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Adolescent-Onset Depression: Are Obesity and Inflammation Developmental Mechanisms or Outcomes?

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Abstract

Depression often has its first onset during adolescence and is associated with obesity. Furthermore, inflammatory processes have been implicated in both depression and obesity, although research amongst adolescents is limited. This review explores associations between depression and obesity, depression and inflammation, and obesity and inflammation from a developmental perspective. The temporal relations between these factors are examined to explore whether obesity and elevated inflammation act as either risk factors for, or outcomes of, adolescent-onset depression. Sex differences in these processes are also summarized. We propose a model whereby increases in sex hormones during puberty increase risk for depression for females, which can lead to obesity, which in turn increases levels of inflammation. Importantly, this model suggests that inflammation and obesity are outcomes of adolescent depression, rather than initial contributing causes. Further research on biological and psychosocial effects of sex hormones is needed, as is longitudinal research with children and adolescents.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia

    Michelle L. Byrne & Nicholas B. Allen

  2. Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health CRC, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC, 3010, Australia

    Neil M. O’Brien-Simpson

  3. Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia

    Sarah A. Mitchell

  4. Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1227, USA

    Nicholas B. Allen

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  1. Michelle L. Byrne
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  2. Neil M. O’Brien-Simpson
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  3. Sarah A. Mitchell
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  4. Nicholas B. Allen
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Correspondence to Michelle L. Byrne.

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Byrne, M.L., O’Brien-Simpson, N.M., Mitchell, S.A. et al. Adolescent-Onset Depression: Are Obesity and Inflammation Developmental Mechanisms or Outcomes?. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 46, 839–850 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0524-9

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