Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Digestive Diseases and Sciences 2/2008

01.02.2008 | Original Paper

Cognitive Dysfunction in Chronic Hepatitis C: A Review

verfasst von: William Perry, Robin C. Hilsabeck, Tarek I. Hassanein

Erschienen in: Digestive Diseases and Sciences | Ausgabe 2/2008

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a common blood-borne illness that affects up to 2% of the world’s population and almost 4 million Americans. Cognitive impairment, or difficulty with thinking, has become a well-established symptom in persons with end stage liver disease. It was previously assumed that cognitive impairment was a consequence of cirrhosis-associated hepatic encephalopathy. Recent evidence, however, suggests that approximately one-third of people with chronic HCV experience cognitive impairment even in the absence of cirrhosis and that its occurrence is unrelated to other indices of liver function, such as laboratory values, viral load, and genotype. In the present review, evidence outlining the presence of cognitive deficits associated with HCV, possible etiological factors, effects of antiviral therapy, and co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is presented. Implications of these findings and directions for future work are discussed.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Alter MJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Nainan OV, McQuillan GM, Gao F, Moyer LA, Kaslow RA, Margolis HS (1999) The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994. New Engl J Med 341:556–562PubMed Alter MJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Nainan OV, McQuillan GM, Gao F, Moyer LA, Kaslow RA, Margolis HS (1999) The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994. New Engl J Med 341:556–562PubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Shepard CW, Finelli L, Alter MJ (2005) Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet Infect Dis 5:558–567PubMed Shepard CW, Finelli L, Alter MJ (2005) Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet Infect Dis 5:558–567PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Armstrong GL, Alter MJ, McQuillan GM, Margolis HS (2000) The past incidence of hepatitis C virus infection: Implications for the future burden of chronic liver disease in the United States. Hepatology 31:777–782PubMed Armstrong GL, Alter MJ, McQuillan GM, Margolis HS (2000) The past incidence of hepatitis C virus infection: Implications for the future burden of chronic liver disease in the United States. Hepatology 31:777–782PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat McHutchison JG (2004) Understanding hepatitis C. Am J Managed Care 10(S2):S21–S29 McHutchison JG (2004) Understanding hepatitis C. Am J Managed Care 10(S2):S21–S29
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Cordoba J, Raguer N, Flavia M, Vargas V, Jacas C, Alonso J, Rovira A (2003) T2 hyperintensity along the cortico-spinal tract in cirrhosis relates to functional abnormalities. Hepatology 38:1026–1033PubMed Cordoba J, Raguer N, Flavia M, Vargas V, Jacas C, Alonso J, Rovira A (2003) T2 hyperintensity along the cortico-spinal tract in cirrhosis relates to functional abnormalities. Hepatology 38:1026–1033PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Shawcross D, Jalan R (2005) The pathophysiologic basis of hepatic encephalopathy: central role for ammonia and inflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci 62:2295–2304PubMed Shawcross D, Jalan R (2005) The pathophysiologic basis of hepatic encephalopathy: central role for ammonia and inflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci 62:2295–2304PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Forton DM, Allsop JM, Main J, Foster GR, Thomas HC, Taylor-Robinson SD (2001) Evidence for a cerebral effect of the hepatitis C virus. Lancet 358:38–39PubMed Forton DM, Allsop JM, Main J, Foster GR, Thomas HC, Taylor-Robinson SD (2001) Evidence for a cerebral effect of the hepatitis C virus. Lancet 358:38–39PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Forton DM, Thomas HC, Murphy CA, Allsop JM, Foster GR, Main J, Wesnes KA, Taylor-Robinson SD (2002) Hepatitis C and cognitive impairment in a cohort of patients with mild liver disease. Hepatology 35:433–439PubMed Forton DM, Thomas HC, Murphy CA, Allsop JM, Foster GR, Main J, Wesnes KA, Taylor-Robinson SD (2002) Hepatitis C and cognitive impairment in a cohort of patients with mild liver disease. Hepatology 35:433–439PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Kramer L, Bauer E, Funk G, Hofer H, Jessner W, Steindl-Munda P, Wrba F, Madl C, Gangl A, Ferenci P (2002) Subclinical impairment of brain function in chronic hepatitis C infection. J Hepatol 37:349–354PubMed Kramer L, Bauer E, Funk G, Hofer H, Jessner W, Steindl-Munda P, Wrba F, Madl C, Gangl A, Ferenci P (2002) Subclinical impairment of brain function in chronic hepatitis C infection. J Hepatol 37:349–354PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Kramer L, Hofer H, Bauer E, Funk G, Formann E, Steindl-Munda P, Ferenci P (2005) Relative impact of fatigue and subclinical cognitive brain dysfunction on health-related quality of life in chronic hepatitis C infection. AIDS 19(S3):S85–S92PubMed Kramer L, Hofer H, Bauer E, Funk G, Formann E, Steindl-Munda P, Ferenci P (2005) Relative impact of fatigue and subclinical cognitive brain dysfunction on health-related quality of life in chronic hepatitis C infection. AIDS 19(S3):S85–S92PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Hilsabeck RC, Perry W, Hassassein TI (2002) Neuropsychological impairment in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 35:440–446PubMed Hilsabeck RC, Perry W, Hassassein TI (2002) Neuropsychological impairment in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 35:440–446PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Hilsabeck RC, Hassanein TI, Carlson MD, Ziegler EA, Perry W (2003) Cognitive functioning and psychiatric symptomatology in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 9:847–854PubMed Hilsabeck RC, Hassanein TI, Carlson MD, Ziegler EA, Perry W (2003) Cognitive functioning and psychiatric symptomatology in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 9:847–854PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Weissenborn K, Krause J, Bokemeyer M, Hecker H, Schuler A, Ennen JC, Ahl B, Manns MP, Boker KW (2004) Hepatitis C virus infection affects the brain-evidence from psychometric studies and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Hepatol 41:845–851PubMed Weissenborn K, Krause J, Bokemeyer M, Hecker H, Schuler A, Ennen JC, Ahl B, Manns MP, Boker KW (2004) Hepatitis C virus infection affects the brain-evidence from psychometric studies and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Hepatol 41:845–851PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor MJ, Letendre SL, Schweinsburg BC, Alhassoon OM, Brown GG, Gongvatana A, Grant I, The HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (2004) Hepatitis C virus infection is associated with reduced white matter N-acetylaspartate in abstinent methamphetamine users. J Int Neuropyschol Soc 10:110–113 Taylor MJ, Letendre SL, Schweinsburg BC, Alhassoon OM, Brown GG, Gongvatana A, Grant I, The HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (2004) Hepatitis C virus infection is associated with reduced white matter N-acetylaspartate in abstinent methamphetamine users. J Int Neuropyschol Soc 10:110–113
15.
Zurück zum Zitat McAndrews MP, Farcnik K, Carlen P, Damyanovich A, Mrkonjic M, Jones S, Heathcote EJ (2005) Prevalence and significance of neurocognitive dysfunction in hepatitis C in the absence of correlated risk factors. Hepatology 41:801–808PubMed McAndrews MP, Farcnik K, Carlen P, Damyanovich A, Mrkonjic M, Jones S, Heathcote EJ (2005) Prevalence and significance of neurocognitive dysfunction in hepatitis C in the absence of correlated risk factors. Hepatology 41:801–808PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Fontana RJ, Bieliauskas LA, Back-Madruga C, Lindsay KL, Kronfol Z, Lok AS, Padmanabhan L, The HALT-C Trial Group (2005) Cognitive function in hepatitis C patients with advanced fibrosis enrolled in the HALT-C trial. J Hepatol 43:614–622PubMed Fontana RJ, Bieliauskas LA, Back-Madruga C, Lindsay KL, Kronfol Z, Lok AS, Padmanabhan L, The HALT-C Trial Group (2005) Cognitive function in hepatitis C patients with advanced fibrosis enrolled in the HALT-C trial. J Hepatol 43:614–622PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferenci P, Lockwood A, Mullen K, Tarter R, Weissenborn K, Blei AT, The Members of the Working Party (2002) Hepatic encephalopathy – definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology. Hepatology 35:716–721PubMed Ferenci P, Lockwood A, Mullen K, Tarter R, Weissenborn K, Blei AT, The Members of the Working Party (2002) Hepatic encephalopathy – definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology. Hepatology 35:716–721PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Forton DM, Taylor-Robinson SD, Thomas HC (2006) Central nervous system changes in hepatitis C virus infection. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 18:333–338PubMed Forton DM, Taylor-Robinson SD, Thomas HC (2006) Central nervous system changes in hepatitis C virus infection. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 18:333–338PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Perry W, Braff DL (1994) Information-processing deficits and thought disorder in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 151:363–367PubMed Perry W, Braff DL (1994) Information-processing deficits and thought disorder in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 151:363–367PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Braff DL, Geyer MA (1990) Sensorimotor gating and schizophrenia. Human and animal model studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47:181–188PubMed Braff DL, Geyer MA (1990) Sensorimotor gating and schizophrenia. Human and animal model studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47:181–188PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Perry W, Minassian A, Feifel D, Braff DL (2001) Sensorimotor gating deficits in bipolar disorder patients with acute psychotic mania. Biol Psychiatry 50:418–424PubMed Perry W, Minassian A, Feifel D, Braff DL (2001) Sensorimotor gating deficits in bipolar disorder patients with acute psychotic mania. Biol Psychiatry 50:418–424PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Perry W, Feifel D, Minassian A, Bhattacharjie I, Braff DL (2002) Information processing deficits in acutely psychotic schizophrenia patients medicated and unmedicated at the time of admission. Am J Psychiatry 159:1375–1381PubMed Perry W, Feifel D, Minassian A, Bhattacharjie I, Braff DL (2002) Information processing deficits in acutely psychotic schizophrenia patients medicated and unmedicated at the time of admission. Am J Psychiatry 159:1375–1381PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Perry W, Minassian A, Feifel D (2004) Prepulse inhibition in patients with non-psychotic major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 81:179–184PubMed Perry W, Minassian A, Feifel D (2004) Prepulse inhibition in patients with non-psychotic major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 81:179–184PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Swerdlow NR, Koob GF (1987) Lesions of the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus, medial prefrontal cortex and pedunculopontine nucleus: effects on locomotor activity mediated by nucleus accumbens-ventral pallidal circuitry. Brain Res 412:233–243PubMed Swerdlow NR, Koob GF (1987) Lesions of the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus, medial prefrontal cortex and pedunculopontine nucleus: effects on locomotor activity mediated by nucleus accumbens-ventral pallidal circuitry. Brain Res 412:233–243PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Valls-Sole J, Munoz JE, Valldeoriola F (2004) Abnormalities of prepulse inhibition do not depend on blink reflex excitability: a study in Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Clin Neurophysiol 115:1527–1536PubMed Valls-Sole J, Munoz JE, Valldeoriola F (2004) Abnormalities of prepulse inhibition do not depend on blink reflex excitability: a study in Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Clin Neurophysiol 115:1527–1536PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Swerdlow NR, Paulsen J, Braff DL, Butters N, Geyer MA, Swenson MR (1995) Impaired prepulse inhibition of acoustic and tactile startle response in patients with Huntington’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 58:192–200PubMed Swerdlow NR, Paulsen J, Braff DL, Butters N, Geyer MA, Swenson MR (1995) Impaired prepulse inhibition of acoustic and tactile startle response in patients with Huntington’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 58:192–200PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Forton DM, Taylor-Robinson SD, Thomas HC (2003) Cerebral dysfunction in chronic hepatitis C infection. J Viral Hepatitis 10:81–86 Forton DM, Taylor-Robinson SD, Thomas HC (2003) Cerebral dysfunction in chronic hepatitis C infection. J Viral Hepatitis 10:81–86
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Forton DM, Thomas HC, Taylor-Robinson SD (2004) Central nervous system involvement in hepatitis C virus infection. Metab Brain Dis 19:383–391PubMed Forton DM, Thomas HC, Taylor-Robinson SD (2004) Central nervous system involvement in hepatitis C virus infection. Metab Brain Dis 19:383–391PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Ersche KD, Fletcher PC, Lewis SJ, Clark L, Stocks-Gee G, London M, Deakin JB, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ (2005) Abnormal frontal activations related to decision-making in current and former amphetamine and opiate dependent individuals. Psychopharmacology 180:612–623PubMed Ersche KD, Fletcher PC, Lewis SJ, Clark L, Stocks-Gee G, London M, Deakin JB, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ (2005) Abnormal frontal activations related to decision-making in current and former amphetamine and opiate dependent individuals. Psychopharmacology 180:612–623PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenbloom MJ, O’Reilly A, Sassoon SA, Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A (2005) Persistent cognitive deficits in community-treated alcoholic men and women volunteering for research: limited contribution from psychiatric comorbidity. J Stud Alcohol 66:254–265PubMed Rosenbloom MJ, O’Reilly A, Sassoon SA, Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A (2005) Persistent cognitive deficits in community-treated alcoholic men and women volunteering for research: limited contribution from psychiatric comorbidity. J Stud Alcohol 66:254–265PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomson BJ, Finch RG (2005) Hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 11:86–94PubMed Thomson BJ, Finch RG (2005) Hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 11:86–94PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Loftis JM, Hauser P (2003) Hepatitis C in patients with psychiatric disease and substance abuse: screening strategies and comanagement models of care. Curr Hepatitis Rep 2:93–100 Loftis JM, Hauser P (2003) Hepatitis C in patients with psychiatric disease and substance abuse: screening strategies and comanagement models of care. Curr Hepatitis Rep 2:93–100
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Marsano LS, Pena LR (1998) The interaction of alcoholic liver disease and hepatitis C. Hepato-Gastroenterology 45:331–339PubMed Marsano LS, Pena LR (1998) The interaction of alcoholic liver disease and hepatitis C. Hepato-Gastroenterology 45:331–339PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Dwight MM, Kowdley KV, Russo JE, Ciechanowski PS, Larson AM, Katon WJ (2000) Depression, fatigue, and functional disability in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Psychosom Res 49:311–317PubMed Dwight MM, Kowdley KV, Russo JE, Ciechanowski PS, Larson AM, Katon WJ (2000) Depression, fatigue, and functional disability in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Psychosom Res 49:311–317PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Golden J, O’Dwyer AM, Conroy RM (2005) Depression and anxiety in patients with hepatitis C: prevalence, detection rates and risk factors. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 27:431–438PubMed Golden J, O’Dwyer AM, Conroy RM (2005) Depression and anxiety in patients with hepatitis C: prevalence, detection rates and risk factors. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 27:431–438PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Yovtcheva SP, Aly Rifai M, Moles JK, Van Der Linden BJ (2001) Psychiatric comorbidity among hepatitis C-positive patients. Psychosomatics 42:411–415PubMed Yovtcheva SP, Aly Rifai M, Moles JK, Van Der Linden BJ (2001) Psychiatric comorbidity among hepatitis C-positive patients. Psychosomatics 42:411–415PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat El-Serag HB, Kunik M, Richardson P, Rabeneck L (2002) Psychiatric disorders among veterans with hepatitis C infection. Gastroenterology 123:476–482PubMed El-Serag HB, Kunik M, Richardson P, Rabeneck L (2002) Psychiatric disorders among veterans with hepatitis C infection. Gastroenterology 123:476–482PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Kraus MR, Schäfer A, Csef H, Scheurlen M, Faller H (2000) Emotional state, coping styles, and somatic variables in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Psychosomatics 41:377–384PubMed Kraus MR, Schäfer A, Csef H, Scheurlen M, Faller H (2000) Emotional state, coping styles, and somatic variables in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Psychosomatics 41:377–384PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Fontana RJ, Hussain KB, Schwartz SM, Moyer CA, Su GL, Lok ASF (2002) Emotional distress in chronic hepatitis C patients not receiving anti-viral therapy. J Hepatol 36:401–407PubMed Fontana RJ, Hussain KB, Schwartz SM, Moyer CA, Su GL, Lok ASF (2002) Emotional distress in chronic hepatitis C patients not receiving anti-viral therapy. J Hepatol 36:401–407PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Wessely S, Pariante C (2002) Fatigue, depression and chronic hepatitis C infection. Psychol Med 32:1–10PubMed Wessely S, Pariante C (2002) Fatigue, depression and chronic hepatitis C infection. Psychol Med 32:1–10PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Obhrai J, Hall Y, Anand BS (2001) Assessment of fatigue and psychologic disturbances in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. J Clin Gastroenterol 32:413–417PubMed Obhrai J, Hall Y, Anand BS (2001) Assessment of fatigue and psychologic disturbances in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. J Clin Gastroenterol 32:413–417PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Beck AT, Steer RA (1990) Beck anxiety inventory: manual. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, Tex. Beck AT, Steer RA (1990) Beck anxiety inventory: manual. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, Tex.
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK (1996) Beck depression inventory: manual, 2nd edn. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, Tex. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK (1996) Beck depression inventory: manual, 2nd edn. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, Tex.
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Derogatis LR (1993) Brief symptom inventory administration, scoring and procedures manual, 4th edn. National Computer Systems, Minneapolis Derogatis LR (1993) Brief symptom inventory administration, scoring and procedures manual, 4th edn. National Computer Systems, Minneapolis
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Hilsabeck RC, Perry W, Hassanein TI (2000) Severity and comorbidity of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic hepatitis C not receiving antiviral therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 95:348 Hilsabeck RC, Perry W, Hassanein TI (2000) Severity and comorbidity of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic hepatitis C not receiving antiviral therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 95:348
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Gualtieri CT, Johnson LG, Benedict KB (2006) Neurocognition in depression: patients on and off medication versus healthy comparison subjects. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 18:217–225PubMed Gualtieri CT, Johnson LG, Benedict KB (2006) Neurocognition in depression: patients on and off medication versus healthy comparison subjects. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 18:217–225PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Forton DM, Taylor-Robinson SD, Thomas HC (2002) Reduced quality of life in hepatitis C – is it all in the head? J Hepatol 36:435–438PubMed Forton DM, Taylor-Robinson SD, Thomas HC (2002) Reduced quality of life in hepatitis C – is it all in the head? J Hepatol 36:435–438PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Forton DM, Allsop JM, Cox IJ, Hamilton G, Wesnes K, Thomas HC, Taylor-Robinson SD (2005) A review of cognitive impairment and cerebral metabolite abnormalities in patients with hepatitis C infection. AIDS 19(Suppl 3):S53–S63PubMed Forton DM, Allsop JM, Cox IJ, Hamilton G, Wesnes K, Thomas HC, Taylor-Robinson SD (2005) A review of cognitive impairment and cerebral metabolite abnormalities in patients with hepatitis C infection. AIDS 19(Suppl 3):S53–S63PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Laskus T, Radkowski M, Adair DM, Wilkinson J, Scheck AC, Rakela J (2005) Emerging evidence of hepatitis C virus neuroinvasion. AIDS 19[Suppl 3]:S140–144PubMed Laskus T, Radkowski M, Adair DM, Wilkinson J, Scheck AC, Rakela J (2005) Emerging evidence of hepatitis C virus neuroinvasion. AIDS 19[Suppl 3]:S140–144PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Afonso AM, Jiang J, Penin F, Tareau C, Samuel D, Petit MA, Bismuth H, Dussaix E, Feray C (1999) Non-random distribution of hepatitis C virus quasispecies in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets. J Virol 73:9213–9221 Afonso AM, Jiang J, Penin F, Tareau C, Samuel D, Petit MA, Bismuth H, Dussaix E, Feray C (1999) Non-random distribution of hepatitis C virus quasispecies in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets. J Virol 73:9213–9221
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Cribier B, Schmitt C, Bingen A, Kirn A, Keller F (1995) In vitro infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by hepatitis C virus. J Gen Virol 76:2485–2491PubMedCrossRef Cribier B, Schmitt C, Bingen A, Kirn A, Keller F (1995) In vitro infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by hepatitis C virus. J Gen Virol 76:2485–2491PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Okuda M, Hino K, Korenaga M, Yamaguchi Y, Katoh Y, Okita K (1999) Differences in hypervariable region 1 quasispecies of hepatits C virus in human serum, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and liver. Hepatology 29:217–222PubMed Okuda M, Hino K, Korenaga M, Yamaguchi Y, Katoh Y, Okita K (1999) Differences in hypervariable region 1 quasispecies of hepatits C virus in human serum, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and liver. Hepatology 29:217–222PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Sansonno D, Iacobelli AR, Conracchiulo V, Iodice G, Dammacco F (1996) Detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins by immunofluorescence and HCV RNA genomic sequences by non-isotopic in situ hybridization in bone marrow and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of chronically HCV-infected patients. Clin Exp Immunol 103:414–421PubMedCrossRef Sansonno D, Iacobelli AR, Conracchiulo V, Iodice G, Dammacco F (1996) Detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins by immunofluorescence and HCV RNA genomic sequences by non-isotopic in situ hybridization in bone marrow and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of chronically HCV-infected patients. Clin Exp Immunol 103:414–421PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Flugel A, Bradl M, Kreutzberg GW, Graeber MB (2001) Transformation of donor-derived bone marrow precursors into host microglia during autoimmune CNS inflammation and during the retrograde response to axotomy. J Neurosci Res 66:74–82PubMed Flugel A, Bradl M, Kreutzberg GW, Graeber MB (2001) Transformation of donor-derived bone marrow precursors into host microglia during autoimmune CNS inflammation and during the retrograde response to axotomy. J Neurosci Res 66:74–82PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Meyerhoff DJ, Bloomer C, Cardenas V, Norman D, Weiner MW, Fein G (1999) Elevated subcortical choline metabolites in cognitively and clinically asymptomatic HIV+ patients. Neurology 52:995–1003PubMed Meyerhoff DJ, Bloomer C, Cardenas V, Norman D, Weiner MW, Fein G (1999) Elevated subcortical choline metabolites in cognitively and clinically asymptomatic HIV+ patients. Neurology 52:995–1003PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Caussin-Schwemling C, Schmitt C, Stoll-Keller F (2001) Study of the infection of human blood derived motocyte/macrophages with hepatitis C virus in vitro. J Med Virol 65:14–22PubMed Caussin-Schwemling C, Schmitt C, Stoll-Keller F (2001) Study of the infection of human blood derived motocyte/macrophages with hepatitis C virus in vitro. J Med Virol 65:14–22PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Laskus T, Radowski M, Jablonska J, Kibler K, Wilkinson J, Adair D, Rakela J (2004) Human immunodeficiency virus facilitates infection/replication of hepatitis C virus in native human macrophages. Blood 103:3854–3859PubMed Laskus T, Radowski M, Jablonska J, Kibler K, Wilkinson J, Adair D, Rakela J (2004) Human immunodeficiency virus facilitates infection/replication of hepatitis C virus in native human macrophages. Blood 103:3854–3859PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Forton DM, Karayiannis P, Mahmud N, Taylor-Robinson SD, Thomas HC (2004) Identification of unique hepatitis C virus quasispecies in the central nervous system and comparative analysis of internal translational efficiency of brain, liver, and serum variants. J Virol 78:5170–5183PubMed Forton DM, Karayiannis P, Mahmud N, Taylor-Robinson SD, Thomas HC (2004) Identification of unique hepatitis C virus quasispecies in the central nervous system and comparative analysis of internal translational efficiency of brain, liver, and serum variants. J Virol 78:5170–5183PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Radkowski M, Wilkinson J, Nowicki M, Adair D, Vargas H, Ingui C, Rakela J, Laskus T (2002) Search for hepatitis C virus negative-strand RNA sequences and analysis of viral sequences in the central nervous system: evidence of replication. J Virol 76:600–608PubMed Radkowski M, Wilkinson J, Nowicki M, Adair D, Vargas H, Ingui C, Rakela J, Laskus T (2002) Search for hepatitis C virus negative-strand RNA sequences and analysis of viral sequences in the central nervous system: evidence of replication. J Virol 76:600–608PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Laskus T, Radkowski M, Bednarska A, Wilkinson J, Adair D, Nowicki M, Nikolopoulou GB, Vargas H, Rakela J (2002) Detection and analysis of hepatitis C virus sequences in cerebrospinal fluid. J Virol 76:10064–10068PubMed Laskus T, Radkowski M, Bednarska A, Wilkinson J, Adair D, Nowicki M, Nikolopoulou GB, Vargas H, Rakela J (2002) Detection and analysis of hepatitis C virus sequences in cerebrospinal fluid. J Virol 76:10064–10068PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Morsica G, Bernardi MT, Novati R, Uberti Foppa C, Castagna A, Lazzarin A (1997) Detection of hepatitis C virus genomic sequences in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected patients. J Med Virol 53:252–254PubMed Morsica G, Bernardi MT, Novati R, Uberti Foppa C, Castagna A, Lazzarin A (1997) Detection of hepatitis C virus genomic sequences in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected patients. J Med Virol 53:252–254PubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Maggi F, Giorgi M, Fornai C, Morrica A, Vatteroni ML, Pistello M, Siciliano G, Nuccorini A, Bendinelli M (1999) Detection and quasispecies analysis of hepatitis C virus in the cerebrospinal fluid of infected patients. J Neurovirol 5:319–323PubMed Maggi F, Giorgi M, Fornai C, Morrica A, Vatteroni ML, Pistello M, Siciliano G, Nuccorini A, Bendinelli M (1999) Detection and quasispecies analysis of hepatitis C virus in the cerebrospinal fluid of infected patients. J Neurovirol 5:319–323PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilson CJ, Finch CE, Cohen HJ (2002) Cytokines and cognition – the case for a head-to-toe inflammatory paradigm. J Am Geriatrics Soc 50:2041–2056 Wilson CJ, Finch CE, Cohen HJ (2002) Cytokines and cognition – the case for a head-to-toe inflammatory paradigm. J Am Geriatrics Soc 50:2041–2056
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee BN, Dantzer R, Langley KE, Bennett GJ, Dougherty PM, Dunn AJ, Meyers CA, Miller AH, Payne R, Reuben JM, Wang XS, Cleeland CS (2004) A cytokine-based neuroimmunologic mechanism of cancer-related symptoms. Neuroimmunomodulation 11:279–292PubMed Lee BN, Dantzer R, Langley KE, Bennett GJ, Dougherty PM, Dunn AJ, Meyers CA, Miller AH, Payne R, Reuben JM, Wang XS, Cleeland CS (2004) A cytokine-based neuroimmunologic mechanism of cancer-related symptoms. Neuroimmunomodulation 11:279–292PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Meyers CA, Albitar M, Estey E (2005) Cognitive impairment, fatigue, and cytokine levels in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Cancer 104:788–793PubMed Meyers CA, Albitar M, Estey E (2005) Cognitive impairment, fatigue, and cytokine levels in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Cancer 104:788–793PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Cacciarelli TV, Martinez OM, Gish RG, Villanueva JC, Krams SM (1996) Immunoregulatory cytokines in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: pre- and posttreatment with interferon alfa. Hepatology 24:6–9PubMed Cacciarelli TV, Martinez OM, Gish RG, Villanueva JC, Krams SM (1996) Immunoregulatory cytokines in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: pre- and posttreatment with interferon alfa. Hepatology 24:6–9PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Farkkila M, Iivanainen M, Roine R, Bergstrom L, Laaksonen R, Niemi ML, Cantell K (1984) Neurotoxic and other side effects of high-dose interferon in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 70:42–46PubMedCrossRef Farkkila M, Iivanainen M, Roine R, Bergstrom L, Laaksonen R, Niemi ML, Cantell K (1984) Neurotoxic and other side effects of high-dose interferon in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 70:42–46PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Shibata M, Blatteis CM (1991) Human recombinant tumor necrosis factor and interferon affect the activity of neuron in the organum vasculosum laminea terminalis. Brain Res 562:323–326PubMed Shibata M, Blatteis CM (1991) Human recombinant tumor necrosis factor and interferon affect the activity of neuron in the organum vasculosum laminea terminalis. Brain Res 562:323–326PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Pan W, Kastin AJ (1999) Penetration of neurotrophins and cytokines across the blood-brain/blood-spinal cord barrier. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 36:291–298PubMed Pan W, Kastin AJ (1999) Penetration of neurotrophins and cytokines across the blood-brain/blood-spinal cord barrier. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 36:291–298PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Radkowski M, Bednarska A, Horban A, Stanczak J, Wilkinson J, Adair DM, Nowicki M, Rakela J, Laskus T (2004) Infection of primary human macrophages with hepatitis C virus in vitro: induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 8. J Gen Virol 85:47–59PubMed Radkowski M, Bednarska A, Horban A, Stanczak J, Wilkinson J, Adair DM, Nowicki M, Rakela J, Laskus T (2004) Infection of primary human macrophages with hepatitis C virus in vitro: induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 8. J Gen Virol 85:47–59PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Licinio J, Kling MA, Hauser P (1998) Cytokines and brain function: relevance to interferon-α-induced mood and cognitive changes. Semin Oncol 25:S30–S38 Licinio J, Kling MA, Hauser P (1998) Cytokines and brain function: relevance to interferon-α-induced mood and cognitive changes. Semin Oncol 25:S30–S38
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Kronfol Z, Remick DG (2000) Cytokines and the brain: implications for clinical psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 157:683–694PubMed Kronfol Z, Remick DG (2000) Cytokines and the brain: implications for clinical psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 157:683–694PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Wrona D (2006) Neural-immune interactions: an integrative view of the bidirectional relationship between the brain and immune system. J Neuroimmunol 172:38–58 Wrona D (2006) Neural-immune interactions: an integrative view of the bidirectional relationship between the brain and immune system. J Neuroimmunol 172:38–58
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Peterson PK, Hu S, Salak-Johnson J, Molitor TW, Chao CC (1997) Differential production of and migratory response to beta chemokines by human microglia and astrocytes. J Infect Dis 175:478–481PubMed Peterson PK, Hu S, Salak-Johnson J, Molitor TW, Chao CC (1997) Differential production of and migratory response to beta chemokines by human microglia and astrocytes. J Infect Dis 175:478–481PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith A, Tyrrell D, Coyle K, Higgins P (1988) Effects of interferon alpha on performance in man: a preliminary report. Psychopharmacology 96:414–416PubMed Smith A, Tyrrell D, Coyle K, Higgins P (1988) Effects of interferon alpha on performance in man: a preliminary report. Psychopharmacology 96:414–416PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Adams F, Quesada JR, Gutterman JU (1984) Neuropsychiatric manifestations of human leukocyte interferon therapy in patients with cancer. J Am Med Assoc 252:938–941 Adams F, Quesada JR, Gutterman JU (1984) Neuropsychiatric manifestations of human leukocyte interferon therapy in patients with cancer. J Am Med Assoc 252:938–941
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Pavol MA, Meyers CA, Rexer JL, Valentine AD, Mattis PJ, Talpaz M (1995) Pattern of neurobehavioral deficits associated with interferon alpha therapy for leukemia. Neurology 45:947–950PubMed Pavol MA, Meyers CA, Rexer JL, Valentine AD, Mattis PJ, Talpaz M (1995) Pattern of neurobehavioral deficits associated with interferon alpha therapy for leukemia. Neurology 45:947–950PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Capuron L, Ravaud A, Dantzer R (2001) Timing and specificity of the cognitive changes induced by interleukin-2 and interferon-α treatments in cancer patients. Psychosom Med 63:376–386PubMed Capuron L, Ravaud A, Dantzer R (2001) Timing and specificity of the cognitive changes induced by interleukin-2 and interferon-α treatments in cancer patients. Psychosom Med 63:376–386PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Valentine AD, Meyers CA, Kling MA, Richelson E, Hauser P (2001) Mood and cognitive side effects of interferon-α therapy. Semin Oncol 25:S39–S47 Valentine AD, Meyers CA, Kling MA, Richelson E, Hauser P (2001) Mood and cognitive side effects of interferon-α therapy. Semin Oncol 25:S39–S47
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Kamei S, Tanaka N, Mastuura M, Arakawa Y, Kojima T, Matsukawa Y, Takasu T, Moriyama M (1999) Blinded, prospective, and serial evaluation by quantitative-EEG in interferon-alpha-treated hepatitis-C. Acta Neurol Scand 100:25–33PubMedCrossRef Kamei S, Tanaka N, Mastuura M, Arakawa Y, Kojima T, Matsukawa Y, Takasu T, Moriyama M (1999) Blinded, prospective, and serial evaluation by quantitative-EEG in interferon-alpha-treated hepatitis-C. Acta Neurol Scand 100:25–33PubMedCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Kamei S, Sakai T, Matsuura M, Tanaka N, Kojima T, Arakawa Y, Matsukawa Y, Mizutani T, Oga K, Ohkubo H, Matsumura H, Hirayanagi K (2002) Alterations of quantitative EEG and Mini-Mental State Examination in interferon-α-treated hepatitis C. Eur Neurol 48:102–107PubMed Kamei S, Sakai T, Matsuura M, Tanaka N, Kojima T, Arakawa Y, Matsukawa Y, Mizutani T, Oga K, Ohkubo H, Matsumura H, Hirayanagi K (2002) Alterations of quantitative EEG and Mini-Mental State Examination in interferon-α-treated hepatitis C. Eur Neurol 48:102–107PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Juengling FD, Ebert D, Gut O, Engelbrecht MA, Rasenack J, Nitzsche EU, Bauer J, Lieb K (2000) Prefrontal cortical hypometabolism during low-dose interferon alpha treatment. Psychopharmacology 152:383–389PubMed Juengling FD, Ebert D, Gut O, Engelbrecht MA, Rasenack J, Nitzsche EU, Bauer J, Lieb K (2000) Prefrontal cortical hypometabolism during low-dose interferon alpha treatment. Psychopharmacology 152:383–389PubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Hilsabeck RC, Hassanein TI, Ziegler EA, Carlson MD, Perry W (2005) Effect of interferon- alpha on cognitive functioning in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 11:16–22PubMed Hilsabeck RC, Hassanein TI, Ziegler EA, Carlson MD, Perry W (2005) Effect of interferon- alpha on cognitive functioning in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 11:16–22PubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Amodio P, De Toni EN, Cavalletto L, Mapelli D, Bernardinello E, Del Piccolo F, Bergamelli C, Costanzo R, Bergamaschi F, Poma SZ, Chemello L, Gatta A, Perini G (2005) Mood, cognition and EEG changes during interferon alpha (alpha-IFN) treatment for chronic hepatitis C. J Affect Disord 84:93–98PubMed Amodio P, De Toni EN, Cavalletto L, Mapelli D, Bernardinello E, Del Piccolo F, Bergamelli C, Costanzo R, Bergamaschi F, Poma SZ, Chemello L, Gatta A, Perini G (2005) Mood, cognition and EEG changes during interferon alpha (alpha-IFN) treatment for chronic hepatitis C. J Affect Disord 84:93–98PubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Capuron L, Pagnoni G, Demetrashvili M, Woolwine BJ, Nemeroff CB, Berns GS, Miller AH (2005) Anterior cingulate activation and error processing during interferon-alpha treatment. Biol Psychiatry 58:190–196PubMed Capuron L, Pagnoni G, Demetrashvili M, Woolwine BJ, Nemeroff CB, Berns GS, Miller AH (2005) Anterior cingulate activation and error processing during interferon-alpha treatment. Biol Psychiatry 58:190–196PubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Kraus MR, Schafer A, Wissmann S, Reimer P, Scheurlen M (2005) Neurocognitive changes in patients with hepatitis C receiving interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 77:90–100PubMed Kraus MR, Schafer A, Wissmann S, Reimer P, Scheurlen M (2005) Neurocognitive changes in patients with hepatitis C receiving interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 77:90–100PubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Lieb K, Engelbrecht MA, Gut O, Fiebich BL, Bauer J, Janssen G, Schaefer M (2006) Cognitive impairment in patients with chronic hepatitis treated with interferon alpha (IFNα): results from a prospective study. Eur Psychiatry 21:204–210PubMed Lieb K, Engelbrecht MA, Gut O, Fiebich BL, Bauer J, Janssen G, Schaefer M (2006) Cognitive impairment in patients with chronic hepatitis treated with interferon alpha (IFNα): results from a prospective study. Eur Psychiatry 21:204–210PubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Reichenberg A, Gorman JM, Dieterich DT (2005) Interferon-induced depression and cognitive impairment in hepatitis C virus patients: a 72 week prospective study. AIDS 19[Suppl 3]:S174–S178PubMed Reichenberg A, Gorman JM, Dieterich DT (2005) Interferon-induced depression and cognitive impairment in hepatitis C virus patients: a 72 week prospective study. AIDS 19[Suppl 3]:S174–S178PubMed
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Matthews SC, Paulus MP, Dimsdale JE (2004) Contribution of functional neuroimaging to understanding neuropsychiatric side effects of interferon in hepatitis C. Psychosomatics 45:281–286PubMed Matthews SC, Paulus MP, Dimsdale JE (2004) Contribution of functional neuroimaging to understanding neuropsychiatric side effects of interferon in hepatitis C. Psychosomatics 45:281–286PubMed
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Kamei S, Oga K, Matsuura M, Tanaka N, Kojima T, Arakawa Y, Matsukawa Y, Mizutani T, Sakai T, Ohkubo H, Matsumura H, Moriyama M, Hirayanagi K (2005) Correlation between quantitative-EEG alterations and age in patients with interferon-α-treated hepatitis C. J Clin Neurophysiol 22:49–52PubMed Kamei S, Oga K, Matsuura M, Tanaka N, Kojima T, Arakawa Y, Matsukawa Y, Mizutani T, Sakai T, Ohkubo H, Matsumura H, Moriyama M, Hirayanagi K (2005) Correlation between quantitative-EEG alterations and age in patients with interferon-α-treated hepatitis C. J Clin Neurophysiol 22:49–52PubMed
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Cargill VA (2005) HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infection: its human face. AIDS 19(S3):S1–S2PubMed Cargill VA (2005) HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infection: its human face. AIDS 19(S3):S1–S2PubMed
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Verucchi G, Calza L, Manfredi R, Chiodo F (2004) Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus coinfection: epidemiology, natural history, therapeutic options and clinical management. Infection 32:33–46PubMed Verucchi G, Calza L, Manfredi R, Chiodo F (2004) Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus coinfection: epidemiology, natural history, therapeutic options and clinical management. Infection 32:33–46PubMed
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Heaton RK, Grant I, Butters N, White DA, Kirson D, Atkinson JH, McCutchan JA, Taylor MJ, Kelly MD, Ellis RJ, Wolfson T, Velin R, Marcotte TD, Hesselink JR, Jernigan TL, Chandler J, Wallace M, Abramson I, The HNRC Group (1995) The HNRC 500 – neuropsychology of HIV infection at different disease stages. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 1:231–251PubMed Heaton RK, Grant I, Butters N, White DA, Kirson D, Atkinson JH, McCutchan JA, Taylor MJ, Kelly MD, Ellis RJ, Wolfson T, Velin R, Marcotte TD, Hesselink JR, Jernigan TL, Chandler J, Wallace M, Abramson I, The HNRC Group (1995) The HNRC 500 – neuropsychology of HIV infection at different disease stages. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 1:231–251PubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Perry W, Carlson MD, Barakat F, Hilsabeck R, Schiehser DM, Mathews C, Hassanein TI (2005) Neuropsychological test performance in patients co-infected with HCV and HIV. Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 19(S3):S79–S84 Perry W, Carlson MD, Barakat F, Hilsabeck R, Schiehser DM, Mathews C, Hassanein TI (2005) Neuropsychological test performance in patients co-infected with HCV and HIV. Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 19(S3):S79–S84
95.
Zurück zum Zitat von Giesen H, Heintges T, Abbasi-Boroudjeni N, Kucukkoylu S, Koller H, Haslinger BA, Oette M, Arendt G (2004) Psychomotor slowing in hepatitis C and HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 35:131–137 von Giesen H, Heintges T, Abbasi-Boroudjeni N, Kucukkoylu S, Koller H, Haslinger BA, Oette M, Arendt G (2004) Psychomotor slowing in hepatitis C and HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 35:131–137
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Ryan EL, Morgello S, Isaacs K, Phil M, Naseer M, Gerits P, The Manhattan HIV Brain Bank (2004) Neuropsychiatric impact of hepatitis C on advanced HIV. Neurology 62:957–962PubMed Ryan EL, Morgello S, Isaacs K, Phil M, Naseer M, Gerits P, The Manhattan HIV Brain Bank (2004) Neuropsychiatric impact of hepatitis C on advanced HIV. Neurology 62:957–962PubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin EM, Novak RM, Fendrich M, Vassileva J, Gonzalez R, Grbesic S, Nunnally G, Sworowski L (2004) Stroop performance in drug users classified by HIV and hepatitis C virus serostatus. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 10:298–300PubMed Martin EM, Novak RM, Fendrich M, Vassileva J, Gonzalez R, Grbesic S, Nunnally G, Sworowski L (2004) Stroop performance in drug users classified by HIV and hepatitis C virus serostatus. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 10:298–300PubMed
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Clifford DB, Evans SR, Yang Y, Gulick RM (2005) The neuropsychological and neurological impact of hepatitis C virus co-infection in HIV-infected subjects. AIDS 19(S3):S64–S71PubMed Clifford DB, Evans SR, Yang Y, Gulick RM (2005) The neuropsychological and neurological impact of hepatitis C virus co-infection in HIV-infected subjects. AIDS 19(S3):S64–S71PubMed
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Richardson JL, Nowicki M, Danley K, Martin EM, Cohen MH, Gonzalez R, Vassileva J, Levine AM (2005) Neuropsychological functioning in a cohort of HIV- and hepatitis C virus-infected women. AIDS 19(15):1659–1667PubMed Richardson JL, Nowicki M, Danley K, Martin EM, Cohen MH, Gonzalez R, Vassileva J, Levine AM (2005) Neuropsychological functioning in a cohort of HIV- and hepatitis C virus-infected women. AIDS 19(15):1659–1667PubMed
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Cherner M, Letendre S, Heaton RK, Durelle J, Marquie-Beck J, Gragg B, Grant I, The HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center Group (2005) Hepatitis C augments cognitive deficits associated with HIV infection and methamphetamine. Neurology 64:1343–1347PubMed Cherner M, Letendre S, Heaton RK, Durelle J, Marquie-Beck J, Gragg B, Grant I, The HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center Group (2005) Hepatitis C augments cognitive deficits associated with HIV infection and methamphetamine. Neurology 64:1343–1347PubMed
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Letendre SL, Cherner M, Ellis RJ Marquie-Beck J, Gragg B, Marcotte T, Heaton RK, McCutchan JA, Grant I, The HNRC Group (2005) The effects of hepatitis C, HIV, and methamphetamine dependence on neuropsychological performance: biological correlates of disease. AIDS 19(S3):S72–S78PubMedCrossRef Letendre SL, Cherner M, Ellis RJ Marquie-Beck J, Gragg B, Marcotte T, Heaton RK, McCutchan JA, Grant I, The HNRC Group (2005) The effects of hepatitis C, HIV, and methamphetamine dependence on neuropsychological performance: biological correlates of disease. AIDS 19(S3):S72–S78PubMedCrossRef
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Sevigny JJ, Albert SM, McDermott MP, McArthur JC, Sacktor N, Conant K, Schifitto G, Selnes OA, Stern Y, McClernon DR, Palumbo D, Kieburtz K, Riggs G, Cohen B, Epstein LG, Marder K (2004) Evaluation of HIV RNA and markers of immune activation as predictors of HIV-associated dementia. Neurology 63:2084–2090PubMed Sevigny JJ, Albert SM, McDermott MP, McArthur JC, Sacktor N, Conant K, Schifitto G, Selnes OA, Stern Y, McClernon DR, Palumbo D, Kieburtz K, Riggs G, Cohen B, Epstein LG, Marder K (2004) Evaluation of HIV RNA and markers of immune activation as predictors of HIV-associated dementia. Neurology 63:2084–2090PubMed
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Aoki N, Xing Z (2004) Use of cytokines in infection. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 9:223–236PubMed Aoki N, Xing Z (2004) Use of cytokines in infection. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 9:223–236PubMed
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Gochee PA, Powell EE, Purdie DM, Pandeya N, Kelemen L, Shorthouse C, Jonsson JR, Kelly B (2004) Association between apolipoprotein E epsilon4 and neuropsychiatric symptoms during interferon alpha treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Psychosomatics 45:49–57PubMed Gochee PA, Powell EE, Purdie DM, Pandeya N, Kelemen L, Shorthouse C, Jonsson JR, Kelly B (2004) Association between apolipoprotein E epsilon4 and neuropsychiatric symptoms during interferon alpha treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Psychosomatics 45:49–57PubMed
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Adair DM, Radkowski M, Jablonska J, Pawelczyk A, Wilkinson J, Rakela J, Laskus T (2005) Differential display analysis of gene expression in brains from hepatitis C-infected patients. AIDS 19[Suppl 3]:S145–S150PubMed Adair DM, Radkowski M, Jablonska J, Pawelczyk A, Wilkinson J, Rakela J, Laskus T (2005) Differential display analysis of gene expression in brains from hepatitis C-infected patients. AIDS 19[Suppl 3]:S145–S150PubMed
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Blass JP (2001) Brain metabolism and brain disease: is metabolic deficiency the proximate cause of Alzheimer’s dementia? J Neurosci Res 66:851–856PubMed Blass JP (2001) Brain metabolism and brain disease: is metabolic deficiency the proximate cause of Alzheimer’s dementia? J Neurosci Res 66:851–856PubMed
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Bonkovsky HL, Woolley JM, The Consensus Interferon Study Group (1999) Reduction of health-related quality of life in chronic hepatitis C and improvement with interferon therapy. Hepatology 29:264–270PubMed Bonkovsky HL, Woolley JM, The Consensus Interferon Study Group (1999) Reduction of health-related quality of life in chronic hepatitis C and improvement with interferon therapy. Hepatology 29:264–270PubMed
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Cordoba J, Flavia M, Jacas C, Sauleda S, Esteban JI, Vargas V, Esteban R, Guardia J (2003) Quality of life and cognitive function in hepatitis C at different stages of liver disease. J Hepatol 39:231–238PubMed Cordoba J, Flavia M, Jacas C, Sauleda S, Esteban JI, Vargas V, Esteban R, Guardia J (2003) Quality of life and cognitive function in hepatitis C at different stages of liver disease. J Hepatol 39:231–238PubMed
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Hinkin CH, Hardy DJ, Mason KI, Castellon SA, Durvasula RS, Lam MN, Stefaniak M (2004) Medication adherence in HIV-infected adults: effect of patient age, cognitive status, and substance abuse. AIDS 18(S1):S19–S25PubMed Hinkin CH, Hardy DJ, Mason KI, Castellon SA, Durvasula RS, Lam MN, Stefaniak M (2004) Medication adherence in HIV-infected adults: effect of patient age, cognitive status, and substance abuse. AIDS 18(S1):S19–S25PubMed
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Insel K, Morrow D, Brewer B, Figueredo A (2006) Executive function, working memory, and medication adherence among older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 61:P102–P107PubMed Insel K, Morrow D, Brewer B, Figueredo A (2006) Executive function, working memory, and medication adherence among older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 61:P102–P107PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Cognitive Dysfunction in Chronic Hepatitis C: A Review
verfasst von
William Perry
Robin C. Hilsabeck
Tarek I. Hassanein
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2008
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Digestive Diseases and Sciences / Ausgabe 2/2008
Print ISSN: 0163-2116
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-2568
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-007-9896-z

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2008

Digestive Diseases and Sciences 2/2008 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.