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History on organotin compounds, from snails to humans

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Abstract

Organotin compounds are industrial chemicals used as biocides, polyvinyl chloride stabilizers and industrial catalysts for the manufacture of silicone and polyurethane foams. Despite multiple applications, organotin notoriety is due to tributyltin, a potent biocide used in antifouling paints. Because of the intensive use of tributyltin for the protection of ships’ hulls, tributyltin has been largely released into waters, resulting in adverse and even bizarre effects on aquatic organisms, such as imposex in gastropods. However, organotins include other compounds such as tributyltin derivatives, phenyltins and octyltins. Organotin use in plastics, silicone and foams results in their occurrence almost everywhere, e.g., clothes, toys, wallpaper, food containers, household piping and medical devices. Hence, humans are exposed to organotins not solely through ingestion of contaminated seafood but also through direct contact with treated products and by inhalation and ingestion of dust. As a consequence, organotins have been detected in human samples. Toxicity data reveal that organotins are endocrine disruptors, immunotoxicants, carcinogens and obesogens. Here, we review the levels, fate and effects of organotin compounds toward wildlife and humans, starting with a description of organotin applications, with particular incidence in antifouling paints. The global contamination of the marine environment and the deleterious effects of tributyltin onto nontarget organisms are addressed, with particular attention to the imposex phenomenon. The restrictions on tributyltin use in antifouling paints are also described alongside with the new regulations for organotins in consumer products. The sources and pathways of organotins in the environment are discussed, studies in human exposure are presented, and future research is proposed.

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Notes

  1. The Scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain (EFSA 2004) established a group tolerable daily intake (TDI) for tributyltin, dibutyltin, triphenyltin and dioctyltin of 0.25 μg kg−1 body weight.

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Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology FCT trough program COMPETE and the projects PEst-C/SAU/UI0709/2011 and PEst-C/MAR/LA0017/2011. Ana C. A. Sousa and M. Ramiro Pastorinho acknowledge FCT for the postdoctoral Grants SFRH/BPD/65884/2009 and SFRH/BPD/26689/2006. The authors also thank Vitor Madaleno for kindly permitting the use of his photographs.

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  1. CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal

    Ana C. A. Sousa & M. Ramiro Pastorinho

  2. Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Ana C. A. Sousa & M. Ramiro Pastorinho

  3. Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan

    Ana C. A. Sousa, Shin Takahashi & Shinsuke Tanabe

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  1. Ana C. A. Sousa
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Sousa, A.C.A., Pastorinho, M.R., Takahashi, S. et al. History on organotin compounds, from snails to humans. Environ Chem Lett 12, 117–137 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-013-0449-8

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