Introduction
Methods
Data
Country | Source | Sample size | Data collection | Survey method |
---|---|---|---|---|
Argentina | Second National Survey of Risk Factors, 2005 [4] | 41,392 | 2005 | Face-to-face interviews on the representative 2005 Risk Factors Survey on a random selection of households |
Belgium | ESEMED, König et al. [5] | 2411 | 2001–2003 | Computer-assisted home interviews on a nationally representative sample of the noninstitutionalized general adult population as part of the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD), using a stratified probability sample design |
China | Sun et al. [6] | 8031 | 2010 | Face-to-face interviews on the representative 2010 Household Health Survey (HHS), using a stratified, multi-stage, clustered, random sampling design |
Denmark | Sørensen et al. [7] | 16,861 | 2000–2001 | Face-to-face interviews on three representative national surveys based on randomized samples, including a national health interview survey undertaken by the National Institute of Public Health (SUSY-2000), a health survey undertaken in Funen County (Funen data set) and a national health survey undertaken by the University of Southern Denmark (SDU data set) with a total of 22,486 individuals |
England | Health Survey for England 2008 [8] | 14,763 | 2008 | Computer-assisted interviews on a randomly selected sample of households in England |
Finland | Saarni et al. [9] | 8028 | 2000 | Face-to-face interviews on the Health 2000 survey sample, which is a representative survey of the Finnish population aged 30 and over, following a two-stage, stratified, clustered sampling design |
France | ESEMED, König et al. [5] | 2892 | 2001–2003 | Computer-assisted home interviews on a nationally representative sample of the noninstitutionalized general adult population as part of the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD), using a stratified probability sample design |
Germany | ESEMED, König et al. [5] | 3552 | 2001–2003 | Computer-assisted home interviews on a nationally representative sample of the noninstitutionalized general adult population as part of the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD), using a stratified probability sample design |
Greece | Yfantopoulous [10] | 464 | 1998 | Face-to-face interviews on a sample of 500 individuals selected from the general population, using quota sampling to ensure representativeness |
Hungary | Szende and Nemeth [11] | 5503 | 2000 | Self-administered questionnaire during a personal interview on a random sample of 7000 people from the electoral registry |
Italy | ESEMED, König et al. [5] | 4709 | 2001–2003 | Computer-assisted home interviews on a nationally representative sample of the noninstitutionalized general adult population as part of the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD), using a stratified probability sample design |
Korea | Lee et al. [12] | 1307 | 2007 | Face-to-face interviews on a random sample of the South Korean residential registry |
Netherlands | ESEMED, König et al. [5] | 2367 | 2001–2003 | Computer-assisted home interviews on a nationally representative sample of the noninstitutionalized general adult population as part of the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD), using a stratified probability sample design |
New Zealand | Devlin et al. [13] | 1327 | 1999 | Postal survey on a randomized sample of 3000 New Zealanders selected from the electoral roll |
Slovenia | Prevolnik Rupel and Rebolj [14] | 742 | 2000 | Postal survey on a randomized sample of 3000 people selected from the general population |
Spain | ESEMED, König et al. [5] | 5473 | 2001–2003 | Computer-assisted home interviews on a nationally representative sample of the noninstitutionalized general adult population as part of the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD), using a stratified probability sample design |
Sweden | Bjork et al. [15] | 534 | 1994 | Postal survey on a randomized sample of 1000 Swedish citizens selected from the general population from an address register |
Thailand | Tongsiri et al. [16] | 1409 | 2007 | Face-to-face interviews on a random national sample provided by the national statistical office |
United Kingdom | Kind et al. [17] | 3395 | 1993 | Face-to-face interviews on a random sample of 5324 individuals selected from the general population (based on the Postcode Address file) from England, Scotland, and Wales |
United States | MEPS, Sullivan et al. [18] | 38,678 | 2000–2002 | Paper-and-pencil questionnaire among the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey participants, a nationally representative survey of the US civilian noninstitutionalized population. The research pooled 2000, 2001, and 2002 MEPS data on 23,839, 32,122, and 37,418 individuals, using a stratified, multistage, clustered sampling design |
Methods of describing population norms
Cross-country analysis
GDP per capita ($) 2010 | Unemployment rate (%) 2010* | Health expenditure (% of GDP) 2010* | Health expenditure per capita ($) 2010* | Physicians per 1000 people 2004-2009 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Argentina | 9124 | 8.6 | 8.1 | 742 | 3.2 |
Belgium | 43,006 | 8.3 | 10.7 | 4618 | 3.0 |
China | 4433 | 4.3 | 5.1 | 221 | 1.4 |
Denmark | 56,486 | 7.4 | 11.4 | 6422 | 3.4 |
France | 39,170 | 9.3 | 11.9 | 4691 | 3.5 |
Germany | 40,164 | 7.1 | 11.6 | 4668 | 3.5 |
Greece | 25,832 | 12.5 | 10.2 | 2729 | 6.0 |
Hungary | 12,863 | 11.2 | 7.3 | 942 | 3.1 |
Italy | 33,787 | 8.4 | 9.5 | 3248 | 4.2 |
Korea | 20,540 | 3.7 | 6.9 | 1439 | 2.0 |
Netherlands | 46,623 | 4.5 | 11.9 | 5593 | 3.9 |
New Zealand | 32,407 | 6.5 | 10.1 | 3279 | 2.4 |
Slovenia | 22,898 | 7.2 | 9.4 | 2154 | 2.5 |
Spain | 29,956 | 20.1 | 9.5 | 2883 | 3.7 |
Sweden | 49,360 | 8.4 | 9.6 | 4710 | 3.8 |
Thailand | 4614 | 1.2 | 3.9 | 179 | 0.3 |
United Kingdom | 36,256 | 7.8 | 9.6 | 3503 | 2.7 |
United States | 46,612 | 9.6 | 17.9 | 8362 | 2.4 |
Results
EQ-5D population norms
Mobility | Self-care | Usual activities | Pain/discomfort | Anxiety/depression | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | |
Argentina | 13 | 9 | 3 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 36 | 25 | 26 | 19 |
Belgium | 15 | 10 | 5 | 3 | 15 | 10 | 31 | 26 | 8 | 5 |
China | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 13 | 8 | 10 | 7 |
Denmark | 12 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 20 | 15 | 40 | 33 | 19 | 12 |
Finland | 29 | 24 | 12 | 9 | 24 | 18 | 52 | 43 | 15 | 12 |
France | 16 | 11 | 4 | 4 | 11 | 9 | 38 | 33 | 16 | 13 |
Germany | 17 | 15 | 3 | 2 | 11 | 9 | 30 | 25 | 5 | 4 |
Greece | 14 | 13 | 9 | 3 | 12 | 9 | 20 | 14 | 12 | 10 |
Hungary | 23 | 16 | 7 | 6 | 17 | 12 | 45 | 32 | 42 | 27 |
Italy | 12 | 9 | 5 | 2 | 12 | 7 | 31 | 22 | 11 | 6 |
Korea | 9 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 27 | 16 | 23 | 12 |
Netherlands | 13 | 9 | 4 | 2 | 16 | 10 | 38 | 30 | 4 | 2 |
New Zealand | 20 | 20 | 4 | 5 | 22 | 21 | 41 | 40 | 24 | 18 |
Slovenia | 28 | 32 | 14 | 14 | 33 | 33 | 48 | 47 | 38 | 34 |
Spain | 16 | 11 | 6 | 3 | 14 | 8 | 27 | 17 | 10 | 5 |
Sweden | 10 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 8 | 42 | 40 | 31 | 21 |
Thailand | 28 | 24 | 8 | 9 | 22 | 23 | 68 | 62 | 51 | 43 |
UK | 19 | 18 | 4 | 4 | 16 | 17 | 34 | 32 | 23 | 18 |
UK—England | 21 | 18 | 6 | 5 | 18 | 15 | 37 | 33 | 22 | 16 |
United States | 22 | 17 | 5 | 5 | 23 | 17 | 49 | 41 | 32 | 23 |
18–24 | 25–34 | 35–44 | 45–54 | 55–64 | 65–74 | 75 + | Total | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | |
Argentina | 80 | 84 | 78 | 81 | 76 | 79 | 73 | 76 | 69 | 70 | 66 | 70 | 61 | 64 | 74 | 77 |
Belgium | 84 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 79 | 82 | 75 | 79 | 72 | 76 | 72 | 71 | 70 | 69 | 77 | 79 |
China | 89 | 89 | 85 | 86 | 82 | 83 | 78 | 81 | 75 | 78 | 71 | 73 | 67 | 72 | 80 | 81 |
Denmark | 86 | 86 | 88 | 88 | 86 | 86 | 83 | 82 | 81 | 82 | 77 | 80 | 77 | 76 | 84 | 84 |
France | 84 | 83 | 84 | 82 | 78 | 79 | 78 | 78 | 75 | 73 | 67 | 70 | 60 | 64 | 76 | 77 |
Germany | 86 | 85 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 79 | 78 | 73 | 73 | 66 | 72 | 60 | 61 | 76 | 78 |
Greece | 82 | 85 | 87 | 85 | 83 | 86 | 77 | 79 | 59 | 77 | 70 | 65 | 47 | 61 | 78 | 80 |
Hungary | 83 | 84 | 80 | 82 | 75 | 76 | 68 | 70 | 62 | 66 | 57 | 63 | 53 | 55 | 69 | 73 |
Italy | 86 | 89 | 83 | 84 | 81 | 82 | 76 | 78 | 73 | 76 | 65 | 71 | 60 | 61 | 75 | 79 |
Korea | 79 | 79 | 79 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 74 | 81 | 74 | 79 | – | – | 79 | 80 |
Netherlands | 82 | 89 | 84 | 85 | 83 | 85 | 80 | 82 | 81 | 80 | 79 | 77 | 70 | 79 | 81 | 83 |
New Zealand | 83 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 84 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 80 | 79 | 68 | 74 | 81 | 80 |
Slovenia | 86 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 79 | 76 | 75 | 69 | 67 | 64 | 67 | 55 | 56 | 77 | 76 |
Spain | 81 | 83 | 78 | 82 | 77 | 77 | 74 | 73 | 71 | 73 | 66 | 77 | 59 | 67 | 73 | 77 |
Sweden | 83 | 86 | 87 | 86 | 85 | 88 | 84 | 83 | 78 | 80 | 78 | 84 | 66 | 84 | 82 | 84 |
Thailand | 82 | 85 | 82 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 79 | 78 | 81 | 77 | 77 | 75 | 83 | 65 | 80 | 79 |
UK | 86 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 86 | 87 | 82 | 82 | 80 | 84 | 77 | 78 | 74 | 73 | 82 | 83 |
United States | 84 | 88 | 83 | 85 | 81 | 83 | 79 | 80 | 76 | 78 | 75 | 75 | 68 | 69 | 79 | 81 |
18–24 | 25–34 | 35–44 | 45–54 | 55–64 | 65–74 | 75 + | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Argentina | 0.907 | 0.889 | 0.869 | 0.849 | 0.829 | 0.796 | 0.724 | 0.856 |
Belgium | 0.953 | 0.921 | 0.920 | 0.889 | 0.881 | 0.848 | 0.761 | 0.891 |
China | 0.990 | 0.980 | 0.970 | 0.960 | 0.930 | 0.900 | 0.840 | 0.951 |
Denmark | 0.914 | 0.914 | 0.881 | 0.861 | 0.845 | 0.818 | 0.753 | 0.866 |
Finland | N/A | 0.919 | 0.891 | 0.853 | 0.805 | 0.762 | 0.573 | 0.815 |
France | 0.924 | 0.921 | 0.883 | 0.893 | 0.836 | 0.804 | 0.756 | 0.872 |
Germany | 0.950 | 0.949 | 0.943 | 0.908 | 0.881 | 0.838 | 0.771 | 0.902 |
Greece | 0.979 | 0.972 | 0.957 | 0.916 | 0.817 | 0.793 | 0.739 | 0.913 |
Hungary | 0.934 | 0.911 | 0.873 | 0.802 | 0.755 | 0.716 | 0.639 | 0.823 |
Italy | 0.969 | 0.956 | 0.943 | 0.910 | 0.877 | 0.823 | 0.724 | 0.899 |
Korea | 0.957 | 0.958 | 0.949 | 0.915 | 0.828 | 0.787 | N/A | 0.915 |
Netherlands | 0.938 | 0.910 | 0.922 | 0.874 | 0.869 | 0.863 | 0.798 | 0.892 |
New Zealand | 0.913 | 0.906 | 0.893 | 0.858 | 0.817 | 0.800 | 0.712 | 0.848 |
Slovenia | 0.879 | 0.859 | 0.831 | 0.772 | 0.697 | 0.663 | 0.621 | 0.788 |
Spain | 0.968 | 0.963 | 0.939 | 0.911 | 0.884 | 0.870 | 0.773 | 0.915 |
Sweden | 0.888 | 0.893 | 0.868 | 0.835 | 0.813 | 0.836 | 0.701 | 0.851 |
Thailand | 0.814 | 0.785 | 0.771 | 0.717 | 0.694 | 0.670 | 0.657 | 0.742 |
UK | 0.934 | 0.922 | 0.905 | 0.849 | 0.804 | 0.785 | 0.734 | 0.856 |
UK—England | 0.922 | 0.915 | 0.891 | 0.857 | 0.819 | 0.785 | 0.720 | 0.857 |
US | 0.899 | 0.883 | 0.853 | 0.809 | 0.776 | 0.756 | 0.677 | 0.825 |
18–24 | 25–34 | 35–44 | 45–54 | 55–64 | 65–74 | 75 + | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TTO value sets | ||||||||
Argentina | 0.951 | 0.936 | 0.919 | 0.898 | 0.874 | 0.835 | 0.756 | 0.902 |
Denmark | 0.928 | 0.927 | 0.901 | 0.882 | 0.870 | 0.847 | 0.794 | 0.887 |
France | 0.948 | 0.946 | 0.913 | 0.922 | 0.853 | 0.810 | 0.735 | 0.892 |
Germany | 0.972 | 0.973 | 0.966 | 0.945 | 0.922 | 0.891 | 0.839 | 0.938 |
Italy | 0.984 | 0.978 | 0.973 | 0.955 | 0.936 | 0.904 | 0.839 | 0.947 |
Korea | 0.981 | 0.982 | 0.976 | 0.960 | 0.909 | 0.888 | N/A | 0.958 |
Netherlands | 0.950 | 0.927 | 0.935 | 0.890 | 0.890 | 0.886 | 0.830 | 0.910 |
Spain | 0.982 | 0.975 | 0.949 | 0.923 | 0.901 | 0.891 | 0.781 | 0.929 |
UK | 0.940 | 0.927 | 0.911 | 0.847 | 0.799 | 0.779 | 0.726 | 0.856 |
UK—England | 0.929 | 0.919 | 0.893 | 0.855 | 0.810 | 0.773 | 0.703 | 0.855 |
US | 0.924 | 0.912 | 0.889 | 0.855 | 0.830 | 0.817 | 0.755 | 0.867 |
VAS value sets | ||||||||
Argentina | 0.928 | 0.911 | 0.888 | 0.867 | 0.837 | 0.793 | 0.712 | 0.871 |
Belgium | 0.948 | 0.915 | 0.912 | 0.881 | 0.871 | 0.836 | 0.748 | 0.883 |
Denmark | 0.885 | 0.884 | 0.845 | 0.822 | 0.799 | 0.766 | 0.691 | 0.826 |
Finland | N/A | 0.909 | 0.878 | 0.835 | 0.781 | 0.738 | 0.583 | 0.800 |
Germany | 0.962 | 0.966 | 0.962 | 0.937 | 0.915 | 0.882 | 0.817 | 0.930 |
New Zealand | 0.890 | 0.883 | 0.869 | 0.827 | 0.782 | 0.763 | 0.672 | 0.818 |
Slovenia | 0.869 | 0.841 | 0.794 | 0.712 | 0.619 | 0.554 | 0.498 | 0.738 |
Spain | 0.969 | 0.963 | 0.939 | 0.912 | 0.883 | 0.866 | 0.761 | 0.914 |
UK | 0.931 | 0.920 | 0.902 | 0.846 | 0.799 | 0.778 | 0.726 | 0.852 |
UK—England | 0.922 | 0.914 | 0.888 | 0.854 | 0.814 | 0.775 | 0.706 | 0.853 |
Cross-country comparison
EQ-VAS | Mobility | Self-care | Usual activity | Pain/discomfort | Anxiety/depression | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Argentina | 73.9 | 13.3 | 3.7 | 9.8 | 33.9 | 23.8 |
Belgium | 77.4 | 13.9 | 4.8 | 12.9 | 29.4 | 6.1 |
China | 79.9 | 6.1 | 3.4 | 6.1 | 11.5 | 9.2 |
Denmark | 83.3 | 11.5 | 2.8 | 18.6 | 37.0 | 16.2 |
France | 76.3 | 14.4 | 4.6 | 10.7 | 35.8 | 14.5 |
Germany | 77.2 | 17.2 | 3.1 | 10.5 | 27.8 | 4.5 |
Greece | 76.5 | 17.2 | 8.3 | 13.7 | 20.4 | 11.2 |
Hungary | 70.4 | 20.9 | 7.2 | 15.8 | 40.4 | 36.2 |
Italy | 76.9 | 12.3 | 4.4 | 11.1 | 27.7 | 9.2 |
Korea | 71.3 | 6.5 | 1.0 | 4.6 | 29.6 | 22.9 |
Netherlands | 81.4 | 11.8 | 3.5 | 12.5 | 32.6 | 3.2 |
New Zealand | 80.8 | 19.2 | 4.3 | 20.8 | 39.3 | 21.2 |
Slovenia | 74.5 | 34.7 | 16.7 | 36.5 | 51.0 | 38.0 |
Spain | 74.3 | 12.7 | 4.0 | 11.0 | 21.3 | 7.3 |
Sweden | 82.5 | 11.3 | 2.5 | 9.6 | 42.5 | 26.4 |
Thailand | 78.9 | 29.8 | 9.2 | 25.9 | 65.2 | 47.0 |
United Kingdom | 82.8 | 18.2 | 4.3 | 16.2 | 33.1 | 20.9 |
US | 79.3 | 19.3 | 3.7 | 18.3 | 48.0 | 22.4 |
EQ-VAS | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group | GDP per capita | Unemployment | Health expenditure (% of GDP) | Health expenditure per capita | Physicians per 1000 people | Life expectancy |
18–24 | 0.38 | − 0.12 | 0.29 | 0.40 | 0.09 | − 0.15 |
25–34 | 0.55* | − 0.06 | 0.44 | 0.53* | 0.32 | 0.02 |
35–44 | 0.50* | − 0.26 | 0.35 | 0.47 | 0.18 | 0.09 |
45–54 | 0.49* | − 0.50* | 0.29 | 0.48* | − 0.13 | 0.13 |
55–64 | 0.45 | − 0.50* | 0.26 | 0.45 | − 0.25 | 0.13 |
65–74 | 0.47 | − 0.48* | 0.20 | 0.44 | − 0.21 | 0.21 |
75 + | 0.42 | − 0.51* | 0.17 | 0.37 | − 0.24 | 0.02 |
Total | 0.58* | − 0.35 | 0.39 | 0.55* | − 0.03 | 0.00 |
EQ-5D dimension | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GDP per capita | Unemployment rate | Health expenditure (% of GDP) | Health expenditure per capita | Physicians per 1000 people | Life expectancy | |
Mobility | − 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.04 | − 0.13 | − 0.27 | − 0.34 |
Self-care | − 0.35 | 0.26 | − 0.14 | − 0.35 | − 0.05 | − 0.19 |
Usual activities | 0.08 | − 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.09 | − 0.24 | − 0.27 |
Pain/discomfort | 0.10 | − 0.11 | − 0.01 | 0.12 | − 0.38 | − 0.31 |
Anxiety/depression | − 0.38 | − 0.04 | − 0.51* | − 0.38 | − 0.46 | − 0.41 |