Introduction
Methods
Animals and High-Fat Diet
PFD | HFD | MCD diet | |
---|---|---|---|
Carbohydrates | 60 | 52.8 | 65.5 |
Cholesterol | 0 | 2.0 | 0 |
Fat | 4 | 13.5 | 10 |
Protein | 20 | 17.6 | 17.5 |
Methionine | 0.78 | 0.69 | 0 |
Choline | 0.125 | 0.11 | 0 |
Experimental Procedures
Serum Biochemistry and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α)
Hepatic Pathological Evaluation
Immunostaining of α-SMA and TGF-β1
Statistical Analysis
Results
Effects of HFD on Body Weight, Visceral Obesity, and Liver Index
Week |
n
| Body weight (g) | Epididymal fat (g) | Liver index (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PFD | HFD | PFD | HFD | PFD | HFD | PFD | HFD | |
4 | 6 | 12 | 329.2 ± 12.7 | 332.9 ± 26.6 | 8.5 ± 1.5 | 9.7 ± 1.5 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.1* |
8 | 6 | 12 | 439.2 ± 33.1 | 435.8 ± 26.7 | 10.3 ± 1.2 | 12 ± 1.2** | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.5** |
12 | 6 | 12 | 450.8 ± 50.6 | 458.8 ± 28.3 | 12.1 ± 2.3 | 14.5 ± 2.0* | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 3.5 ± 0.2** |
16 | 6 | 12 | 478.2 ± 36.8 | 505.8 ± 60.1 | 14.0 ± 1.8 | 17.4 ± 0.7** | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 3.9 ± 0.5** |
24 | 5 | 9 | 493.3 ± 51.1 | 549.9 ± 50.0* | 14.8 ± 2.3 | 19.9 ± 2.1** | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 4.0 ± 0.1** |
36 | 6 | 10 | 506.3 ± 47.2 | 575.4 ± 45.5* | 15.4 ± 2.4 | 21.3 ± 4.4** | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 4.2 ± 0.3** |
48 | 6 | 10 | 511.4 ± 56.8 | 591.94 ± 76.7* | 15.6 ± 2.7 | 24.4 ± 7.4** | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 0.5** |
Serum Lipids, ALT, FFA, and TNF-α
Week | TC (mmol/l) | TG (mmol/l) | FFA (mmol/l) | ALT (U/l) | TNF-α (pg/ml) | Glucose (mmol/l) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PFD | HFD | PFD | HFD | PFD | HFD | PFD | HFD | PFD | HFD | PFD | HFD | |
4 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 375.1 ± 68.6 | 501.6 ± 118.6 | 38.2 ± 1.3 | 36.4 ± 6.3 | 5.4 ± 2.1 | 14.9 ± 12.0 | 5.1 ± 1.6 | 5.1 ± 1.4 |
8 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 429.9 ± 86.6 | 562.1 ± 140.2* | 46.3 ± 3.4 | 64.54 ± 40 | 9.8 ± 9.3 | 26.4 ± 24.2* | 5.3 ± 1.8 | 5.4 ± 1.7 |
12 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.4** | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 441.7 ± 52.5 | 579.9 ± 118.7* | 34.5 ± 5.4 | 67 ± 31* | 5.8 ± 1.8 | 27.0 ± 16.8** | 5.2 ± 1.5 | 5.4 ± 1.8 |
16 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.4** | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 428.8 ± 47.4 | 589.8 ± 104.3* | 34.2 ± 5.2 | 95 ± 46* | 7.7 ± 6.7 | 27.8 ± 21.1** | 5.4 ± 1.9 | 5.5 ± 1.6 |
24 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.5** | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 333.6 ± 111.1 | 626.3 ± 201.2** | 53 ± 13 | 81 ± 41* | 5.9 ± 1.8 | 22.5 ± 11.8* | 5.4 ± 1.8 | 5.6 ± 2.0 |
36 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 381.2 ± 84.4 | 644.5 ± 187.4. | 46 ± 8.2 | 77 ± 27 | 7.3 ± 2.6 | 25.5 ± 12.4 | 6.2 ± 1.7 | 10.1 ± 1.6. |
48 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 376.5 ± 77.6 | 677.6 ± 190.65 | 49 ± 76 | 82 ± 25 | 8.2 ± 1.9 | 24.9 ± 10.5 | 6.4 ± 1.9 | 10.5 ± 2.6 |
HOMA-IR Index
Week | Glucose (mmol/l) | Insulin (pmol/l) | IR index | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PFD | HFD | PFD | HFD | PFD | HFD | |
12 | 5.2 ± 1.5 | 5.4 ± 1.8 | 98.03 ± 14.07 | 96.40 ± 12.90 | 23.72 ± 6.99 | 23.34 ± 7.61 |
24 | 5.4 ± 1.8 | 5.6 ± 2.0 | 103.58 ± 18.10 | 95.11 ± 27.78 | 25.21 ± 9.19 | 24.87 ± 9.48 |
36 | 6.2 ± 1.7 | 10.1 ± 1.6* | 97.34 ± 16.35 | 107.95 ± 22.24 | 27.38 ± 8.62 | 48.07 ± 11.02* |
48 | 6.4 ± 1.9 | 10.5 ± 2.6* | 94.46 ± 18.22 | 99.98 ± 23.09 | 27.41 ± 8.17 | 45.49 ± 11.36* |
Hepatic Steatosis and Inflammation
Group | Week |
n
| Steatosis score | Inflammation score | Fibrosis stage (n) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||||
PFD | 41 | 0 | 0 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
HFD | 4 | 12 | 1.67 ± 0.79* | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
8 | 12 | 2.33 ± 0.65* | 0.3 ± 0.24 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
12 | 12 | 2.75 ± 0.45* | 1.70 ± 0.77*, a
| 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
16 | 12 | 2.91 ± 0.29* | 2.57 ± 0.71*, b
| 8 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
24 | 9 | 2.67 ± 0.50* | 1.82 ± 0.60*, c
| 0 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
36 | 10 | 2.71 ± 0.61* | 1.93 ± 0.73*, c
| 0 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | |
48 | 10 | 2.65 ± 0.58* | 1.91 ± 0.69*, c
| 0 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 |