Skip to main content
Erschienen in: AIDS and Behavior 1/2006

01.01.2006 | Intervention Research

Revisiting “Success”: Posttrial Analysis of a Gender-Specific HIV/STD Prevention Intervention

verfasst von: Shari L. Dworkin, Theresa Exner, Rita Melendez, Susie Hoffman, Anke A. Ehrhardt

Erschienen in: AIDS and Behavior | Ausgabe 1/2006

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Alongside the recognized need to foster the development of innovative gender-specific HIV interventions, researchers face the urgent need to further understand how current interventions do or do not work. Few studies build posttrial qualitative analysis into standardized interview assessments in randomized controlled trials in order to bolster an assessment of how interventions work. The current investigation is a posttrial qualitative analysis carried out on a randomly selected subsample (N=180), representing 50% of women who participated in a 3-arm randomized controlled trial known as Project FIO (The Future Is Ours). FIO was a gender-specific HIV prevention intervention carried out with heterosexually active women in a high seroprevalence area of New York City. Posttrial qualitative results extend an understanding of the success of the trial (e.g., reductions in unsafe sex). Qualitative results reflect how the Modified AIDS Risk Reduction Model operated in the expected direction across experimental groups. Results also highlight women's empowerment narratives, reflecting the salience of bodily and sexual rights aspects of the intervention.
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Altman, D. G. (1995). Sustaining interventions in community systems: On the relationship between researchers and communities. Health Psychology, 14, 526–536.PubMedCrossRef Altman, D. G. (1995). Sustaining interventions in community systems: On the relationship between researchers and communities. Health Psychology, 14, 526–536.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Amaro, H. (1995). Love, sex, and power: Considering women's realities in HIV prevention. American Psychologist, 50, 437–447.PubMedCrossRef Amaro, H. (1995). Love, sex, and power: Considering women's realities in HIV prevention. American Psychologist, 50, 437–447.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Amaro, H., and Raj, A. (2000). On the margin: Power and women's HIV risk reduction strategies. Sex Roles, 42, 723–749.CrossRef Amaro, H., and Raj, A. (2000). On the margin: Power and women's HIV risk reduction strategies. Sex Roles, 42, 723–749.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Anderson, G. L., and Prentice, R. L. (1999). Individually randomized intervention trials for disease prevention and control. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 8, 287–309.PubMedCrossRef Anderson, G. L., and Prentice, R. L. (1999). Individually randomized intervention trials for disease prevention and control. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 8, 287–309.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Baron, R. M., and Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.PubMedCrossRef Baron, R. M., and Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Berg, B. (2001). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Berg, B. (2001). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Zurück zum Zitat Bordo, S. (1993). Unbearable weight: Feminism, Western culture, and the body. Los Angeles: University of California Press. Bordo, S. (1993). Unbearable weight: Feminism, Western culture, and the body. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Catania, J. A., Kegeles, S. M., and Coates, T. J. (1990). Towards an understanding of AIDS risk behavior: An AIDS risk reduction model. AIDS and Behavior, 2, 75–85. Catania, J. A., Kegeles, S. M., and Coates, T. J. (1990). Towards an understanding of AIDS risk behavior: An AIDS risk reduction model. AIDS and Behavior, 2, 75–85.
Zurück zum Zitat Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (1995). Update: AIDS among women— United States, 1994. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report, 44, 81–84. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (1995). Update: AIDS among women— United States, 1994. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report, 44, 81–84.
Zurück zum Zitat Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2002). HIV and AIDS cases reported through December 2001. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, 13, 1–44. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2002). HIV and AIDS cases reported through December 2001. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, 13, 1–44.
Zurück zum Zitat Collins, P. H. (1990). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. New York: Routledge. Collins, P. H. (1990). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. New York: Routledge.
Zurück zum Zitat Collins, P. H. (1999). Shifting the center: Race, class, and feminist theorizing about motherhood. In S. Coontz (Ed.), American families: A multicultural reader (pp. 197–217). New York: Routledge. Collins, P. H. (1999). Shifting the center: Race, class, and feminist theorizing about motherhood. In S. Coontz (Ed.), American families: A multicultural reader (pp. 197–217). New York: Routledge.
Zurück zum Zitat Connell, R. W. (1999). Making gendered people: Bodies, identities, sexualities. In M. M. Ferree, J. Lorber, and B. Hess (Eds.), Revisioning gender (pp. 449–471). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Connell, R. W. (1999). Making gendered people: Bodies, identities, sexualities. In M. M. Ferree, J. Lorber, and B. Hess (Eds.), Revisioning gender (pp. 449–471). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Zurück zum Zitat Connell, R. W., and Dowsett, G. (1999). “The unclean motion of the generative parts”: Frameworks in Western thought on sexuality. In R. Parker and P. Aggleton (Eds.), Culture, health, and sexuality: A reader (pp. 179–196). Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis Group. Connell, R. W., and Dowsett, G. (1999). “The unclean motion of the generative parts”: Frameworks in Western thought on sexuality. In R. Parker and P. Aggleton (Eds.), Culture, health, and sexuality: A reader (pp. 179–196). Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis Group.
Zurück zum Zitat Denzin, N. K. (1978). Sociological methods: A source book. New York: McGraw-Hill. Denzin, N. K. (1978). Sociological methods: A source book. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Zurück zum Zitat Dey, I. (1993). Qualitative data analysis: A user-friendly guide for social scientists. London: Routledge. Dey, I. (1993). Qualitative data analysis: A user-friendly guide for social scientists. London: Routledge.
Zurück zum Zitat Djulbegovic, B. (2001). Placebo-controlled trials. Annals of Internal Medicine, 135, 62–64.PubMed Djulbegovic, B. (2001). Placebo-controlled trials. Annals of Internal Medicine, 135, 62–64.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Dowsett, G. (2002). Sexuality and gender: Diversity and difference. Paper presented at the VIV International AIDS meeting, Barcelona, Spain. Dowsett, G. (2002). Sexuality and gender: Diversity and difference. Paper presented at the VIV International AIDS meeting, Barcelona, Spain.
Zurück zum Zitat Ehrhardt, A. A., Exner, T. M., Hoffman, S., Silberman, I., Leu, C.-S., Miller, S., and Levin, B. (2002a). A gender-specific HIV/STD risk reduction intervention for women in a healthcare setting: Short and long-term results of a randomized clinical trial. AIDS Care, 14, 147–161.PubMedCrossRef Ehrhardt, A. A., Exner, T. M., Hoffman, S., Silberman, I., Leu, C.-S., Miller, S., and Levin, B. (2002a). A gender-specific HIV/STD risk reduction intervention for women in a healthcare setting: Short and long-term results of a randomized clinical trial. AIDS Care, 14, 147–161.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ehrhardt, A. A., Exner, T. M., Hoffman, S., Silberman, I., Yingling, S., and Adams-Skinner, J. (2002b). HIV/STD risk and sexual strategies among women family planning clients in New York: Project FIO. AIDS and Behavior, 6, 1–13.CrossRef Ehrhardt, A. A., Exner, T. M., Hoffman, S., Silberman, I., Yingling, S., and Adams-Skinner, J. (2002b). HIV/STD risk and sexual strategies among women family planning clients in New York: Project FIO. AIDS and Behavior, 6, 1–13.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ehrhardt, A. A., Yingling, S., Zawadski, E., and Martinez-Ramirez, M. (1992). Prevention of heterosexual transmission of HIV: Barriers for women. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 5, 37–67. Ehrhardt, A. A., Yingling, S., Zawadski, E., and Martinez-Ramirez, M. (1992). Prevention of heterosexual transmission of HIV: Barriers for women. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 5, 37–67.
Zurück zum Zitat Eisenstein, Z. (1986). The radical future of liberal feminism. Boston: Northeastern University Press. Eisenstein, Z. (1986). The radical future of liberal feminism. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Eitzen, D. S., and Baca-Zinn, M. (1995). Structural transformation and systems of inequality. In M. Andersen and P. H. Collins (Eds.), Race, class, and gender (pp. 202–206). New York: Wadsworth. Eitzen, D. S., and Baca-Zinn, M. (1995). Structural transformation and systems of inequality. In M. Andersen and P. H. Collins (Eds.), Race, class, and gender (pp. 202–206). New York: Wadsworth.
Zurück zum Zitat Exner, T. M., Gardos, P. S., Seal, D., and Ehrhardt, A. A. (1999). HIV sexual risk reduction interventions with heterosexual men: The forgotten group. AIDS and Behavior, 3, 347–358.CrossRef Exner, T. M., Gardos, P. S., Seal, D., and Ehrhardt, A. A. (1999). HIV sexual risk reduction interventions with heterosexual men: The forgotten group. AIDS and Behavior, 3, 347–358.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Firestone, S. (1970). The dialectic of sex. New York: Bantam Books. Firestone, S. (1970). The dialectic of sex. New York: Bantam Books.
Zurück zum Zitat Friedan, B. (1974). The feminine mystique. New York: Dell. Friedan, B. (1974). The feminine mystique. New York: Dell.
Zurück zum Zitat Fullilove, M. T., Fullilove, R. E., Haynes, K., and Gross, S. (1990). Black women and AIDS prevention: A view towards understanding the gender rules. The Journal of Sex Research, 27, 47–64.CrossRef Fullilove, M. T., Fullilove, R. E., Haynes, K., and Gross, S. (1990). Black women and AIDS prevention: A view towards understanding the gender rules. The Journal of Sex Research, 27, 47–64.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gollub, E. L., Brown, E., Savouillan, M., Waterlot, J., and Coruble, G. (2002). A community-based safer sex intervention for women: Results of a pilot study in southeastern France. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 4, 21–41.CrossRef Gollub, E. L., Brown, E., Savouillan, M., Waterlot, J., and Coruble, G. (2002). A community-based safer sex intervention for women: Results of a pilot study in southeastern France. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 4, 21–41.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hansen, W., and McNeal, R. (1997). How dare works: An examination of program effects on mediating variables. Health Education and Behavior, 24, 165–176.PubMedCrossRef Hansen, W., and McNeal, R. (1997). How dare works: An examination of program effects on mediating variables. Health Education and Behavior, 24, 165–176.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Haug, F. (1987). Female sexualization. London: Verso. Haug, F. (1987). Female sexualization. London: Verso.
Zurück zum Zitat Heywood, L. (1998). Bodymakers: A cultural anatomy of women's bodybuilding. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. Heywood, L. (1998). Bodymakers: A cultural anatomy of women's bodybuilding. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Heywood, L., and Dworkin, S. L. (2003). Built to win: The female athlete as cultural icon. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Heywood, L., and Dworkin, S. L. (2003). Built to win: The female athlete as cultural icon. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Jenkins, S. R. (2000). Introduction to the special issue: Defining gender, relationships, and power. Sex Roles, 42, 751–780.CrossRef Jenkins, S. R. (2000). Introduction to the special issue: Defining gender, relationships, and power. Sex Roles, 42, 751–780.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Krull, J. L., and MacKinnon, D. P. (1999). Multilevel mediation modeling in group-based intervention studies. Evaluation Review, 23, 418–444.PubMedCrossRef Krull, J. L., and MacKinnon, D. P. (1999). Multilevel mediation modeling in group-based intervention studies. Evaluation Review, 23, 418–444.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lobo, C. M., Frijling, B. D., Hulscher, M. E., Braspenning, J. L., Grol, J. C., Prins, A. R. P., and van der Wouden, J. C. (2002). Organizing cardiovascular preventive care in general practice: Determinants of a successful intervention. Preventive Medicine, 35, 430–436.PubMedCrossRef Lobo, C. M., Frijling, B. D., Hulscher, M. E., Braspenning, J. L., Grol, J. C., Prins, A. R. P., and van der Wouden, J. C. (2002). Organizing cardiovascular preventive care in general practice: Determinants of a successful intervention. Preventive Medicine, 35, 430–436.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lofland, J., and Lofland, L. H. (1995). Analyzing social settings: A guide to qualitative observation and analysis. Belmont, MA: Wadsworth. Lofland, J., and Lofland, L. H. (1995). Analyzing social settings: A guide to qualitative observation and analysis. Belmont, MA: Wadsworth.
Zurück zum Zitat Logan, T. K., Cole, J., and Leukefeld, C. (2002). Women, sex, and HIV: Social and contextual factors, meta-analysis of published interventions, and implications for practice and research. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 851–885.PubMedCrossRef Logan, T. K., Cole, J., and Leukefeld, C. (2002). Women, sex, and HIV: Social and contextual factors, meta-analysis of published interventions, and implications for practice and research. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 851–885.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lorber, J. (2001). Gender inequality: Feminist theories and politics. Los Angeles: Roxbury. Lorber, J. (2001). Gender inequality: Feminist theories and politics. Los Angeles: Roxbury.
Zurück zum Zitat MacKinnon, C. (1989). Towards a feminist theory of the state. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. MacKinnon, C. (1989). Towards a feminist theory of the state. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat MacKinnon, D. P. (1994). Analysis of mediating variables in prevention and intervention research. NIDA Research Monograph, 139, 127–153.PubMed MacKinnon, D. P. (1994). Analysis of mediating variables in prevention and intervention research. NIDA Research Monograph, 139, 127–153.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat MacKinnon, D. P., Johnson, C. A., Pentz, M. A., Dwyer, J. H., Hansen, W. B., Flay, B. R., and Wang, E. (1991). Mediating mechanisms in a school-based drug prevention program: First year effects of the Midwestern prevention project. Health Psychology, 10, 164–172.PubMedCrossRef MacKinnon, D. P., Johnson, C. A., Pentz, M. A., Dwyer, J. H., Hansen, W. B., Flay, B. R., and Wang, E. (1991). Mediating mechanisms in a school-based drug prevention program: First year effects of the Midwestern prevention project. Health Psychology, 10, 164–172.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat MacKinnon, D. P., Weber, M. D., and Pentz, M. A. (1988). How do school-based drug prevention programs work and for whom? Drugs and Society, 3, 125–143.CrossRef MacKinnon, D. P., Weber, M. D., and Pentz, M. A. (1988). How do school-based drug prevention programs work and for whom? Drugs and Society, 3, 125–143.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Madriz, E. I. (1998). Using focus groups with lower socioeconomic Latina women. Qualitative Inquiry, 4, 114–128.CrossRef Madriz, E. I. (1998). Using focus groups with lower socioeconomic Latina women. Qualitative Inquiry, 4, 114–128.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mane, P., and Aggleton, P. (2000). Cross-national perspectives on gender and power. In R. Parker, R. M. Barbosa, and P. Aggleton (Eds.), Framing the sexual subject: The politics of gender, sexuality, and power (pp. 104–116). Berkeley: University of California Press. Mane, P., and Aggleton, P. (2000). Cross-national perspectives on gender and power. In R. Parker, R. M. Barbosa, and P. Aggleton (Eds.), Framing the sexual subject: The politics of gender, sexuality, and power (pp. 104–116). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin, E. (1987). The woman in the body: A cultural analysis of reproduction. Boston: Beacon. Martin, E. (1987). The woman in the body: A cultural analysis of reproduction. Boston: Beacon.
Zurück zum Zitat Messner, M. A. (1997). The politics of masculinity: Men in movements. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Messner, M. A. (1997). The politics of masculinity: Men in movements. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Zurück zum Zitat Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., and Gruen, R. S. (1992). Training manual for psychosexual interviewing. Unpublished paper, Columbia University, Department of Psychiatry, New York. Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., and Gruen, R. S. (1992). Training manual for psychosexual interviewing. Unpublished paper, Columbia University, Department of Psychiatry, New York.
Zurück zum Zitat Miles, M. B., and Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Miles, M. B., and Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller, W. L., and Crabtree, B. F. (2000). Clinical research. In N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 607–631). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Miller, W. L., and Crabtree, B. F. (2000). Clinical research. In N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 607–631). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Zurück zum Zitat Millet, K. (1970). Sexual politics. New York: Doubleday. Millet, K. (1970). Sexual politics. New York: Doubleday.
Zurück zum Zitat Newman, T. B., Browner, T. B., Cummings, S. R., and Hulley, S. B. (2001). Designing an observational study: Cross-sectional and case-control studies. In S. B. Hully, S. R. Cummings, W. S. Browner, D. G. Norman Hearst, and T. B. Newman (Eds.), Designing clinical research (pp. 107–121). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins. Newman, T. B., Browner, T. B., Cummings, S. R., and Hulley, S. B. (2001). Designing an observational study: Cross-sectional and case-control studies. In S. B. Hully, S. R. Cummings, W. S. Browner, D. G. Norman Hearst, and T. B. Newman (Eds.), Designing clinical research (pp. 107–121). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins.
Zurück zum Zitat Ortiz-Torres, B., Williams, S. P., and Ehrhardt, A. A. (2003). Urban women's gender scripts: Implications for HIV. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 5, 1–17.CrossRef Ortiz-Torres, B., Williams, S. P., and Ehrhardt, A. A. (2003). Urban women's gender scripts: Implications for HIV. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 5, 1–17.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Parsons, H. M. (1974). What happened at Hawthorne? Science, 4128, 922–932.CrossRef Parsons, H. M. (1974). What happened at Hawthorne? Science, 4128, 922–932.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Pulerwitz, J., Gortmaker, S. L., and Dejong, W. (2000). Measuring sexual relationship power in HIV/STD research. Sex Roles, 42, 637–660.CrossRef Pulerwitz, J., Gortmaker, S. L., and Dejong, W. (2000). Measuring sexual relationship power in HIV/STD research. Sex Roles, 42, 637–660.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Reynolds, K. D., Yaroch, A. L., Franklin, F. A., and Maloy, J. (2002). Testing mediating variables in a school-based nutritional intervention program. Health Psychology, 21, 51–60.PubMedCrossRef Reynolds, K. D., Yaroch, A. L., Franklin, F. A., and Maloy, J. (2002). Testing mediating variables in a school-based nutritional intervention program. Health Psychology, 21, 51–60.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rogers, E. M. (1995). Diffusion of innovations. New York: Free. Rogers, E. M. (1995). Diffusion of innovations. New York: Free.
Zurück zum Zitat Sandelowski, M. (1998). Using qualitative methods in intervention studies. Research in Nursing and Health, 9, 359–364. Sandelowski, M. (1998). Using qualitative methods in intervention studies. Research in Nursing and Health, 9, 359–364.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwartz, P., and Rutter, V. (1998). The gender of sexuality. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Schwartz, P., and Rutter, V. (1998). The gender of sexuality. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Zurück zum Zitat Seal, D. W., and Ehrhardt, A. A. (2003). Masculinity and urban men: Perceived scripts for courtship, romantic, and sexual interactions with women. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 5, 295–319.CrossRef Seal, D. W., and Ehrhardt, A. A. (2003). Masculinity and urban men: Perceived scripts for courtship, romantic, and sexual interactions with women. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 5, 295–319.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Segal, L. (1994). Straight sex: Rethinking the politics of pleasure. Berkeley: University of California Press. Segal, L. (1994). Straight sex: Rethinking the politics of pleasure. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Sherman, S. G., Gielen, A. C., and McDonnell, K. A. (2000). Power and attitudes among a sample of low-income, African American women: Implications for HIV/AIDS prevention. Sex Roles, 42, 283–294.CrossRef Sherman, S. G., Gielen, A. C., and McDonnell, K. A. (2000). Power and attitudes among a sample of low-income, African American women: Implications for HIV/AIDS prevention. Sex Roles, 42, 283–294.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Simon, W., and Gagnon, J. (1999). Sexual scripts. In R. Parker and P. Aggleton (Eds.), Culture, society, and sexuality: A reader (pp. 29–38). London: UCL. Simon, W., and Gagnon, J. (1999). Sexual scripts. In R. Parker and P. Aggleton (Eds.), Culture, society, and sexuality: A reader (pp. 29–38). London: UCL.
Zurück zum Zitat Sormanti, M., Pereira, L., El-Bassel, N., Witte, S., and Gilbert, L. (2001). The role of community consultants in designing an HIV intervention. AIDS Education and Prevention, 13, 311–328.PubMedCrossRef Sormanti, M., Pereira, L., El-Bassel, N., Witte, S., and Gilbert, L. (2001). The role of community consultants in designing an HIV intervention. AIDS Education and Prevention, 13, 311–328.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Spradley, J. P. (1979). The ethnographic interview. New York: Harcourt Brace. Spradley, J. P. (1979). The ethnographic interview. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Zurück zum Zitat Thornton-Dill, B. (1988). Our mother's grief: Racial ethnic women and the maintenance of families. Journal of Family History, 13, 415–431.CrossRef Thornton-Dill, B. (1988). Our mother's grief: Racial ethnic women and the maintenance of families. Journal of Family History, 13, 415–431.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wingood, G. M., and DiClemente, R. J. (1996). HIV sexual risk reduction interventions for women: A review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 12, 209–217.PubMed Wingood, G. M., and DiClemente, R. J. (1996). HIV sexual risk reduction interventions for women: A review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 12, 209–217.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Wingood, G. M., and DiClemente, R. J. (1998). Partner influences and gender-related factors associated with noncondom use among young adult African American women. American Journal of Community Psychology, 26, 29–51.PubMedCrossRef Wingood, G. M., and DiClemente, R. J. (1998). Partner influences and gender-related factors associated with noncondom use among young adult African American women. American Journal of Community Psychology, 26, 29–51.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wingood, G. M., and DiClemente, R. J. (2000). Application of the theory of gender and power to examine HIV-related exposures, risk factors, and effective interventions for women. Health Education and Behavior, 27, 539–565.PubMedCrossRef Wingood, G. M., and DiClemente, R. J. (2000). Application of the theory of gender and power to examine HIV-related exposures, risk factors, and effective interventions for women. Health Education and Behavior, 27, 539–565.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Revisiting “Success”: Posttrial Analysis of a Gender-Specific HIV/STD Prevention Intervention
verfasst von
Shari L. Dworkin
Theresa Exner
Rita Melendez
Susie Hoffman
Anke A. Ehrhardt
Publikationsdatum
01.01.2006
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
AIDS and Behavior / Ausgabe 1/2006
Print ISSN: 1090-7165
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-3254
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-005-9023-0

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2006

AIDS and Behavior 1/2006 Zur Ausgabe

Editorial

Editorial

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.