nach oben

Erschienen in:

01.01.2015 | Original Paper

Evidence of the Negative Effect of Sexual Minority Stigma on HIV Testing Among MSM and Transgender Women in San Salvador, El Salvador

verfasst von: Katherine Andrinopoulos, John Hembling, Maria Elena Guardado, Flor de Maria Hernández, Ana Isabel Nieto, Giovanni Melendez

Erschienen in: AIDS and Behavior | Ausgabe 1/2015

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

A cross sectional survey was administered to 670 men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW) in San Salvador through respondent driven sampling to identify determinants of ever testing for HIV using a minority stress framework. A positive association was found between ever testing and older age [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.10], past experience of sexual assault (aOR 2.92), perceiving that most social acquaintances had tested (aOR 1.81), and knowing a PLHIV (aOR 1.94). A negative association was found between homelessness and ever testing (aOR 0.43). Among the MSM sub-sample (n = 506), similar results were found for older age (aOR 2.63), and past experience of sexual assault (aOR 2.56). Internalized homonegativity was negatively associated with ever testing for HIV among MSM (aOR 0.46), and HIV testing stigma and experienced provider discrimination further strengthened this relationship. It is important to mitigate sexual minority stigma in order to increase HIV testing among MSM. Future research should explore this construct among TW.

In this paper we use the term “transgender woman” to refer to a person who identifies their gender as female, but was assigned the male sex at birth [12, p. 12]. Within this group there are individuals who have undergone medical procedures to alter their sexual anatomy and physiology from male to female, or who plan to in the future, as well as people who do not wish to change physically but who identify as female. “Transgender” refers to the person’s gender identity, and is distinct from their sexual orientation.

Caceres C, Konda K, Pecheny M, Chatterjee A, Lyerla R. Estimating the number of men who have sex with men in low and middle income countries. Sex Transm Infect. 2006;82(Suppl 3):3–9.

Beyrer C, Baral SD, van Griensven F, Goodreau SM, Chariyalertsak S, Wirtz AL, et al. Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men. Lancet. 2012;380(9839):367–77 (Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t).PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Baral SD, Poteat T, Stromdahl S, Wirtz AL, Guadamuz TE, Beyrer C. Worldwide burden of HIV in transgender women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(3):214–22.PubMedCrossRef

Le Vu S, Le Strat Y, Barin F, Pillonel J, Cazein F, Bousquet V, et al. Population-based HIV-1 incidence in France, 2003–08: a modelling analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(10):682–7.PubMedCrossRef

Sullivan PS, Hamouda O, Delpech V, Geduld JE, Prejean J, Semaille C, et al. Reemergence of the HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in North America, Western Europe, and Australia, 1996–2005. Ann Epidemiol. 2009;19(6):423–31.PubMedCrossRef

Sanders EJ, Graham SM, Okuku HS, van der Elst EM, Muhaari A, Davies A, et al. HIV-1 infection in high risk men who have sex with men in Mombasa, Kenya. AIDS. 2007;21(18):2513–20.PubMedCrossRef

Ministry of Health and Social Assistance, Universidad de Valle, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Encuesta Centroamericana de Vigilancia de Compartamiento Sexual y Prevalencia de VIH/ITS en Poblaciones Vulnerables, El Salvador; 2009.

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Country Fact Sheet, El Salvador. 2009. http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/elsalvador/. Accessed 15 May 2014.

Barrington C, Wejnert C, Guardado ME, Nieto AI, Bailey GP. Social network characteristics and HIV vulnerability among transgender persons in San Salvador: identifying opportunities for HIV prevention strategies. AIDS Behav. 2012;16(1):214–24.PubMedCrossRef

10.

Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(6):493–505.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

11.

Adam PC, de Wit JB, Toskin I, Mathers BM, Nashkhoev M, Zablotska I, et al. Estimating levels of HIV testing, HIV prevention coverage, HIV knowledge, and condom use among men who have sex with men (MSM) in low-income and middle-income countries. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;52(Suppl 2):S143–51.PubMedCrossRef

12.

Academies of the National Institute of Medicine. The health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people: building a foundation for a better understanding; 2011.

13.

Jacobson JO, Creswell J, Guardado ME, Lee JC, Isabel Nieto A, Paz-Bailey G. Coverage of HIV prevention components among people with long-standing diagnosed HIV infection in El Salvador. Sex Transm Dis. 2012;39(9):694–700.PubMedCrossRef

14.

Mimiaga MJ, Reisner SL, Bland S, Skeer M, Cranston K, Isenberg D, et al. Health system and personal barriers resulting in decreased utilization of HIV and STD testing services among at-risk black men who have sex with men in Massachusetts. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2009;23(10):825–35.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

15.

Zhang L, Xiao Y, Lu R, Wu G, Ding X, Qian HZ, et al. Predictors of HIV testing among men who have sex with men in a large Chinese city. Sex Transm Dis. 2013;40(3):235–40.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

16.

Margolis AD, Joseph H, Belcher L, Hirshfield S, Chiasson MA. ‘Never testing for HIV’ among men who have sex with men recruited from a sexual networking website, United States. AIDS Behav. 2012;16(1):23–9.PubMedCrossRef

17.

Holt M, Rawstorne P, Wilkinson J, Worth H, Bittman M, Kippax S. HIV testing, gay community involvement and internet use: social and behavioural correlates of HIV testing among Australian men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2012;16(1):13–22.PubMedCrossRef

18.

Huang ZJ, He N, Nehl EJ, Zheng T, Smith BD, Zhang J, et al. Social network and other correlates of HIV testing: findings from male sex workers and other MSM in Shanghai, China. AIDS Behav. 2012;16(4):858–71.PubMedCrossRef

19.

Creswell J, Guardado ME, Lee J, Nieto AI, Kim AA, Monterroso E, et al. HIV and STI control in El Salvador: results from an integrated behavioural survey among men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Infect. 2012;88(8):633–8.PubMedCrossRef

20.

Sifakis F, Hylton JB, Flynn C, Solomon L, MacKellar DA, Valleroy LA, et al. Prevalence of HIV infection and prior HIV testing among young men who have sex with men. The Baltimore young men’s survey. AIDS Behav. 2010;14(4):904–12.PubMedCrossRef

21.

Wimonsate W, Naorat S, Varangrat A, Phanuphak P, Kanggarnrua K, McNicholl J, et al. Factors associated with HIV testing history and returning for HIV test results among men who have sex with men in Thailand. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(4):693–701.PubMedCrossRef

22.

Myers T, Orr KW, Locker D, Jackson EA. Factors affecting gay and bisexual men’s decisions and intentions to seek HIV testing. Am J Public Health. 1993;83(5):701–4.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

23.

Stall R, Hoff C, Coates TJ, Paul J, Phillips KA, Ekstrand M, et al. Decisions to get HIV tested and to accept antiretroviral therapies among gay/bisexual men: implications for secondary prevention efforts. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1996;11(2):151–60.PubMedCrossRef

24.

Chesney MAS, Smith AW. Critical delays in HIV testing and care: the potenatial role of stigma. Am Behav Sci. 1999;42(7):1158–70.CrossRef

25.

Petroll AE, DiFranceisco W, McAuliffe TL, Seal DW, Kelly JA, Pinkerton SD. HIV testing rates, testing locations, and healthcare utilization among urban African–American men. J Urban Health. 2009;86(1):119–31.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

26.

Meyer IH. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull. 2003;129(5):674–97.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

27.

Meyer IH. Minority stress and mental health in gay men. J Health Soc Behav. 1995;36(1):38–56.PubMedCrossRef

28.

Hatzenbuehler ML. How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework. Psychol Bull. 2009;135(5):707–30.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

29.

Herek GM. Confronting sexual stigma and prejudice: theory and practice. J Soc Issues. 2007;63(4):905–25.CrossRef

30.

Herek GM. Sexual prejudice and gender: do heterosexuals’ attitudes toward lesbians and gay men differ? J Soc Issues. 2000;56(2):251–66.CrossRef

31.

Hatzenbuehler ML, Nolen-Hoeksema S, Dovidio J. How does stigma “get under the skin”?: the mediating role of emotion regulation. Psychol Sci. 2009;20(10):1282–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

32.

Pachankis JE. The psychological implications of concealing a stigma: a cognitive-affective-behavioral model. Psychol Bull. 2007;133(2):328–45.PubMedCrossRef

33.

Berg RC, Ross MW, Weatherburn P, Schmidt AJ. Structural and environmental factors are associated with internalised homonegativity in men who have sex with men: findings from the European MSM Internet Survey (EMIS) in 38 countries. Soc Sci Med. 2013;78:61–9.PubMedCrossRef

34.

Crocker J, Major B. Social stigma and self-esteem—the self-protective properties of stigma. Psychol Rev. 1989;96(4):608–30.CrossRef

35.

Bernstein KT, Liu KL, Begier EM, Koblin B, Karpati A, Murrill C. Same-sex attraction disclosure to health care providers among New York City men who have sex with men: implications for HIV testing approaches. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(13):1458–64.PubMedCrossRef

36.

The Global Forum on MSM & HIV. Access to HIV prevention and treatment for men who have sex with men: findings from the 2012 Global Men’s Health and Rights Study (GMHRS); 2012.

37.

Shoptaw S, Weiss RE, Munjas B, Hucks-Ortiz C, Young SD, Larkins S, et al. Homonegativity, substance use, sexual risk behaviors, and HIV status in poor and ethnic men who have sex with men in Los Angeles. J Urban Health. 2009;86(Suppl 1):77–92.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

38.

Johnston L. Behavioural Surveillance: Introduction to Respondent Driven Sampling; 2008.

39.

Andrinopoulos K, Kerrigan D, Figueroa JP, Reese R, Ellen JM. HIV coping self-efficacy: a key to understanding stigma and HIV test acceptance among incarcerated men in Jamaica. AIDS Care. 2010;22(3):339–47.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

40.

Boshamer CB, Bruce KE. A scale to measure attitudes about HIV-antibody testing: development and psychometric validation. AIDS Educ Prev. 1999;11(5):400–13.PubMed

41.

Mayfield W. The development of an internalized homonegativity inventory for gay men. J Homosex. 2001;41(2):53–76.PubMedCrossRef

42.

Vu L, Tun W, Sheehy M, Nel D. Levels and correlates of internalized homophobia among men who have sex with men in Pretoria, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2012;16(3):717–23.PubMedCrossRef

43.

Sweat MD, Denison JA. Reducing HIV incidence in developing countries with structural and environmental interventions. AIDS. 1995;9(Suppl A):S251–7 (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t).PubMed

44.

Soto RJ, Ghee AE, Nunez CA, Mayorga R, Tapia KA, Astete SG, et al. Sentinel surveillance of sexually transmitted infections/HIV and risk behaviors in vulnerable populations in 5 Central American countries. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;46(1):101–11.PubMed

Titel: Evidence of the Negative Effect of Sexual Minority Stigma on HIV Testing Among MSM and Transgender Women in San Salvador, El Salvador
verfasst von: Katherine Andrinopoulos
John Hembling
Maria Elena Guardado
Flor de Maria Hernández
Ana Isabel Nieto
Giovanni Melendez
Publikationsdatum: 01.01.2015
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: AIDS and Behavior / Ausgabe 1/2015
Print ISSN: 1090-7165
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-3254
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0813-0

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

23.04.2024 | Ablationstherapie | Nachrichten

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Springer Medizin

Evidence of the Negative Effect of Sexual Minority Stigma on HIV Testing Among MSM and Transgender Women in San Salvador, El Salvador

Abstract

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Wie erfolgreich ist eine Re-Ablation nach Rezidiv?

Europäische Ernährungsgewohnheiten: Das sind die häufigsten Fehler

Hinter dieser Appendizitis steckte ein Erreger

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

Update Innere Medizin

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2015

Individualised Motivational Counselling to Enhance Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy is not Superior to Didactic Counselling in South African Patients: Findings of the CAPRISA 058 Randomised Controlled Trial

“Amar te Duele” (“Love Hurts”): Sexual Relationship Power, Intimate Partner Violence, Depression Symptoms and HIV Risk Among Female Sex Workers Who Use Drugs and Their Non-commercial, Steady Partners in Mexico

Individual and Socio-Environmental Factors Associated with Unsafe Injection Practices Among Young Adult Injection Drug Users in San Diego

Improving the Counselling Skills of Lay Counsellors in Antiretroviral Adherence Settings: A Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial in the Western Cape, South Africa

Correlation Between Use of Antiretroviral Adherence Devices by HIV-Infected Youth and Plasma HIV RNA and Self-Reported Adherence

Neurocognitive Impairment is Associated with Lower Health Literacy Among Persons Living with HIV Infection

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Wie erfolgreich ist eine Re-Ablation nach Rezidiv?

Europäische Ernährungsgewohnheiten: Das sind die häufigsten Fehler

Hinter dieser Appendizitis steckte ein Erreger

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

Update Innere Medizin