vascular or neurologic complications are in progress, thus representing a surgical emergency.

Conflict of interest

None.

Open Access

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​2.​0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Rowe CR (1968) An atlas of anatomy and treatment of mid-clavicular fractures. Clin Orthop 58:29–42PubMedCrossRef Rowe CR (1968) An atlas of anatomy and treatment of mid-clavicular fractures. Clin Orthop 58:29–42PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Robinson CM (1998) Fractures of the clavicle in the adult. Epidemiology and classification. J Bone Joint Surg Br 80:476–484PubMedCrossRef Robinson CM (1998) Fractures of the clavicle in the adult. Epidemiology and classification. J Bone Joint Surg Br 80:476–484PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Havet E, Duparc F, Tobenas-Dujardin AC, Muller JM, Delas B, Freger P (2008) Vascular anatomical basis of clavicular non-union. Surg Radiol Anat 30:23–28PubMedCrossRef Havet E, Duparc F, Tobenas-Dujardin AC, Muller JM, Delas B, Freger P (2008) Vascular anatomical basis of clavicular non-union. Surg Radiol Anat 30:23–28PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Nordqvist A, Petersson C (1994) The incidence of fractures of the clavicle. Clin Orthop 300:127–132PubMed Nordqvist A, Petersson C (1994) The incidence of fractures of the clavicle. Clin Orthop 300:127–132PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Nowak J, Holgersson M, Larsson S (2000) The aetiology and epidemiology of clavicular fractures. A prospective study during a two-year period in Uppsala, Sweden. Injury 31:353–358PubMedCrossRef Nowak J, Holgersson M, Larsson S (2000) The aetiology and epidemiology of clavicular fractures. A prospective study during a two-year period in Uppsala, Sweden. Injury 31:353–358PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Postacchini F, Gumina S, De Santis P, Albo F (2002) Epidemiology of clavicle fractures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 11:452–456PubMedCrossRef Postacchini F, Gumina S, De Santis P, Albo F (2002) Epidemiology of clavicle fractures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 11:452–456PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Kashif Khan LA, Bradnock TJ, Scott C, Robinson CM (2009) Fractures of the clavicle. J Bone Joint Surg Am 91:447–460CrossRef Kashif Khan LA, Bradnock TJ, Scott C, Robinson CM (2009) Fractures of the clavicle. J Bone Joint Surg Am 91:447–460CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Stanley D, Trowbridge EA, Norris SH (1988) The mechanism of clavicular fracture: a clinical and biomechanical analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 70:461–464PubMed Stanley D, Trowbridge EA, Norris SH (1988) The mechanism of clavicular fracture: a clinical and biomechanical analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 70:461–464PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Barbier O, Malghem J, Delaere O, Vande Berg B, Rombouts JJ (1997) Injury to the brachial plexus by a fragment of bone after fracture of the clavicole. J Bone Joint Surg Br 79:534–536PubMedCrossRef Barbier O, Malghem J, Delaere O, Vande Berg B, Rombouts JJ (1997) Injury to the brachial plexus by a fragment of bone after fracture of the clavicole. J Bone Joint Surg Br 79:534–536PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Dugdale TW, Fulkerson JP (1987) Pneumothorax complicating a closed fracture of the clavicle. A case report. Clin Orthop Relat Res 221:212–214PubMed Dugdale TW, Fulkerson JP (1987) Pneumothorax complicating a closed fracture of the clavicle. A case report. Clin Orthop Relat Res 221:212–214PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Allman FL Jr (1967) Fractures and ligamentous injuries of the clavicle and its articulation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 49:774–784PubMed Allman FL Jr (1967) Fractures and ligamentous injuries of the clavicle and its articulation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 49:774–784PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Neer CS II (1968) Fractures of the distal third of the clavicle. Clin Orthop Rel Res 58:43–50 Neer CS II (1968) Fractures of the distal third of the clavicle. Clin Orthop Rel Res 58:43–50
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Stanley D, Norris SH (1988) Recovery following fractures of the clavicle treated conservatively. Injury 19:162–164PubMedCrossRef Stanley D, Norris SH (1988) Recovery following fractures of the clavicle treated conservatively. Injury 19:162–164PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Nordqvist A, Petersson CJ, Redlund-Johnell I (1998) Mid-clavicle fractures in adults: end result study after conservative treatment. J Orthop Trauma 12:572–576PubMedCrossRef Nordqvist A, Petersson CJ, Redlund-Johnell I (1998) Mid-clavicle fractures in adults: end result study after conservative treatment. J Orthop Trauma 12:572–576PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Mullaji AB, Jupiter JB (1994) Low-contact dynamic compression plating of the clavicle. Injury 25:41–45PubMedCrossRef Mullaji AB, Jupiter JB (1994) Low-contact dynamic compression plating of the clavicle. Injury 25:41–45PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Hill JM, McGuire MH, Crosby LA (1997) Closed treatment of displaced middle-third fractures of the clavicle gives poor results. J Bone Joint Surg Br 79:537–539PubMedCrossRef Hill JM, McGuire MH, Crosby LA (1997) Closed treatment of displaced middle-third fractures of the clavicle gives poor results. J Bone Joint Surg Br 79:537–539PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Zlowodzki M, Zelle BA, Cole PA, Jeray K, McKee MD (2005) Evidence-based orthopaedic trauma working group. Treatment of acute midshaft clavicle fractures: systematic review of 2144 fractures: on behalf of the Evidence-Based Orthopaedic Trauma Working Group. J Orthop Trauma 19:504–507PubMedCrossRef Zlowodzki M, Zelle BA, Cole PA, Jeray K, McKee MD (2005) Evidence-based orthopaedic trauma working group. Treatment of acute midshaft clavicle fractures: systematic review of 2144 fractures: on behalf of the Evidence-Based Orthopaedic Trauma Working Group. J Orthop Trauma 19:504–507PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat McKee MD, Pedersen EM, Jones C, Stephen DJ, Kreder HJ, Schemitsch EH, Wild LM, Potter J (2006) Deficits following nonoperative treatment of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88:35–40PubMedCrossRef McKee MD, Pedersen EM, Jones C, Stephen DJ, Kreder HJ, Schemitsch EH, Wild LM, Potter J (2006) Deficits following nonoperative treatment of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88:35–40PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society (2007) Nonoperative treatment compared with plate fixation of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 89:1–10 Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society (2007) Nonoperative treatment compared with plate fixation of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 89:1–10
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Hudak PL, Amadio PC, Bombardier C (1996) Development of an upper extremity outcome measure: the DASH (disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand). The upper extremity collaborative group (UECG). Am J Ind Med 29:602–608PubMedCrossRef Hudak PL, Amadio PC, Bombardier C (1996) Development of an upper extremity outcome measure: the DASH (disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand). The upper extremity collaborative group (UECG). Am J Ind Med 29:602–608PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Zenni EJ Jr, Krieg JK, Rosen MJ (1981) Open reduction and internal fixation of clavicular fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 63:147–151PubMed Zenni EJ Jr, Krieg JK, Rosen MJ (1981) Open reduction and internal fixation of clavicular fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 63:147–151PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Robinson CM, Court-Brown CM, McQueen MM, Wakefield AE (2004) Estimating the risk of non-union following nonoperative treatment of a clavicular fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Am 86:1359–1365PubMed Robinson CM, Court-Brown CM, McQueen MM, Wakefield AE (2004) Estimating the risk of non-union following nonoperative treatment of a clavicular fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Am 86:1359–1365PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Freeland A (1990) Unstable adult midclavicular fracture. Orthopedics 13:1279–1281PubMed Freeland A (1990) Unstable adult midclavicular fracture. Orthopedics 13:1279–1281PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Bostman O, Manninen M, Pihlajamaki H (1997) Complications of plate fixation in fresh displaced midclavicular fracture. J Trauma 43:778–783PubMedCrossRef Bostman O, Manninen M, Pihlajamaki H (1997) Complications of plate fixation in fresh displaced midclavicular fracture. J Trauma 43:778–783PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Ring D, Holovacs T (2005) Brachial plexus palsy after intramedullary fixation of a clavicular fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Am 87:1834–1837PubMedCrossRef Ring D, Holovacs T (2005) Brachial plexus palsy after intramedullary fixation of a clavicular fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Am 87:1834–1837PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Jeray KJ (2007) Acute midshaft clavicular fracture. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 15:239–248PubMed Jeray KJ (2007) Acute midshaft clavicular fracture. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 15:239–248PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Judd DB, Pallis MP, Smith E, Bottoni CR (2009) Acute operative stabilization versus nonoperative management of clavicle fractures. Am J Orthop J 38:341–345 Judd DB, Pallis MP, Smith E, Bottoni CR (2009) Acute operative stabilization versus nonoperative management of clavicle fractures. Am J Orthop J 38:341–345
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Nordqvist A, Redlund-Johnell I, Von Scheele A, Petersson CJ (1997) Shortening of clavicle after fracture. Incidence and clinical significance, a 5-year follow-up of 85 patients. Acta Orthop Scan 68:349–351CrossRef Nordqvist A, Redlund-Johnell I, Von Scheele A, Petersson CJ (1997) Shortening of clavicle after fracture. Incidence and clinical significance, a 5-year follow-up of 85 patients. Acta Orthop Scan 68:349–351CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan KY, Jupiter JB, Leffert RD, Marti R (1999) Clavicle malunion. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 8:287–290PubMedCrossRef Chan KY, Jupiter JB, Leffert RD, Marti R (1999) Clavicle malunion. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 8:287–290PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Nonoperative treatment of closed displaced midshaft clavicle fractures
verfasst von
Cesare Faldini
Matteo Nanni
Danilo Leonetti
Francesco Acri
Claudio Galante
Deianira Luciani
Sandro Giannini
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2010
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in
Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology / Ausgabe 4/2010
Print ISSN: 1590-9921
Elektronische ISSN: 1590-9999
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10195-010-0113-z

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2010

Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology 4/2010 Zur Ausgabe

Acknowledgement to Referees

2010 Scientific Referees

Arthropedia

Grundlagenwissen der Arthroskopie und Gelenkchirurgie. Erweitert durch Fallbeispiele, Videos und Abbildungen. 
» Jetzt entdecken

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.